化学功能化增强贵金属纳米晶电催化性能（英文）

基于电催化过程的可再生和清洁能源的生产、转换和储存技术(如水电解和燃料电池)是缓解全球能源短缺和环境污染问题的有效手段.目前,水电解和燃料电池技术的实际应用缺乏高效、稳定的电催化剂来驱动动力学迟缓的阴极和阳极反应.贵金属纳米晶由于其独特的电子结构和高化学惰性而具有高电催化活性和稳定性.为了提升贵金属纳米晶的本征电催化性能,大量研究聚焦在利用面积效应、晶面效应和不同组分之间的协同效应来调控贵金属的粒径、形貌和化学成分.事实上,贵金属纳米晶的电催化性能也与其表/界面性质密切相关.电催化剂表面的化学功能化可以改变电极/电解质界面结构,从而提高电催化活性和选择性,这对开发新型高效的电催化剂具有重要的理论意义.本文系统介绍了本课题组开发的聚胺(PAM)功能化贵金属纳米电催化剂的合成方法及其在燃料电池和电解池等能源转换装置中的应用,具体包括:通过引入PAM控制反应动力学来调控纳米晶体的结构和形态,构建界面功能化贵金属纳米电催化剂;利用金属表面修饰的PAM分子改变表面催化位点的电子结构、配位环境等物理化学性质来控制反应物和中间体等的吸附行为,从而达到调节催化活性的目的;采用PAM分子来隔离特定活性位...     

非均相氮配位单原子光催化剂和电催化剂（英文）

随着能源危机和环境问题的日益突出,人们对可再生能源的开发和利用越来越关注.其中,通过能源转换技术,如光催化、电催化或光(电)催化析氢反应、析氧反应、固氮反应和二氧化碳还原反应等,将清洁、丰富的太阳能和电能转化为化学能是解决能源和环境问题的有效策略之一.能源转换技术实现实际应用的关键在于催化剂的活性、稳定性、选择性和成本等,然而目前催化反应大多采用生产成本高的贵金属基催化剂.因此,亟需开发高效、低成本的非贵金属基催化剂来替代贵金属催化剂.单原子催化剂由于可最大限度地利用结构可控、位置明确的金属活性位点,在多相催化中得到了广泛应用.近年来人们发现,通过单个金属原子与氮配位构建的氮配位单原子催化剂表现出有趣的物理、光学和电子性质,其在光催化和电催化领域的应用研究发展迅速.尽管已经有了大量的相关文献报道,但目前有关氮配位单原子催化剂活性位点的内在光催化和电催化性能的调节原理和催化机理的研究尚不充分.本文综述了近年氮配位的单原子催化剂的合成方法和检测技术,总结了氮配位的单原子催化剂在光催化和电催化领域(如光催化或电催化水裂解、二氧化碳还原及固氮等)的应用,结合高角度环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜、原...     

非贵金属电催化析氧催化剂的最新进展

氢气具有环境友好、含量丰富、高能量密度等特点,是一种可以替代化石能源的绿色环保可再生能源. 电解水是制备氢气最有效途径之一. 但在电解水过程中,动力学过程非常缓慢,过电位较大的阳极析氧半反应严重限制了阴极析氢反应效率. 因此,研究高效、稳定和低成本的催化剂来降低析氧反应的过电位,从而提高析氢反应效率受到了广泛关注. 基于非贵金属催化剂本身特性及其在高浓度OH-条件下具有较高OER催化活性等原因,本文首先简要介绍碱性条件下析氧反应机理及其性能的评价方法,然后重点讨论非贵金属电催化析氧催化剂的最新研究进展. 最后对如何深入研究催化机理、设计高效、双功能及新型非贵金属电催化析氧催化剂进行了展望.     

