耗散粒子动力学研究片状双层——囊泡转变

片状双层是囊泡自发形成过程中的重要中间态,由片状双层向囊泡的转变机理一直未被认清．本文以磷脂分子DMPC作为模拟对象,采用普适性的粗粒化模型和耗散粒子动力学模拟方法,以体系粒子无序分布和无应力片状双层作为初态,对水溶液中片状双层——囊泡的转变过程进行了深入研究．发现尾-水粒子间憎水作用能最小化是片状双层卷曲形成囊泡的微观本质．囊泡的双分子层为二维流体．此外还得到了囊泡上粒子的位置分布和化学键排列取向等方面的结构信息．     

荧光探针法研究囊泡融合的动力学

应用荧光探针法研究双（月桂酸）三乙醇胺酯形成囊泡的融合动力学过程，工作中合成和应用了含长烷基链的荧光探针—十六烷基罗丹明B，以保证其进入囊泡的双分子层，随着融合的进行，探针浓度被稀释，探针分子逐渐由二聚体离解成为单体，从而使其荧光强度增强．研究发现，由双（月桂酸）三乙醇胺酯形成的囊泡，其融合速率和膜结构与介质酸度、环境温度等密切相关，当介质酸度处于一定的pH范围时，形成的囊泡膜具有最致密的结构，其融合也最慢。     

合成双分子膜多元体系的激发态能量转移

发现在４－（４－癸氧基联苯－４－氧基三甲基）溴化铵双分子膜体系内，从联苯给体通过结合在膜表面上的达旦黄传递到罗丹明Ｂ受体的三元激发态的能量转移效率较高．探讨了囊泡在此能量转移过程中的特殊功能作用和能量转移的机制．同时还观察到了在此体系内通过静电相互作用，组织在囊泡表面上的达旦黄、荧光黄、罗丹明Ｂ和四苯基卟啉间的多元能量转移，这种能量转移可改善光的输出，扩展光波的覆盖范围．     

双月桂酸三乙醇胺酯水溶液的囊泡性质研究

研究了具有非离子和阳离子双重特性的表面活性剂──双（月桂酸）三乙醇胺酯在稀盐酸溶液中未成囊泡的性质．发现只有当溶液pH值小于4．2时，囊泡才能形成，而在溶液pH值2~3范围内，囊泡稳定性和“耐盐”能力最佳．这些特性被归之于此化合物酸性水解作用的结果．     

基于硼酸/二醇识别的新型糖囊泡荧光传感器

摘要 合成了含有识别基团苯硼酸、喹啉发色团的新型双亲化合物,N-硼苄基-8-16烷基溴化喹啉（N-(boronobenzyl)-8-hexadecyloxyquinolinium bromide (BHQB)）.该化合物在可选择性溶剂中自组织成囊泡,囊泡的相变温度为52.4℃;研究了BHQB囊泡的荧光性质,结果表明：当向囊泡体系加入糖时,喹啉在425nm 峰逐渐增强而508nm峰急剧减弱,变化趋势为葡萄糖>果糖.实验结果表明,BHQB囊泡可以作为可植入、连续检测血糖浓度的荧光囊泡传感器,可望用于临床实际应用.     

有机HTDIOO分子LB膜结构的AFM研究

利用原子力显微镜（AFM）对有机分子HTDIOO单层和多层LB膜结构进行了观察·实验结果表明，针尖与LB膜表面分子间的相互作用力会对成像的膜结构有影响．当悬臂针尖与LB膜表面分子的相互作用力较大时，针尖会扰动HTDIOO分子在单层LB膜中的有序排列．HTDIOO单层LB膜具有有序结构；而在多层LB膜中，HTDIOO分子则聚集在一起形成了一定的畴结构．     

两亲性聚氨基酸三嵌段共聚物构筑pH/溶剂可控多级纳米结构

通过开环聚合（ROP）和原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）合成了一种pH响应性三嵌段共聚物聚乙二醇-b-聚赖氨酸-b-聚苯乙烯（PEG-b-PLL-b-PS），在水-有机溶剂混合溶液中进行组装，并采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）和衰减全反射红外光谱法（ATR-IR）表征.该三嵌段共聚物在四氢呋喃（THF）与水的混合溶剂（V：V=1：1）中可组装成疏水性聚苯乙烯为核、亲水性聚赖氨酸和聚乙二醇分别为内壳和外壳的球状胶束.采用TEM和AFM发现该球状胶束在四氢呋喃（THF）水溶液中退火7 d后可进一步转变为纤维状结构.进一步除去THF后，可恢复至粒径略小的冻结球状胶束.另外，球状胶束的粒径随着pH的增加而增加，当pH为13时，聚赖氨酸的二级结构由无规卷曲构象过渡到α-螺旋构象，聚集体由球形结构过渡到空心囊泡.溶液经透析后可使囊泡恢复至球状胶束.     

胆固醇对卵磷脂囊泡稳定性的影响

采用透射电子显微镜研究了Gemini表面活性剂诱导卵磷脂囊泡结构改变的机理, 用Langmuir膜天平研究卵磷脂和胆固醇的不溶单分子混合膜在气-液界面的行为和混合膜分子间的相互作用, 并结合动态光散射技术和停留法探讨胆固醇对Gemini表面活性剂诱导卵磷脂囊泡结构改变的影响. 从电镜结果可以推测带正电荷的Gemini表面活性剂分子会嵌入到带负电荷的卵磷脂囊泡双分子层的外层, 囊泡的双分子层之间的相互吸引力使双分子层的厚度减少, 由于嵌入的表面活性剂分子在囊泡的双分子层中分布是不均匀的, 这种分布的不均匀性必然会导致双分子层厚度的不均匀, 从而使囊泡破裂. 混合膜的过剩面积和动力学结果表明, 胆固醇和卵磷脂是相互吸引的, 即胆固醇的加入使卵磷脂囊泡更不容易被表面活性剂破坏.     

二氮杂芴酮Schiff碱两亲配体分子的自组织特性

本文研究了四种合成的二氮杂芴酮Schiff碱两亲配体分子C~1~1N~2H~6NC~nH~2~n~+~1(n=18,16,14,12)所形成的单分子膜,双分子膜的特性,并用透射电镜,紫外- 可见光谱及微量差示扫描量热观察了在所形成的囊泡中分子的聚集形式与相变过程.结果表明,该系列两亲配体分子所形成的单分子膜和双分子膜具有良好的稳定性,在稀溶液中能自组织成双层结构的囊泡     

全合成双分子膜分子激发态能量转移的研究

研究了全合成双分子膜内的分子激发态能量转移行为,给体为囊泡双亲分子上的联苯生色基,受体是通过静电相互作用结合在囊泡表面上的荧光黄阴离子.荧光黄猝灭联苯的荧光强度符合Sern-Volmer猝灭定律.探讨了囊泡在能量转移过程中的组织作用、转移效率与机制.通过研究由静电作用结合在囊泡表面上的荧光黄给体和四苯基卟啉受体间的能量转移,改善了光的输出,扩展了光波的覆盖范围.全合成双分子膜是能量转移的有效介质和良好的膜模拟剂.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.