Electrochemical behavior of spherical LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 as cathode material for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries

Spherical LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ powders have been synthesized from co-precipitated spherical metal hydroxide. The electrochemical performances of the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ electrodes in 1 M LiNO₃, 5 M LiNO₃, and saturated LiNO₃ aqueous electrolytes have been studied using cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance tests in this work. The results show that LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ electrode in saturated LiNO₃ electrolyte exhibits the best electrochemical performance. An aqueous rechargeable lithium battery containing LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode, LiV_2.9Ni_0.050Mn_0.050O₈ anode, and saturated LiNO₃ electrolyte is fabricated. The battery delivers an initial capacity of 98.2 mAh g⁻¹ and keeps a capacity of 63.9 mAh g⁻¹ after 50 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C (278 mA g⁻¹ was assumed to be 1 C rate).     

ZrO2包覆的层状富锂正极材料0.6Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2·0.4LiNi5/12Mn5/12Co1/6O2的电化学性能

采用喷雾干燥法合成了富锂层状氧化物正极材料0.6Li[Li_1/3Mn_2/3]O₂·0.4LiNi_5/12Mn_5/12Co_1/6O₂(简称LNMCO),并使用Zr (CH₃COO)₄进行ZrO₂的包覆改性。TEM测试结果显示纳米级的ZrO₂颗粒附着在LNMCO的表面。包覆质量分数为1.5%的ZrO₂包覆样品的首圈库伦效率和放电比容量有着显著提升,在室温下其首圈库伦效率和放电比容量(电流密度：20 mA·g^-1,电压：2.0~4.8 V)分别为87.2%,279.3 mAh·g^-1,而原样则为75.1%,224.1 mAh·g^-1,循环100圈之后,1.5% ZrO₂包覆样品的放电比容量为248.3 mAh·g^-1,容量保持率为88.9%,高于原样的195.9 mAh·g^-1和87.4%。     

ZrO_2包覆的层状富锂正极材料0.6Li[Li_(1/3)Mn_(2/3)]O_2·0.4LiNi_(5/12)Mn_(5/12)Co_(1/6)O_2的电化学性能

采用喷雾干燥法合成了富锂层状氧化物正极材料0.6Li[Li_(1/3)Mn_(2/3)]O2·0.4LiNi_(5/12)Mn_(5/12)Co_(1/6)O_2(简称LNMCO),并使用Zr(CH3COO)4进行ZrO_2的包覆改性。TEM测试结果显示纳米级的ZrO_2颗粒附着在LNMCO的表面。包覆质量分数为1.5%的ZrO_2包覆样品的首圈库伦效率和放电比容量有着显著提升,在室温下其首圈库伦效率和放电比容量(电流密度:20 m A·g-1,电压:2.0~4.8 V)分别为87.2%,279.3 m Ah·g-1,而原样则为75.1%,224.1 m Ah·g-1,循环100圈之后,1.5%ZrO_2包覆样品的放电比容量为248.3 m Ah·g-1,容量保持率为88.9%,高于原样的195.9 m Ah·g-1和87.4%。     

Effect of lithium boron oxide glass coating on the electrochemical performance of LiNi<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>Co<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The effect of the lithium boron oxide glass coating on the electrochemical performance of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ has been investigated via solution method. The morphology, structure, and electrochemical properties of the bare and coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and charge–discharge tests. The results showed that the lattice structure of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ is not changed after coating. The coating sample shows good high-rate discharge performance (148 mAh g⁻¹ at 5.0 C rate) and cycling stability even at high temperature (with the capacities retention about 99% and 87% at room and elevated temperature after 50 cycles). The Li⁺ diffusion coefficient is also largely improved, while the charge transfer resistance, side reactions within cell, and the erosion of Hydrofluoric Acid all reduced. Consequently, the good electrochemical performances are obtained.     

Synthesis and surface treatment of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

In order to shorten process time and possibly reduce synthesis cost of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂, the cathode material was prepared by solution combustion and microwave synthesis routes with reduced duration of calcination. The products were also surface-modified with Al₂O₃ by a mechano-thermal coating process to enhance cyclability. The structure and morphology of the bare and the surface-modified LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. At a 0.1-C rate and between 4.6 and 2.5 V, the products delivered a first-cycle discharge capacity of as much as 195 mA h/g. Surface modification of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ with alumina resulted in improved cyclability.     