石墨烯基催化剂的设计合成与电催化应用

为了解决能源匮乏和环境污染的问题,研究人员正致力于寻找清洁可持续的新能源。 其中,氧气还原、氧气析出、析氢反应等是紧密联系新型清洁能源获取和存贮的重要电化学反应。 为了提高其能量转化效率,电催化剂(如碳载铂Pt/C)被广泛地用于降低其反应活化能、提高能量转化效率。 近年来,石墨烯作为一种具有高比表面积和优异导电性的二维碳材料受到了广泛关注。 通过表面杂原子掺杂、缺陷调控和引入催化活性组分等方式,获得了催化性能与贵金属催化剂相媲美,且低价格和高稳定性的非贵金属石墨烯基催化材料。 针对氧气还原、氧气析出和析氢反应在燃料电池、金属-空气电池和电催化水分解中的应用,本文概括综述了通过表/界面结构性质调控提高石墨烯电催化性能和稳定性,获得具有双功能或复合催化性能的石墨烯基催化剂的最新研究进展。 最后总结和展望了亟待解决的问题及未来的发展趋势。     

原位合成氧化镍硼/石墨炔杂化材料用于提高光/电催化产氢性能

当今世界面临严峻的能源紧缺和环境污染问题,发展高效无污染的清洁能源替代传统化石能源成为近几十年科研工作者的研究热点.其中,氢能由于具有高燃烧值和产物无污染等优点成为理想的替代能源.光/电催化水分解产生氢气是最有效的制氢方法之一.目前,高活性的产氢催化剂仍以贵金属为主,但贵金属价格高昂和稀缺性等限制了其大规模应用,因此,开发和设计廉价、高效的非贵金属产氢催化剂变得尤为重要.为了提高非贵金属催化剂的催化活性,基于非贵金属的复合材料的构建被广泛研究.例如,通过非贵金属和碳材料的复合,能够提高比表面积和电子传输速率,优化活性位点的电子结构,从而提高催化活性.石墨炔(GDY)作为一种新兴碳材料,由sp²-和sp-杂化碳共同组成.由于GDY具有高度π共轭结构,大的比表面积和独特的双炔键,可作为载体与非贵金属离子相互作用形成复合材料,制备高效产氢催化剂.基于此,本文在室温下原位合成了强耦合相互作用的氧化镍硼/石墨炔(NiBi/GDY)催化剂,并将其应用于光/电催化产氢反应.在光催化产氢反应中,采用曙红为光敏剂,三乙醇胺为牺牲剂,可见光下NiBi/GDY的光催化产氢速率可达4.54 mmol g^-1h^-1,产氢速率分别是氧化镍硼/石墨烯(NiBi/graphene)和NiBi的2.9倍和4.5倍.此外,NiBi/GDY在1.0 M KOH溶液中也表现出良好电催化产氢性能,电流密度为400 mA/cm²时其过电位为478.0 mV,低于商业铂碳(505.3 mV@400 mA/cm2).NiBi/GDY在光/电催化产氢实验中表现出的较好催化性能可归因于NiBi和GDY之间强耦合相互作用对NiBi电子结构的优化.上述研究结果表明,石墨炔可作为理想载体制备高效的光/电催化剂,同时本文为设计高效稳定的非贵金属产氢催化剂提供了一定的借鉴意义.     

环保型碳纳米材料在光催化制氢方面的应用（英文）

化石能源的发现和应用是工业文明快速发展的基础.然而,化石燃料的过渡开发和消耗导致能源短缺和环境污染问题日益突出.因此,迫切需要采用清洁能源替代化石能源.其中,氢气(H2)因具有热值高、无污染等优点而被认为是最有前途的清洁能源之一.目前,应用较多且比较成熟的制氢技术有电催化法、部分氧化法、自热重整法、甲醇重整法、蒸汽重整法和生物法.但是,这些技术的能耗和成本都比较高.光催化制氢技术可实现太阳能的转化和利用,被认为是解决能源短缺和环境污染问题的有效方法之一,受到广泛关注.光催化制氢主要采用贵金属催化剂,但贵金属稀缺且成本高,严重限制了其大规模应用.因此,迫切需要寻找一种便宜、高效和稳定的光催化制氢催化剂.碳纳米结构材料(CNMs)具有优异的结构和半导体性能,包括良好的导电性、较大的比表面积、较好的热稳定性和化学稳定性,可以有效地参与光催化制氢.此外, CNMs和光催化剂的结合可以增强反应物的吸附位点和活性中心,加速电荷分离和传输,抑制光激发的电子-空穴对的复合.同时, CNMs可以减少催化剂颗粒的聚集,改善催化剂颗粒的分布.CNMs还具有光敏性或光热效应,可以大大提高光催化制氢的效率.特别...     

