纳米异质结光催化剂制氢研究进展

随着世界经济的迅猛发展,人们生活水平飞速提高的同时,能源短缺和环境污染成为当前人类可持续发展过程中的两大严峻问题.氢作为一种能源载体,能量密度高,可储可运,且燃烧后唯一产物是水,不污染环境,被认为是今后理想的无污染可再生替代能源.20世纪60年代末,日本学者Fujishima和Honda发现光照n-型半导体TiO2电极可导致水分解,使人们认识到了利用半导体光催化分解水制氢可直接将太阳能转化为氢能的可行性,利用半导体光催化分解水制氢逐渐成为能源领域的研究热点之一.然而,单相光催化材料的光生电子和空穴复合仍然严重,光催化制氢效率低,无法满足实际生产需要;另外,单相光催化材料不能同时具备较窄的禁带、较负的导带和较正的价带.近年来,国内外学者在新型光催化材料的探索、合成和改性以及光催化理论等领域开展了大量研究工作.不断有不同种类的半导体材料被研究和发展为光催化分解水制氢催化材料.例如,具有可见光催化活性的阴、阳离子掺杂TiO2,具有可见光下光解纯水能力的In0.9Ni0.1TaO4,在256 nm紫外光辐照下量子效率达到56%的镧掺杂NaTaO3,CdS以及(AgIn)xZn2(1-x)S2等.在现有的光催化材料中,单相光催化材料可以通过掺杂、形貌控制合成、晶面控制合成、染料敏化和表面修饰等提高其光催化活性.复合型光催化材料则能通过组合不同电子结构的半导体材料并调控其光生载流子迁移获得优异的光催化制氢性能,大幅拓展了光催化制氢材料的研究范围和提升了光催化制氢性能.构建异质结能够有效提高光生电子-空穴分离效率,促使更多的光生电子参与光催化制氢反应,提高其氧化还原能力,从而提高其光催化制氢效率.在I-型纳米异质结中,半导体A的价带高于半导体B,而导带则是前者高于后者,光照时,光生电子-空穴对的迁移速率是不同的,延长了光生电子的寿命,从而提高了材料的光催化活性.但是在I-型异质结中,电子和空穴都集中在B半导体上,这样光生电子-空穴对的复合几率仍然很高.II-型异质结中电子和空穴的富集处各不相同,因此使用范围也更广泛一些.光辐照激发时,光生电子从半导体B的导带迁移到半导体A的导带上,而空穴则从半导体A的价带向半导体B的价带上转移,从而形成了载流子的空间隔离,有效抑制其复合.但是,在这个类型的异质结中,光生电子转移到了相对位置较低的导带,而空穴则转移到相对位置较高的价带,这样就降低了光生电子的还原能力和空穴的氧化能力.pn型异质结中,在两种半导体相互接触时,由于电子-空穴对的扩散作用,两种半导体的能带发生漂移,其中p型上移,n型下移.而且在两种半导体异质结的界面处会产生空间电荷层,在这个电荷层的作用下,在异质结界面上形成内建电场.在合适波长的光源辐照的条件下,两种半导体同时被激发,光生电子在内建电场的作用下,从p型半导体快速迁移到n型半导体上,而n型半导体中留在价带上的空穴则快速迁移到p型半导体上,这样光生电子-空穴对就得到了有效的分离.在以Z型载流子迁移为主导的异质结构材料中摈弃了中间媒介,通过控制界面的载流子迁移使低能量的光生电子与空穴直接复合保留高能量的光生电子-空穴,从而提高了材料的光催化效率.本文介绍了纳米异质结光催化剂在设计合成方面的研究进展,总结了几种纳米异质结(I-型、II-型、pn-型及Z-型)的光催化原理及其在制取氢气方面的研究进展,并展望了研究发展方向.期望本文能够加深研究者对该领域的理解,为今后高效光催化材料的设计提供帮助和指导.     

构建S型异质结COF/CdS以增强太阳光产氢

高效利用太阳能是解决当前能源危机和环境问题的有效途径.光催化制氢技术具有绿色环保、成本低等优势,且氢气可作为能源载体,其燃烧产物仅为水,因此被认为是实现高效利用太阳能的最佳途径之一.为更好地利用太阳能,研究者们致力于开发具有良好可见光活性的光催化剂.CdS因具有良好的电荷转移能力和在可见光区域强吸收的特性,在光催化制氢...     