碳酸盐共沉淀法可控制备超高倍率锂离子电池正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2

采用碳酸盐共沉淀法通过调节NH₃·H₂O用量来实现可控制备超高倍率纳米结构LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂正极材料。NH₃·H₂O用量会对颗粒的形貌、粒径、晶体结构以及材料电化学性能产生较大的影响。X射线衍射（XRD）分析和扫描电镜（SEM）结果表明,随着NH₃·H₂O用量的降低,一次颗粒形貌由纳米片状逐渐过渡到纳米球状,且n_NH3·H2O：（n_Ni+n_Co+n_Mn）=1：2样品晶体层状结构最完善、Li⁺/Ni²⁺阳离子混排程度最低。电化学性能测试结果也证实了n_NH3·H2O：（n_Ni+n_Co+n_Mn）=1：2样品具有最优异的循环稳定性和超高倍率性能。具体而言,在2.7~4.3 V,1C下循环300次后的放电比容量为119 mAh·g^-1,容量保持率为81%,中值电压基本无衰减（保持率为97%）。在100C（18 Ah·g^-1）的超高倍率下,放电比容量还能达到56 mAh·g^-1,具有应用于高功率型锂离子电池的前景。此NH₃·H₂O比例值对于共沉淀法制备其他高倍率、高容量的正/负极氧化物材料具有一定的工艺参考价值。     

碳酸盐共沉淀法可控制备超高倍率锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2

采用碳酸盐共沉淀法通过调节NH_3·H_2O用量来实现可控制备超高倍率纳米结构LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2正极材料。NH_3·H_2O用量会对颗粒的形貌、粒径、晶体结构以及材料电化学性能产生较大的影响。X射线衍射(XRD)分析和扫描电镜(SEM)结果表明,随着NH_3·H_2O用量的降低,一次颗粒形貌由纳米片状逐渐过渡到纳米球状,且nNH_3·H_2O∶(nNi+nCo+nMn)=1∶2样品晶体层状结构最完善、Li~+/Ni~(2+)阳离子混排程度最低。电化学性能测试结果也证实了nNH_3·H_2O∶(nNi+nCo+nMn)=1∶2样品具有最优异的循环稳定性和超高倍率性能。具体而言,在2.7~4.3 V,1C下循环300次后的放电比容量为119 m Ah·g~(-1),容量保持率为81%,中值电压基本无衰减(保持率为97%)。在100C(18 Ah·g~(-1))的超高倍率下,放电比容量还能达到56 m Ah·g~(-1),具有应用于高功率型锂离子电池的前景。此NH_3·H_2O比例值对于共沉淀法制备其他高倍率、高容量的正/负极氧化物材料具有一定的工艺参考价值。     

Improvement of electrochemical properties of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 by coating with La0.4Ca0.6CoO3

In this paper, La_0.4Ca_0.6CoO₃-coated LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ is successfully prepared by the sol–gel method associated with microwave pyrolysis method. The structure and electrochemical properties of the La_0.4Ca_0.6CoO₃-coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ are investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge/discharge tests. XRD analyses show that the La_0.4Ca_0.6CoO₃ coating does not change the structure of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂. The electrochemical performance studies demonstrate that 2 wt.% La_0.4Ca_0.6CoO₃-coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ powders exhibit the best electrochemical properties, with an initial discharge capacity of 156.9 mAh g^–1 and capacity retention of 98.9 % after 50 cycles when cycled at a current density of 0.2 C between 2.75 and 4.3 V. La_0.4Ca_0.6CoO₃ coating can improve the rate performance because of the enhancement of the surface electronic/ionic transportation by the coating layer. EIS results suggest that the coating La_0.4Ca_0.6CoO₃ plays an important role in suppressing the increase of cell impedance with cycling especially for the increase of charge-transfer resistance.     

掺F影响LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2结构和性能的微观机制

以氟化锂为氟源,通过高温固相法合成了F掺杂的LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学测试等手段研究F影响LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2结构和性能的微观机制。结果表明:适量F掺杂可以提高正极材料的放电比容量,改善其倍率性、循环性和热稳定性。当F掺杂量(物质的量分数)为1.5%时,材料的综合电化学性能最优,初始放电比容量(0.2C)和50周循环容量保持率(1C)分别由原始的174.0 mAh·g~(-1)(78.7%)提高到178.6 mAh·g~(-1)(85.7%)。LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2材料性能的改善可归因于F能够增强过渡金属层、锂层与氧层之间的结合力,提高材料的结构稳定性。此外,F掺杂还有利于降低电化学反应中的界面电阻和电荷转移阻抗。     

Improvement of high-voltage cycling behavior of Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cathodes by Mg, Cr, and Al substitution