过渡金属碳氮化物在电催化领域的应用:改性和杂化（英文）

化石能源过度消耗导致的环境污染问题使发展绿色可持续替代能源成为人们需要面对的重要问题.寻找绿色高效的方法生产可再生燃料是一个有效的策略,在减少二氧化碳排放的同时可满足能源需求.电催化是一种实现清洁能源的重要途径,可将地球上含量丰富的H₂O, N₂, CO₂和O₂等转化为燃料和化合物.尽管贵金属Pt, RuO₂等具有优异的电催化性能,但由于成本高、储量少限制了其大规模应用,因此开发一种高活性且低成本的电催化剂是实现大规模应用的关键.由于具有独特的形貌和电子结构,石墨烯,黑磷和二硫化钼等二维材料已经在电催化领域得到了广泛应用.作为一种新型的二维材料,碳化物、氮化物和碳氮化物(MXenes)不仅具有良好的机械性能和大比表面积,其较好的导电性和基底面上丰富的活性位点在促进可持续能源发展方面发挥了更重要的作用.自MXenes首次被用于析氢反应(HER)以来,大量的工作预测并合成了具有多种元素的MXenes及其复合材料,并用于电催化反应.本文从理论和实验两方面综述了基于MXenes在HER...     

层状双金属氢氧化物及其复合材料加速电解水制氢的研究进展

随着经济社会的不断发展和能源的不断消耗,开发清洁能源已引起研究者们的广泛关注。层状双金属氢氧化物(LDH)具有典型的层状结构、制备难度低、组成易调节等优点,在电催化分解水方面表现出可与贵金属催化剂相媲美的性能。目前LDH催化剂仍然存在稳定性不足、活性位点辨别不明、电催化反应机理模糊不清等科学问题亟待解决。本文首先介绍了LDH材料的性质和制备方法,重点从元素和化合物对LDH材料结构和性能的调控、取代阳极OER以及海水氧化三个方面综述了LDH材料在电催化制氢方面的研究进展,阐述了LDH复合材料的形貌、界面作用及化合物之间的协同作用。最后对LDH材料更深层次的研究方向作出展望。     

贵金属基纳米催化剂在乙醇电催化氧化中的应用

乙醇电催化氧化反应是直接乙醇燃料电池的核心步骤之一,制备高效稳定的电催化材料已经成为提升其电催化反应效率和选择性的关键。贵金属基纳米催化剂以其独特的物理和化学特性,在乙醇电催化氧化中表现出优异的电催化性能,在燃料电池领域具有重要的应用前景。近来贵金属基乙醇氧化催化剂受到广泛关注并取得系列重要研究进展。本文主要介绍催化剂元素组成调变形成多元素协同作用、形貌调控暴露高指数晶面和载体选择提升分散性等三个方面对贵金属基纳米催化剂性能的影响,为后续研究设计高效稳定的直接乙醇燃料电池催化剂提供参考。     

钼基析氢反应电催化剂的研究进展

电催化析氢反应作为一种绿色、可持续的制备氢气方法,受到了广泛关注. 近年来,非贵金属析氢催化剂以其低成本和相对高的催化活性取得了较快的研究进展,其中,钼基纳米催化剂目前已成为电催化析氢中最受关注的研究热点之一. 本文综述了钼基碳化物、磷化物、氮化物以及硫化物在电催化析氢反应中的催化机理和研究进展,分析了提高析氢催化活性的方法,并对钼基非贵金属催化剂的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Improving intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of layered transition metal chalcogenides as electrocatalysts for water splitting

Electrochemical water splitting has been considered an important method for facilitating renewable and sustainable energy conversion. For the practical application of water electrocatalysis, it is important to develop a non-noble metal-based, earth-abundant, highly efficient, and stable electrocatalysts for water splitting. Among the various non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts, layered transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have emerged as fascinating materials for electrochemical water splitting. The unique structural and electronic properties of layered TMCs make them very attractive for understanding the fundamental principles of electrocatalysis, as well as for developing highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the practical application of water electrocatalysis. In this mini review, we present a comprehensive overview of recent developments to improve the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of layered transition metal chalcogenide (TMC)-based electrocatalysts for practical applications in water splitting.     