硫化钴改性石墨炔构建S型异质结高效光催化产氢

石墨炔(GDY,g-CnH2n-2)作为一种新型的由sp和sp2杂化的碳原子构成的二维碳材料,因其独特的纳米级孔隙、二维层状共轭骨架结构及半导体性质等特性,使之在能源、电化学、光催化、光学、电子学等诸多领域具有显著优势.它作为一种具有良好的层状结构的新型碳材料,其可调节的电子结构弥补了石墨烯无明显带隙的缺点,有望在光催...     

新型光催化异质结:S型异质结

太阳能是最丰富的清洁和可再生能源,光催化技术在太阳能利用中具有很大潜力,这有赖于高效半导体光催化剂的设计制备.然而,单一光催化剂效率很低,主要是光生电子和空穴的强库伦吸引力导致它们快速复合.此外,单一光催化剂也很难同时具有宽光谱吸收和足够的氧化还原能力.为了解决这一问题,构建异质结光催化剂成为一种有效途径,因为它可以实现光生电子和空穴在空间上的有效分离.针对传统的Ⅱ型和Z型异质结在动力学和热力学方面的缺陷,2019年由武汉理工大学余家国教授团队提出梯形异质这一新型异质结概念.对于Ⅱ型异质结,热力学和动力学分析表明光生载流子的转移机理不正确.热力学和动力学分析表明光生载流子的转移机理不正确.而Z型异质结系统主要包括传统、全固态和直接Z型异质结三种类型.对于前两种异质结,它们的界面电子转移存在理论问题.传统Z型异质结利用氧化还原电对,而电子受体和给体更容易从与其具有较大的电势差的半导体接受或给予电子.全固态Z型异质结利用导体,比如导电金属或碳材料,取代氧化还原电对,从而使其应用范围由液态扩展到固态.然而通过进一步分析,它的电荷传输也有漏洞.首先,界面的肖特基势垒抑制电荷持续传输,此外,全固态Z型异质结中的导体与传统Z型中氧化还原电对的作用如出一辙.因此,传统Z型的问题在这里也依旧存在.总的来说,Ⅱ型、传统和全固态Z型都面临相同的问题,就是光生电子和空穴拥有较弱的还原和氧化能力,而S型异质结则与它们截然不同.该异质结由氧化型和还原型光催化剂组成,内建电场、能带弯曲和库仑力三大作用促使氧化型的光生电子与还原型的光生空穴复合,同时阻止氧化型的光生空穴与还原型的光生电子转移.最终,电子和空穴分别具有高的还原和氧化能力.由于其优越性,S型异质结在各种光催化应用中引起了广泛的兴趣,包括产氢、二氧化碳还原、污染物降解和灭菌等领域.而S型异质结机理可以用X射线光电子能谱、电子顺磁共振和原子力显微镜进行表征.S型异质结崭露头角,未来发展可期.     

新型光催化异质结:S型异质结

太阳能是最丰富的清洁和可再生能源,光催化技术在太阳能利用中具有很大潜力,这有赖于高效半导体光催化剂的设计制备.然而,单一光催化剂效率很低,主要是光生电子和空穴的强库伦吸引力导致它们快速复合.此外,单一光催化剂也很难同时具有宽光谱吸收和足够的氧化还原能力.为了解决这一问题,构建异质结光催化剂成为一种有效途径,因为它可以实现光生电子和空穴在空间上的有效分离.针对传统的Ⅱ型和Z型异质结在动力学和热力学方面的缺陷,2019年由武汉理工大学余家国教授团队提出梯形异质这一新型异质结概念.对于Ⅱ型异质结,热力学和动力学分析表明光生载流子的转移机理不正确.热力学和动力学分析表明光生载流子的转移机理不正确.而Z型异质结系统主要包括传统、全固态和直接Z型异质结三种类型.对于前两种异质结,它们的界面电子转移存在理论问题.传统Z型异质结利用氧化还原电对,而电子受体和给体更容易从与其具有较大的电势差的半导体接受或给予电子.全固态Z型异质结利用导体,比如导电金属或碳材料,取代氧化还原电对,从而使其应用范围由液态扩展到固态.然而通过进一步分析,它的电荷传输也有漏洞.首先,界面的肖特基势垒抑制电荷持续传输,此外,全固态Z型异质结中的导体与传统Z型中氧化还原电对的作用如出一辙.因此,传统Z型的问题在这里也依旧存在.总的来说,Ⅱ型、传统和全固态Z型都面临相同的问题,就是光生电子和空穴拥有较弱的还原和氧化能力,而S型异质结则与它们截然不同.该异质结由氧化型和还原型光催化剂组成,内建电场、能带弯曲和库仑力三大作用促使氧化型的光生电子与还原型的光生空穴复合,同时阻止氧化型的光生空穴与还原型的光生电子转移.最终,电子和空穴分别具有高的还原和氧化能力.由于其优越性,S型异质结在各种光催化应用中引起了广泛的兴趣,包括产氢、二氧化碳还原、污染物降解和灭菌等领域.而S型异质结机理可以用X射线光电子能谱、电子顺磁共振和原子力显微镜进行表征.S型异质结崭露头角,未来发展可期.     