To improve the electrochemical properties of Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ at high charge end voltage (4.6 V), a series of the mixed transition metal compounds, Li(Ni_1/3Co_{1/3 − x} Mn_1/3M _x )O₂ (M = Mg, Cr, Al; x = 0.05), were synthesized via hydroxide coprecipitation method. The effects of doping Mg, Cr, and Al on the structure and the electrochemical performances of Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ were compared by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The XRD results show that all the samples keep layered structures with R3m space group as the Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂. SEM images show that all the compounds have spherical shapes and the Cr-doped sample has the largest particle size. Furthermore, galvanostatic charge–discharge tests confirm that the Cr-doped electrode shows improved cycling performance than the undoped material. The capacity retention of Li(Ni_1/3Co_{1/3 − 0.05}Mn_1/3Cr_0.05)O₂ is 97% during 50 cycles at 2.8∼4.6 V. The improved cycling performance at high voltage can be attributed to the larger particle size and the prevention of charge transfer resistance (R _ct) increase during cycling.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.4Al0.1O2的合成与性能

采用高温固相法制备了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.5Co_0.4Al_0.1O₂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对材料的结构及表观形貌进行分析。通过恒电流充放电以及循环伏安法进行了电化学性能测试。测试结果表明,充放电电压在3~4.5 V之间,在0.2C倍率下首次放电比容量达到159.9 mAh·g^-1,经50次循环充放电后放电容量为142.6 mAh·g^-1,表现出良好的电化学性能。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.4Al0.1O2的合成与性能

采用高温固相法制备了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.5Co_0.4Al_0.1O₂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对材料的结构及表观形貌进行分析。通过恒电流充放电以及循环伏安法进行了电化学性能测试。测试结果表明,充放电电压在3~4.5V之间,在0.2C倍率下首次放电比容量达到159.9mAh·g^-1,经50次循环充放电后放电容量为142.6mAh·g^-1,表现出良好的电化学性能。     

氨蒸发诱导法制备纳米结构LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2及其作为高功率型锂离子电池正极材料的性能

采用氨蒸发诱导法成功制备出纳米结构LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂正极材料,借助X射线衍射（XRD）分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、高分辨率透射电镜（HRTEM）、能量分散谱（EDS）和比表面测试等表征手段及恒电流充放电测试研究了其晶体结构、微观形貌和电化学性能. 研究表明该方法制备出的材料具有良好的α-NaFeO₂层状结构,阳离子混排程度低. 纳米片交错堆积而成核桃仁状形貌,片与片之间形成许多纳米孔,而且纳米片的侧面属于{010}活性面,能够提供较多的锂离子的脱嵌通道. 在室温下及3.0-4.6 V充放电范围内,该材料在电流密度为0.5C、1C、3C、5C和10C时放电比容量分别为172.90、153.95、147.09、142.16 和131.23mAh·g^-1. 说明其具有优异的电化学性能,非常有潜力用于动力汽车等高功率密度锂离子电池中.     

Synthesis and characterization of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries by polyacrylic acid-assisted sol–gel method

Nanocrystalline LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode materials are synthesized by sol–gel method using polyacrylic acid as a chelating agent. The effects of the calcination temperature and calcination time on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical performances of the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ electrode materials are investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and charge–discharge cycling test, respectively. All experiments show that the microscopic structural features and the morphology properties are deeply related with the electrochemical performance. The results show that the nanocrystalline LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ with a particle size of 80 nm sintered at 700 °C for 2 h presents good α-NaFeO₂ layer structure and the best electrochemical performance. When it is discharged between 4.4 and 2.8 V at 20 mAg^?1, the initial specific capacity of the LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ obtained at 700 °C for 2 h is 169.2 mAhg^?1. The investigated electrode materials retain 151 mAhg^?1 after 30 cycles when cycled at 20 mAg^?1.     

Improved electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as cathode of lithium ion battery by Co and Cr co-doping

Three samples, LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄, LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Co_0.2O₄, and LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Cr_0.15Co_0.05O₄, were prepared by sol–gel method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscope, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, four-probe resistance, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and charge–discharge test. It is found that the co-doped sample LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Cr_0.15Co_0.05O₄ exhibits an improved performance compared with the Co-doped sample LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Co_0.2O₄ and the undoped sample LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄, especially at elevated temperature. At 25 °C, the discharge capacity of LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Cr_0.15Co_0.05O₄ is 130 mAh g^?1 at 0.1 C and 103 mAh g^?1 at 10 C. At an elevated temperature (55 °C), its 1 C discharge capacity is 136 mAh g^?1 and maintains 95.6 % of its initial capacity after 100 cycles. Compared with the reported results of LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Co_0.2O₄ and LiNi_0.475Mn_1.475Co_0.05O₄, the co-doped sample LiNi_0.4Mn_1.4Cr_0.15Co_0.05O₄, with least content of Co, 0.05, possesses not only the high C-rate capacity but also the structural stability. The mechanism on the electrochemical performance improvement of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ by the co-doping was discussed.     