On the Possibilities and Considerations of Interfacing Ultra-High Vacuum Equipment with an Electrochemical Setup

Efficient electrocatalysts are required in order for electrocatalysis to play a large role in a future largely based on renewable energy sources. To rationally design these catalysts we need to understand the fundamental origin of their activities. In order to elucidate the relationship between catalyst structure and electrochemical behaviour, we investigate well-defined single-crystal catalysts in a UHV chamber interfaced with an electrochemical setup. Using the capabilities of UHV based methods, we can prepare more complex surface structures than it is possible with traditional EC methods and investigate their electrochemical behaviour. We exemplify this by showing results from both clean and intentionally structured Pt(111), Cu(111) and Pt/Cu(111).     

Single-atom rhodium anchored on S-doped black phosphorene as a promising bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

Superior bifunctional electrocatalysts with ultra-high stability and excellent efficiency are crucial to boost the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reduction (HER) in the overall water splitting (OWS) for the sustainable production of clean fuels. Herein, comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) computations were performed to explore the potential of several single transition metal (TM) atoms anchored on various S-doped black phosphorenes (TM/S_nx-BP) for bifunctional OWS electrocatalysis. The results revealed that these candidates display good stability, excellent electrical conductivity, and diverse spin moments. Furthermore, the Rh/S₁₂-BP catalyst was identified as an eligible bifunctional catalyst for OWS process due to the low overpotentials for OER (0.43 V) and HER (0.02 V), in which Rh and its adjacent P atoms were identified as the active sites. Based on the computed Gibbs free energies of OH*, O*, OOH* and H*, the corresponding volcano plots for OER and HER were established. Interestingly, the spin moments and the charge distribution of the active sites determine the catalytic trends of OER and HER. Our findings not only propose a promising bifunctional catalyst for OWS, but also widen the potential application of BP in electrocatalysis.     

双原子催化剂:制备、表征和应用

发展可持续和清洁的电化学能源转化技术是应对能源短缺和环境污染挑战的关键一步,燃料电池、电解电池和金属空气电池作为清洁能源储存和转换装置目前得到广泛应用推广,这些装置依靠电催化反应以及电极材料上发生的电荷转移过程来转换电能和化学能.而电催化剂是该类装置电极材料的核心部件,电催化反应的热力学和动力学过程与电催化剂的物理性质和化学状态密切相关.因此探索和开发性能优良、成本低廉的新型电催化剂,将进一步促进这些能源转化技术的商业化应用.单原子催化剂(SACs)以其暴露的活性位点、高选择性和最大限度地原子利用率而受到人们的广泛关注.然而,随着单原子表面自由能的增加,粒子在制备和催化过程中的聚集,催化活性位点的降低和催化剂负荷的相对较低,严重制约了SACs的发展和应用.考虑到SACs的缺点,为了进一步增加单原子活性位点的数量和负载,双原子催化剂(DACs)作为SACs家族成员的扩展近年来逐渐兴起,且两种金属原子(同核/异核)在DACs中的协同作用显著提高了催化剂的催化活性.本文基于当前最新的研究工作对比了同核/异核DACs的不同优势,列举了一系列包括原子层沉积法、湿化学吸附法以及高温热处理法等方法用于制备性能优异的DACs,其中高温热处理法因应用广泛被重点强调.同时,本文也对DACs的表征和识别手段进行了重点概括,包含XANES, EXAFS, IR, DFT等;详细概括和对比了当前DACs在电化学方面的主要应用,如氧还原反应(ORR)和二氧化碳还原反应.目前, DACs作为一个新兴的研究领域,由于其金属原子负载量高、活性位点比SACs更为灵活,已经在电催化领域取得了快速的发展.相对于同核DACs,原则上不同的两个金属原子会组成更多的异核DACs,因此,对于性能优异的异核DACs还有更多的可能性值得深入探索.可以预见, DACs的发展将弥补SACs的不足,在电化学能源的转换和储存方面发挥全面的优势;借助于异核DACs中不同的两个金属原子的多样性,探索以过渡金属为主的DACs,将会为节约贵金属资源及环境保护带来巨大贡献,进一步设计和优化DACs,有利于燃料电池和金属-空气电池创造出更大的经济效益和社会效益.因此,我们相信DACs的发展将成为材料研究的一个新前沿,并为合成更多的高效应用催化剂开辟一条新的途径.     