微波辅助快速制备2D/1D ZnIn2S4/TiO2 S型异质结及其光催化制氢性能

The threat and global concern of energy crises have significantly increased over the last two decades. Because solar light and water are abundant on earth, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution through water splitting has been considered as a promising route to produce green energy. Therefore, semiconductor photocatalysts play a key role in transforming sunlight and water to hydrogen energy. To date, various photocatalysts have been studied. Among them, TiO₂ has been extensively investigated because of its non-toxicity, high chemical stability, controllable morphology, and high photocatalytic activity. In particular, 1D TiO₂ nanofibers (NFs) have attracted increasing attention as effective photocatalysts because of their unique 1D electron transfer pathway, high adsorption capacity, and high photoinduced electron–hole pair transfer capability. However, TiO₂ NFs are considered as an inefficient photocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) because of their disadvantages such as a large band gap (~3.2 eV) and fast recombination of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. Therefore, the development of a high-performance TiO₂ NF photocatalyst is required for efficient solar light conversion. In recent years, several strategies have been explored to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ NFs, including coupling with narrow-bandgap semiconductors (such as ZnIn₂S₄). Recently, microwave (MW)-assisted synthesis has been considered as an important strategy for the preparation of photocatalyst semiconductors because of its low cost, environment-friendliness, simplicity, and high reaction rate. Herein, to overcome the above-mentioned limiting properties of TiO₂ NFs, we report a 2D/1D ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ S-scheme heterojunction synthesized through a microwave (MW)-assisted process. Herein, the 2D/1D ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ S-scheme heterojunction was constructed rapidly by using in situ 2D ZnIn₂S₄nanosheets decorated on 1D TiO₂ NFs. The loading of ZnIn₂S₄ nanoplates on the TiO₂ NFs could be easily controlled by adjusting the molar ratios of ZnIn₂S₄ precursors to TiO₂ NFs. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples for water splitting under simulated solar light irradiation was assessed. The experimental results showed that the photocatalytic performance of the ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ composites was significantly improved, and the obtained ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂ composites showed increased optical absorption. Under optimal conditions, the highest HER rate of the ZT-0.5 (molar ratio of ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂= 0.5) sample was 8774 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, which is considerably higher than those of pure TiO₂ NFs (3312 μmol·g^-1·h^-1) and ZnIn₂S₄nanoplates (3114 μmol·g^-1·h^-1) by factors of 2.7 and 2.8, respectively. Based on the experimental data and Mott-Schottky analysis, a possible mechanism for the formation of the S-scheme heterojunction between ZnIn₂S₄ and TiO₂ was proposed to interpret the enhanced HER activity of the ZnIn₂S₄/TiO₂heterojunctionphotocatalysts.      

