铁基超导体的输运性质

在铁基超导体中存在着多种有序态,例如电子向列相和自旋密度波等,从而呈现出丰富的物理现象.输运性质的测量能为认识铁基超导体的低能激发提供极为有用的信息.铁砷超导体由于其电子结构的多能带特性,其电阻率和霍尔系数与温度的关系出现多样性的变化,但在正常态并没有看到有类似铜氧化物超导体的赝能隙打开等奇异行为.在空穴型掺杂的铁基超导体中观测到霍尔系数在低温下变号,对应温区的电阻率上出现一个很宽的鼓包等,可能是从非相干到相干态的转变.热电势行为也表现出与铜氧化物超导体的明显差异,比如铁基超导体的正常态热电势的绝对值反而在最佳掺杂区是最大的,这也许跟强的带间散射有关.能斯特效应表明铁基超导体在Tc以上的超导位相涨落并不明显,与铜氧化物超导体存在明显差别.在铁基超导体上所显示出来的这些反常热电性质,并没有在类似结构的镍基超导体(如LaNiAsO)上观测到,镍基超导体表现得更像一个通常的金属.这些均说明铁基超导体的奇异输运性质与其高温超导电性存在内在的关联,这些因素是建立其超导机理时需要考虑进去的.     

The upper critical field in two-band layered superconductors

The upper critical field of clean MgB₂ is investigated using the two-band layered Ginzburg--Landau (GL) theory. The calculated results are fitted to the experimental data of clean MgB₂ crystal very well in a broad temperature range. Based on the GL theory for clean superconductors, a phenomenological theory for dirty superconductor is proposed. Selecting appropriate parameters, two-band layered GL theory is successfully applied to the crystal of Mg(B_1-xC_x)₂ and the neutron irradiation samples of MgB₂.     

Spin, charge, and orbital orderings in iron-based superconductors

In this article, we briefly review spin, charge, and orbital orderings in iron-based superconductors, as well as the multi-orbital models. The interplay of spin, charge, and orbital orderings is a key to understand the high temperature superconductivity. As an illustration, we use the two-orbital model to show the spin and charge orderings in iron-based superconductors based on the mean-field approximation in real space. The typical spin and charge orderings are shown by choosing appropriate parameters, which are in good agreement with experiments. We also show the effect of Fe vacancies, which can introduce the nematic phase and interesting magnetic ground states. The orbital ordering is also discussed in iron-based superconductors. It is found that disorder may play a role to produce the superconductivity.     

铁基超导体的量子临界行为

铁基超导体呈现丰富的电子相图, 各种有序态相互交叠. 本文主要介绍利用核磁共振手段在空穴型和电子型掺杂的BaFe₂As₂以及LaFeAsO_1-xF_x这三种具有代表性的铁基超导体中探测到的反铁磁序与超导序的微观共存、量子临界点和量子临界行为. 实验发现, 无论在空穴型还是电子型掺杂的铁基超导体中, 反铁磁相变温度都随着掺杂被抑制, 并最终在某个掺杂量降到零温而形成量子临界点. 在反铁磁转变温度之上存在结构相变, 其转变温度也随着掺杂而降低. 核磁共振谱证实结构相变也形成一个量子临界点. 本文介绍核磁共振及输运测量揭示的这两种量子临界点附近存在的量子临界行为, 共存态下奇异的超导性质等.     

Hybrid crystals of cuprates and iron-based superconductors

We propose two possible new compounds, Ba_2CuO_2Fe_2As_2and K_2CuO_2Fe_2Se_2, which hybridize the building blocks of two high temperature superconductors, cuprates and iron-based superconductors. These compounds consist of square CuO_2 layers and antifluorite-type Fe_2X_2(X = As, Se) layers separated by Ba/K. The calculations of binding energies and phonon spectra indicate that they are dynamically stable, which ensures that they may be experimentally synthesized. The Fermi surfaces and electronic structures of the two compounds inherit the characteristics of both cuprates and iron-based superconductors. These compounds can be superconductors with intriguing physical properties to help to determine the pairing mechanisms of high Tc superconductivity.     