Two-dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks and Derivatives for Electrocatalysis

The most important topics in the world today are environmental and resource issues. The development of green and clean energy is still one of the great challenges of social sustainable development. Two-dimensional(2D) metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) and derivatives have exceptional potential as high-efficiency electrocatalysts for clean energy technologies. This review summarizes various synthesis strategies and applications of 2D MOFs and derivatives in electrocatalysis. Firstly, we will outline the advantages and uniqueness of 2D MOFs and derivatives, as well as their applicable areas. Secondly, the synthetic strategies of 2D MOFs and derivatives are briefly classified. Each category is summarized and we list classic representative fabrication methods, including specific fabrication methods and mechanisms, corresponding structural characteristics, and insights into the advantages and limitations of the synthesis method. Thirdly, we separately classify and summarize the application of 2D MOFs and derivatives in electrocatalysis, including electrocatalytic water splitting, oxygen reduction reaction(ORR), CO₂ reduction reaction(CO₂RR), and other electrocatalytic applications. Finally, the development prospects and existing challenges to 2D MOFs and derivatives are discussed.     

Anion Modulation of Pt-Group Metals and Electrocatalysis Applications

Pt-group metal (PGM) electrocatalysts with unique electronic structures and irreplaceable comprehensive properties play crucial roles in electrocatalysis. Anion engineering can create a series of PGM compounds (such as RuP₂, IrP₂, PtP₂, RuB₂, Ru₂B₃, RuS₂, etc.) that provide a promising prospect for improving the electrocatalytic performance and use of Pt-group noble metals. This review seeks the electrochemical activity origin of anion-modulated PGM compounds, and systematically analyzes and summarizes their synthetic strategies and energy-relevant applications in electrocatalysis. Orientation towards the sustainable development of nonfossil resources has stimulated a blossoming interest in the design of advanced electrocatalysts for clean energy conversion. The anion-modulated strategy for Pt-group metals (PGMs) by means of anion engineering possesses high flexibility to regulate the electronic structure, providing a promising prospect for constructing electrocatalysts with superior activity and stability to satisfy a future green electrochemical energy conversion system. Based on the previous work of our group and others, this review summarizes the up-to-date progress on anion-modulated PGM compounds (such as RuP₂, IrP₂, PtP₂, RuB₂, Ru₂B₃, RuS₂, etc.) in energy-related electrocatalysis from the origin of their activity and synthetic strategies to electrochemical applications including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), N₂ reduction reaction (NRR), and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR). At the end, the key problems, countermeasures and future development orientations of anion-modulated PGM compounds toward electrocatalytic applications are proposed.     

Recent Progress on 2D Transition Metal Compounds-based Electrocatalysts for Efficient Nitrogen Reduction

Ammonia is a commodity chemical with high added value. Electrochemical reduction of nitrogen has great promise for the sustainable synthesis of ammonia in recent years. Because of its rich resources and unique electronic structure and characteristics, 2D transition metal compounds have been used as electrocatalysts for electrochemical reduction of nitrogen for clean and sustainable production of ammonia. This review outlines the latest development in the use of 2D transition metal compounds as high-efficiency electrocatalysts for nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR). First, we introduce the N₂ reduction mechanism, and briefly summarize the performance indicators of the catalyst. Then, we focused on the functionalization of unique 2D materials to design high-performance 2D electrocatalysts in respect of simulation calculation and experimental development. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities for NRR electrocatalysts are introduced.     