S型异质结H2O2光催化剂的研究进展(英文)

随着现代经济和工业的快速发展,传统化石能源的过度开发和消耗造成了日益严重的环境污染和能源危机,极大地威胁着我们的健康和生活。我们需要开发新的可持续技术来解决日益恶化的环境和能源问题。太阳能作为一种绿色、可持续的清洁能源,在过去几十年中受到了广泛的关注。因此,开发和利用太阳能对解决当前面临的问题具有重要意义。半导体光催化技术是一种太阳能驱动的半导体材料表面催化反应过程,可利用太阳能并将其转化为其他能源,用于进一步的能量存储和应用。目前,制备高效稳定的光催化剂仍然是一个巨大的挑战。最近,为了解决传统异质结光催化剂电荷转移过程中的缺点和不足,一种新型梯形(S型)异质结概念被首次提出。S型异质结不仅有效地解决了电荷转移问题,实现了载流子的快速分离,而且保留了光催化体系最强的氧化还原能力,提高其光催化性能。到目前为止,各种S型异质结已被开发并应用于太阳能转化可用化学燃料领域以减少化石燃料的使用。此外,S型异质结也可用于降解污染物,以减少化石燃料的消耗所造成对环境恶化的影响。过氧化氢(H₂O₂)作为一种有效、多用途、绿色的氧化剂,已应用于诸多领域,包括污...     

氧化锌基梯型异质结光催化剂（英文）

随着工业的快速发展和化石燃料的过度开发使用,能源危机和环境污染日益严重.光催化技术在能源与环境领域具有良好的应用前景,是人类社会可持续发展的有效策略之一.传统氧化锌(ZnO)光催化剂因其无毒性、良好生物相容性和低成本而备受关注.然而, ZnO光催化性能受限于光生载流子复合严重和光生电子还原能力弱等问题.常规的改性方法,包括原子掺杂、缺陷调控、助催化剂负载等,很难兼顾载流子分离效率和氧化还原能力.相较而言,构建梯型异质结可以较好地解决上述问题.梯型异质结界面处的内建电场可以促进光生载流子的高效分离和转移,同时保留光催化体系最强的氧化还原能力,从而实现更高效的光催化反应.然而,尽管已有大量关于ZnO基梯型异质结的研究工作被陆续发表,却很少有评论性文章对该领域进行综述.因此,有必要对ZnO基梯型光催化剂的研究成果进行总结,并为这一研究方向的发展提供及时的指导.本文首先介绍了异质结的发展历程,讨论了II型异质结、传统Z型体系、全固态Z型异质结的光催化反应机理,并在此基础上指出了它们在热力学上的挑战.其次,深入分析了梯型异质结的理论基础,包括还原型半导体和氧化型半导体的选择,相互接触后的电子转移...     

石墨烯修饰三氧化钨/二氧化钛S型异质结增强的光催化产氢活性（英文）

太阳光驱动的光催化分解水产氢是利用太阳能解决当前能源危机和环境问题的理想策略.二氧化钛由于其稳定、环境友好和成本低等优点受到广泛研究,在光催化领域具有不可或缺的作用.然而,纯二氧化钛光催化剂具有光生电子-空穴复合率高、太阳能利用率低等缺点,使其在光催化产氢领域的应用受到限制.迄今为止,人们探索了多种改性策略来提高二氧化钛的光催化活性,如贵金属负载、金属或非金属元素掺杂、构建异质结等.通过复合两个具有合适能带排布的半导体来构建异质结可以大大提高光生载流子的分离,被认为是一种有效的解决方案.最近提出了一种新的S型异质结概念,以解释不同半导体异质界面载流子转移分离的问题.S型异质结是在传统Ⅱ型和Z型(液相Z型、全固态Z型、间接Z型、直接Z型)基础上提出的,但又扬长避短,优于传统Ⅱ型和Z型.通常,S型异质结是由功函数较小、费米能级较高的还原型半导体光催化剂和功函数较大、费米能级较低的氧化型半导体光催化剂构建而成.三氧化钨禁带宽度较小(2.4-2.8 eV),功函数较大,是典型的氧化型光催化剂,也是构建S型异质结的理想半导体光催化剂.根据S型电荷转移机制,三氧化钨/二氧化钛复合物在光辐照下,三氧化钨导带上相对无用的电子与二氧化钛价带上相对无用的空穴复合,二氧化钛导带上还原能力较强的电子和三氧化钨价带上氧化能力较强的空穴得以保留,从而在异质界面上实现了氧化还原能力较强的光生电子-空穴对的分离.同时,石墨烯作为一种蜂窝状碳原子二维材料,是理想的电子受体,在异质结光催化剂中能及时转移电子.而且,石墨烯具有较好的导热性和电子迁移率,光吸收强,比表面积大,可为光催化反应提供丰富的吸附和活性位点,已经被认为是一种重要催化剂载体和光电分解水产氢的有效共催化剂.本文采用简便的一步水热法制备石墨烯修饰的三氧化钨/二氧化钛S型异质结光催化剂.光催化产氢性能测试表明,三氧化钨/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的光催化产氢速率显著提高(245.8μmol g^-1 h^-1),约为纯TiO2的3.5倍.高分辨透射电子显微镜、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱结果证明了TiO2和WO3纳米颗粒的紧密接触,并成功负载在还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)上.X射线光电子能谱中Ti 2p结合能的增加证实TiO2和WO3之间强的相互作用和S型异质结的形成.此外,复合材料中的rGO大大拓展了复合物的光吸收范围(紫外-可见漫反射光谱),增强了光热转换效应,而且rGO与TiO2之间形成肖特基结,促进了TiO2导带电子的转移和分离.总之,WO3和TiO2的S型异质结与TiO2和rGO之间的肖特基异质结的协同效应抑制了相对有用的电子和空穴的复合,有利于氧化还原能力较强的载流子的分离和进一步转移,加速了表面产氢动力学,于是增强了三元复合光催化剂的光催化产氢活性.     