Synthesis of LiNi<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>Co<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoparticles by modified Pechini method and their enhanced rate capability

Layered LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ nanoparticles were prepared by modified Pechini method and used as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. The pyrolytic behaviors of the foamed precursors were analyzed by use of simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). Structure, morphology and electrochemical performance characterization of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron macroscopy(SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area and charge–discharge tests. The results showed that the samples prepared by modified Pechini method caclined at 900 °C for 10 h were indexed to pure LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ with well hexagonal structure. The particle size was in a range of 100–300 nm. The specific surface area was larger than that of the as-obtained sample by Pechini method. Initial discharge capacity of 163.8 mAh/g in the range 2.8–4.4 V (vs. Li/Li⁺) and at 0.1C for LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ prepared by modified Pechini method was obtained, higher than that of the sample prepared by Pechini method (143.5 mAh/g). Moreover, the comparison of electrochemical results at different current rates indicated that the sample prepared by modified Pechini method exhibited improved rate capability.     

金属有机框架衍生的高性能锂离子电池负极Co3O4/C复合材料

为克服Co_3O_4负极材料导电率低、循环稳定性差的缺点,选择Co_2(NDC)_2DMF_2(NDC=1,4-萘二甲酸根)为前驱体采用两步煅烧工艺,制备了具有高碳含量的Co_3O_4/C复合材料。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和拉曼光谱对样品进行了表征。采用热重分析法(TGA)测定了Co_3O_4/C中非晶态碳的含量。作为锂离子电池的负极材料,Co_3O_4/C具有高的可逆比容量、优异的循环性能(在200 m A·g~(-1)的电流密度下,循环200圈后放电比容量稳定保持在1 000 mAh·g~(-1))和良好的倍率性能(在100、200、500、1 000和2 000 mA·g~(-1)的电流密度下,放电比容量为分别1 076.3、976.2、872.9、783.6和670.1 mAh·g~(-1))。材料优异的电化学性能归结为有机配体衍生的高含量非晶态碳的导电和缓冲作用有利于电子的快速传递并有效减缓了金属氧化物充放电过程中的体积膨胀。     

Significant improved electrochemical performance of Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cathode on volumetric energy density and cycling stability at high rate

Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂ microspheres with a tap density of 2.41 g cm⁻³ have been synthesized for applications in high power and high energy systems, using a simple rheological phase reaction route. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) showed no shift of anodic and cathodic peaks centred at 3.81, 3.69 V for the Ni²⁺/Ni⁴⁺ couple after first cycle. The results of power pulse area specific impedance (ASI) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests showed lower power impedance and increased thermal stability of the electrode at high rate. These merits mentioned above provided significant improved capacity and rate performance for Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂ microspheres, which 159, 147 mAh g⁻¹ discharge capacity was delivered after 100 cycles between 2.5–4.6 V vs. Li at a different discharge rate of 2.5 C (500 mA g⁻¹), 5 C and a constant 0.5 C charge rate, respectively.     

表面活性剂辅助合成LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2正极材料

通过添加烷基季铵盐类表面活性剂来调控材料形貌和粒径的改性方法,在LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂前驱体合成过程中添加表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB),利用尿素作为配合剂和沉淀剂,采用溶剂热法合成LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂前驱体。最后,高温混锂煅烧合成椭球形的空心多孔材料。相比于不添加表面活性剂的样本,改性的材料有着更小的粒径和更加规整的形貌。电化学测试表明,添加DTAB和CTAB之后,首次充电容量分别达到223与251 mAh·g^-1(0.1C)。其中,添加CTAB的样品首次放电容量达到216 mAh·g^-1(0.1C),100次循环后容量保持率为85.1%,高于LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂的81.7%(0.1C)。表面活性剂的改性显著提高了材料的电化学性能,为高镍三元正极材料的改性提供了一种新的思路。     

锰离子氧化沉淀法实现锂离子电池LiNi0.8Co0.05Mn0.15O2材料的回收和利用

以浓盐酸为浸出剂,以NaOH和NH₄HCO₃为沉淀剂,利用Mn²⁺在碱性条件下的氧化反应改变离子的沉淀次序进而分步回收的方案,探究了浓盐酸酸浸处理三元正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.05Mn_0.15O₂的最佳条件。在分步沉淀过程中,Mn²⁺被氧化为不溶于非还原性酸的MnO （OH）₂,并在酸性条件下回收。Ni、Co则在碱性条件下利用NaOH回收,而Li则利用NH₄HCO₃回收。该方法中Mn的回收率达到85.1%,产品纯度达到98.6%; Li的回收率达到95.0%,产品纯度达到99.3%。由回收材料重新合成的三元正极组装的软包电池的首圈放电比容量达到了175 mAh·g^-1,可以以超过99.5%的库仑效率稳定循环50圈。