高熵纳米合金在电化学催化中的应用

The implementation of clean energy techniques, including clean hydrogen generation, use of solar-driven photovoltaic hybrid systems, photochemical heat generation as well as thermoelectric conversion, is crucial for the sustainable development of our society. Among these promising techniques, electrocatalysis has received significant attention for its ability to facilitate clean energy conversion because it promotes a higher rate of reaction and efficiency for the associated chemical transformations. Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts typically show high activity for electrochemical conversion processes. However, their scarcity and high cost limit their applications in electrocatalytic devices. To overcome this limitation, binary catalysts prepared by alloying with transition metals can be used. However, optimization of the activity of the binary catalysts is considerably limited because of the presence of the miscibility gap in the phase diagram of binary alloys. The activity of binary electrocatalysts can be attributed to the adsorption energy of molecules and intermediates on the surface. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), which consist of diverse elements in a single NP, typically exhibit better physical and/or chemical properties than their single-element counterparts, because of their tunable composition and inherent surface complexity. Further, HEAs can improve the performance of binary electrocatalysts because they exhibit a near-continuous distribution of adsorption energy. Recently, HEAs have gained considerable attention for their application in electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes recent research advances in HEA nanostructures and their application in the field of electrocatalysis. First, we introduce the concept, structure, and four core effects of HEAs. We believe that this part will provide the basic information about HEAs. Next, we discuss the reported top-down and bottom-up synthesis strategies, emphasizing on the carbothermal shock method, nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition, fast moving bed pyrolysis, polyol process, and dealloying. Other methods such as combinatorial co-sputtering, ultrashort-pulsed laser ablation, ultrasonication-assisted wet chemistry, and scanning-probe block copolymer lithography are also highlighted. Among these methods, wet chemistry has been reported to be effective for the formation of nano-scale HEAs because it facilitates the concurrent reduction of all metal precursors to form solid-solution alloys. Next, we present the theoretical investigation of HEA nanocatalysts, including their thermodynamics, kinetic stability, and adsorption energy tuning for optimizing their catalytic activity and selectivity. To elucidate the structure–property relationship in HEAs, we summarize the research progress related to electrocatalytic reactions promoted by HEA nanocatalysts, including the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, and CO₂ reduction reaction. Finally, we discuss the challenges and various strategies toward the development of HEAs.     

Recent advances in one-dimensional nanostructures for energy electrocatalysis

Catalysts play decisive roles in determining the energy conversion efficiencies of energy devices. Up to now, various types of nanostructured materials have been studied as advanced electrocatalysts. This review highlights the application of one-dimensional (1D) metal electrocatalysts in energy conversion, focusing on two important reaction systems—direct methanol fuel cells and water splitting. In this review, we first give a broad introduction of electrochemical energy conversion. In the second section, we summarize the recent significant advances in the area of 1D metal nanostructured electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reactions involved in fuel cells and water splitting systems, including the oxygen reduction reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and oxygen evolution reaction. Finally, based on the current studies on 1D nanostructures for energy electrocatalysis, we present a brief outlook on the research trend in 1D nanoelectrocatalysts for the two clean electrochemical energy conversion systems mentioned above.     

Recent Progress on Nickel-Based Oxide/(Oxy)Hydroxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Developing clean and sustainable energies as alternatives to fossil fuels is in strong demand within modern society. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the efficiency-limiting process in plenty of key renewable energy systems, such as electrochemical water splitting and rechargeable metal–air batteries. In this regard, ongoing efforts have been devoted to seeking high-performance electrocatalysts for enhanced energy conversion efficiency. Apart from traditional precious-metal-based catalysts, nickel-based compounds are the most promising earth-abundant OER catalysts, attracting ever-increasing interest due to high activity and stability. In this review, the recent progress on nickel-based oxide and (oxy)hydroxide composites for water oxidation catalysis in terms of materials design/synthesis and electrochemical performance is summarized. Some underlying mechanisms to profoundly understand the catalytic active sites are also highlighted. In addition, the future research trends and perspectives on the development of Ni-based OER electrocatalysts are discussed.