全有机S型异质结PDI-Ala/S-C3N4光催化剂增强光催化性能

Organic photocatalysts have attracted attention owing to their suitable redox band positions, low cost, high chemical stability, and good tunability of their framework and electronic structure. As a novel organic photocatalyst, PDI-Ala (N, N'-bis(propionic acid)-perylene-3, 4, 9, 10-tetracarboxylic diimide) has strong visible-light response, low valence band position, and strong oxidation ability. However, the low photogenerated charge transfer rate and high carrier recombination rate limit its application. Due to the aromatic heterocyclic structure of g-C₃N₄ and large delocalized π bond in the planar structure of PDI-Ala, g-C₃N₄ and PDI-Ala can be tightly combined through π–π interactions and N―C bond. The band structure of sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄ (S-C₃N₄) matched well with PDI-Ala than that with g-C₃N₄. The electron delocalization effect, internal electric field, and newly formed chemical bond jointly promote the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers between PDI-Ala and S-C₃N₄. To this end, a novel step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction photocatalyst comprising organic semiconductor PDI-Ala and S-C₃N₄ was prepared by an in situ self-assembly strategy. Meanwhile, PDI-Ala was self-assembled by transverse hydrogen bonding and longitudinal π–π stacking. The crystal structure, morphology, valency, optical properties, stability, and energy band structure of the PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were systematically analyzed and studied by various characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky curve. The work functions and interface coupling characteristics were determined using density functional theory. The photocatalytic activities of the synthesized photocatalyst for H₂O₂ production and the degradation of tetracycline (TC) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) under visible-light irradiation are discussed. The PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ S-scheme heterojunction with band matching and tight interface bonding accelerates the intermolecular electron transfer and broadens the visible-light response range of the heterojunction. In addition, in the processes of the PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ photocatalytic degradation reaction, a variety of active species (h⁺, ·O₂^-, and H₂O₂) were produced and accumulated. Therefore, the PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ heterojunction exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance in the degradation of TC, PNP, and H₂O₂ production. Under visible-light irradiation, the optimum 30%PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ removed 90% of TC within 90 min. In addition, 30%PDI-Ala/S-C₃N₄ displayed the highest H₂O₂ evolution rate of 28.3 μmol·h^-1·g^-1, which was 2.9 and 1.6 times higher than those of PDI-Ala and S-C₃N₄, respectively. These results reveal that the all organic photocatalyst comprising PDI-based supramolecular and S-C₃N₄ can be efficiently applied for the degradation of organic pollutants and production of H₂O₂. This work not only provides a novel strategy for the design of all organic S-scheme heterojunctions but also provides a new insight and reference for understanding the structure–activity relationship of heterostructure catalysts with effective interface bonding.      

反蛋白石结构ZnO@PDA用于增强光催化产H2O2性能

利用太阳能驱动生产高能量密度的H₂O₂太阳能燃料引起了广泛关注,但目前光催化剂缓慢的动力学限制了其实际应用。本文制备一种聚多巴胺(PDA)改性的反蛋白石结构ZnO(ZnO@PDA)光催化剂,用于可持续性的光催化产H₂O₂。由于电子的转移,因此当PDA与ZnO接触后,会在界面处形成一个从PDA指向ZnO的内建电场。在内建电场和能带弯曲的驱动下,ZnO导带中的光生电子与PDA最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)中的空穴复合,符合梯型异质结的电荷转移和分离途径。这种独特的梯型异质结确保了有效的电子或空穴的分离并且留存下具有强氧化还原能力的光生载流子。此外,与纯ZnO相比,反蛋白石结构的ZnO@PDA具有更强的光吸收能力。实验表明,归因于光吸收能力的提高,光生载流子的有效分离和强氧化还原能力,负载0.03% (原子分数) PDA的ZnO样品具有最佳的产H₂O₂性能(1011.4 μmol·L^-1·h^-1),分别是纯ZnO和PDA的4.4和8.9倍。     

3D flower-like heterostructured TiO2@Ni(OH)2 microspheres for solar photocatalytic hydrogen production

TiO₂@Ni(OH)₂ core-shell microspheres were synthesized by a facile strategy to obtain a perfect 3D flower-like nanostructure with well-arranged Ni(OH)₂ nanoflakes on the surfaces of TiO₂ microspheres; this arrangement led to a six-fold enhancement in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The unique p-n type heterostructure not only promotes the separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers significantly, but also offers more active sites for photocatalytic hydrogen production. A photocatalytic mechanism is proposed based on the results of electrochemical measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.     

CTAB-assisted synthesis and photocatalytic property of CuO hollow microspheres

CuO hollow microspheres have been fabricated through a simple hydrothermal method in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of reaction temperature, surfactant, and the molar ratio of Urea/Cu(Π) on the morphologies of the resulting products were investigated. The possible formation mechanism of CuO hollow dandelion-like architectures was proposed. The hierarchical CuO hollow microspheres exhibited a high photocatalytic activity for decolorization of Rhodamine B (RhB) under UV-light illumination.     

碳铂双助催化剂增强CdS空心球光催化产氢性能

利用半导体光催化分解水产氢是将太阳能转换为化学能最有前景的方法之一.在众多的半导体光催化剂中,硫化镉(CdS)不仅具有可见光响应的带隙值(约2.4 eV),而且其导带底和价带顶的能级横跨于水的氧化还原电势两端,能够在可见光照射下分解水产氢,这使得CdS成为一种热门的光催化剂而被广泛研究.然而,单一CdS由于光生电子?空...     

ZnO-based hollow microspheres with mesoporous shells: Polyoxometalate-assisted fabrication, growth mechanism and photocatalytic properties

With the assistance of Keggin-type polyoxometalate, ZnO hollow microspheres with mesoporous shells were synthesized via a simple solvothermal approach without any templates and surfactants. The observations of morphology and structure performed by field emission scanning electronic microscopy and transmission electron microscopy indicated that the shells of the ZnO hollow spheres were built from nanosheets which were composed of nanoparticles. The transformation of structure and composition of samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. The formation mechanism of the hollow spheres is proposed based on time-dependent experimental results. The ZnO hollow microspheres exhibited a high photocatalytic activity for decolorization of Rhodamine B under ultraviolet irradiation.     

高结晶氮化碳空心球的制备及其增强光催化产氢活性

石墨烯型氮化碳(g-C3N4)已经成为解决环境污染和能源危机问题的较为理想的光催化剂,但由于其较低的比表面积和较高的光生载流子重组效率而表现出较弱的光催化活性.因此,研究者们已经提出了许多策略,例如纳米结构设计,杂原子掺杂和增加结晶度,用来克服氮化碳的这些缺点,从而提高其光催化性能.其中,引起了较多关注的是增加g-C3...     

MnS hollow microspheres combined with carbon nanotubes for enhanced performance sodium-ion battery anode

MnS as anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has recently attracted great attention because of the high theoretical capacity, great natural abundance, and low cost. However, it suffers from inferior electrical conductivity and large volume expansion during the charge/discharge process, leading to tremendous damage of electrodes and subsequently fast capacity fading. To mitigate these issues, herein, a three-dimensional (3D) interlaced carbon nanotubes (CNTs) threaded into or between MnS hollow microspheres (hollow MnS/CNTs composite) has been designed and synthesized as an enhanced anode material. It can effectively improve the electrical conductivity, buffer the volume change, and maintain the integrity of the electrode during the charging and discharging process based on the synergistic interaction and the integrative structure. Therefore, when evaluated as anode for SIBs, the hollow MnS/CNTs electrode displays enhanced reversible capacity (275 mAh/g at 100 mA/g after 100 cycles), which is much better than that of pure MnS electrode (25 mAh/g at 100 mA/g after 100 cycles) prepared without the addition of CNTs. Even increasing the current density to 500 mA/g, the hollow MnS/CNTs electrode still delivers a five times higher reversible capacity than that of the pure MnS electrode. The rate performance of the hollow MnS/CNTs electrode is also superior to that of pure MnS electrode at various current densities from 50 mA/g to 1000 mA/g.     

梯型多孔g-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA复合材料的合成及其高效稳定光催化产氢性能（英文）

近年来,化石燃料燃烧导致的环境污染问题和能源危机越来越严重.在众多解决方案中,光催化产氢由于其可持续性以及无污染等特点而受到广泛关注.然而,由于许多半导体光催化剂性能不理想,光催化水分解研究进程缓慢.本研究采用水热法成功制备了梯型Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA复合材料用于光催化产氢.DETA(二亚乙基三胺)作为一种有机分子插入在Zn0.2Cd0.8S的层中构成有机-无机杂化材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见光漫反射光谱(UV-vis)以及光电流研究了所制备样品的结构、形貌、元素组成以及光电特征,并提出了可能的光催化机制.XRD和XPS结果表明Pg-C3N4和Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA复合在一起而不是机械混合.通过TEM可以看出Pg-C3N4是一种带有很多孔洞的纳米片,而Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA类似于纳米花瓣,在Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA复合材料中Pg-C3N4表面充满了Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA纳米花瓣.经过元素分析得知所合成的复合材料没有杂质元素.UV-vis表明Pg-C3N4和Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA具有良好的吸收带边以及带隙,分别为2.83 eV和2.48 eV.光电流和PL显示15%Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA具有很高的载流子分离及传输效率.光催化性能测试显示15%Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA具有很好的产氢活性,为6.69 mmol g^-1 h^-1,分别是Pg-C3N4和Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA的16.73和1.44倍.在经过七次循环实验后15%Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA仍保持很优异的活性,说明它具有很好的稳定性.通过高分辨XPS中各元素结合能的变化可以看出构成异质结之后电子的流向,从而看出光催化可能的机制为梯形.光照射之后,Pg-C3N4和Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA中产生电子-空穴对,电子迁移到导带并在价带留下空穴.当Pg-C3N4与Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA复合之后,在它们的接触处会形成内部电场,Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA导带上的电子和Pg-C3N4价带上的空穴会在内部电场作用下复合.Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA价带上的空穴和Pg-C3N4上的电子分别参与氧化还原反应.梯形机制促使电子和空穴在空间上分离,从而具有强氧化还原性.梯形异质结的形成加快了15%Pg-C3N4/Zn0.2Cd0.8S-DETA复合材料中电子-空穴对的分离效率,并减少了电子-空穴对的复合,从而使其具有很优异的光催化性能和稳定性.     

A self-assembly template approach for preparing hollow carbon microspheres

Hollow carbon microspheres (HCMs) are prepared in a sealed quartz tube via the reaction between ferrocene and ammonium bromide. The morphology and microstructure of the product are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam workstation, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The diameter of the HCMs ranges from 1 to 13 μm and the thickness of shells ranges from 70 nm to 450 nm. It is concluded that the self-generated spherical droplets of iron amine bromide serve as the core templates for the formation of HCMs.     

Fabrication and photocatalytic properties of SnO2 double-shelled and triple-shelled hollow spheres

SnO₂ double-shelled and triple-shelled hollow spheres were tailored by adjusting concentration of tin (IV) chloride solution during the process of the tin (IV) ions infused carbonaceous spheres. The structures of these SnO₂ multi-shelled hollow spheres were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their possible formation mechanism were also discussed. In virtue of triple-shelled hollow porous structure and higher specific surface area, SnO₂ triple-shelled hollow spheres exhibited enhanced photocatalytic properties compared to SnO₂ double-shelled hollow spheres.