Review of nuclear magnetic resonance studies on iron-based superconductors

The newly discovered iron-based superconductors have triggered renewed enormous research interest in the condensed matter physics community. Nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） is a low-energy local probe for studying strongly correlated electrons, and particularly important for high-Tc superconductors. In this paper, we review NMR studies on the structural transition, antiferromagnetic order, spin fluctuations, and superconducting properties of several iron-based high-Tc superconductors, including LaFeAsOl_xFx, LaFeAsOl_x, BaFe2As2, Bal_xKxFe2As2, Cao.23Nao.67Fe2As2, BaFe2（Asl_xPx）2, Ba（Fel_xRux）2As2, Ba（Fel_xCox）2As2, Lil＋xFeAs, LiFel_xCoxAs, NaFeAs, NaFel_xCoxAs, KyFe2_xSe2, and （T1,Rb）yFe2_xSe2.     

Crystal chemistry and structural design of iron-based superconductors

The second class of high-temperature superconductors （HTSCs）, iron-based pnictides and chalcogenides, necessarily contain Fe2X2 （＂X＂ refers to a pnictogen or a chalcogen element） layers, just like the first class of HTSCs which possess the essential CuO2 sheets. So far, dozens of iron-based HTSCs, classified into nine groups, have been discovered. In this article, the crystal-chemistry aspects of the known iron-based superconductors are reviewed and summarized by employing ＂hard and soft acids and bases （HSAB）＂ concept. Based on these understandings, we propose an alternative route to exploring new iron-based superconductors via rational structural design.     

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy study on iron-based superconductors

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy （ARPES） has played an important role in determining the band structure and the superconducting gap structure of iron-based superconductors. In this paper, from the ARPES perspective, we briefly review the main results from our group in recent years on the iron-based superconductors and their parent compounds, and depict our current understanding on the antiferromagnetism and superconductivity in these materials.     

高压下的铁基超导体:现象与物理

始于2008年的铁基超导体研究续写了高温超导发展史的新篇章.回顾过去十年对铁基超导体的研究,在理论、实验及应用方面都取得了辉煌的成绩,丰富了人们对高温超导电性的认识,为突破高温超导机理研究、最终实现超导材料的人工设计与更广泛的应用奠定了坚实的基础.本文主要介绍了通过高压实验研究手段在铁基超导体的研究中取得的一些重要进展及呈现出的新现象和新物理,例如压致超导现象、压力导致的超导再进入现象、压力对超导转变温度的提升效应、压力研究对铁基超导体超导转变温度的预测、相分离结构对超导电性的影响及反铁磁-超导双临界点的发现等.希望这些高压研究结果与本文报道的其他各类实验与理论研究成果一起,为全面、深入地理解铁基超导体勾画出一幅较为完整的物理图像.     

铁基超导体的扫描隧道显微镜研究进展

铁基高温超导体自2008年发现以来,对其超导电性的研究一直是一个热门的课题.扫描隧道显微镜能够在原子尺度进行表面形貌和隧道谱测量,从微观角度研究电子态密度的信息,是研究超导的重要谱学手段.近年来,在铁基超导电性方面,扫描隧道显微镜实验已经积累了一些有价值的结果,本文进行了总结介绍.铁基超导体是多带多超导能隙的超导体,不同材料的费米面结构有很大的变化.扫描隧道显微镜证明,同时有电子和空穴费米面最佳掺杂的铁基样品超导能隙结构是无节点并带有能隙符号变化的s^±波.而进一步的实验发现在没有空穴费米面的FeSe基超导体中也存在能隙符号的相反,对统一铁基超导体的配对对称性提供了重要实验证据.此外,扫描隧道显微镜在研究铁基超导体的电子向列相、浅能带特性、可能的拓扑特性方面,提供了重要的实验数据.本文对上述相关内容进行了总结,并做了相应分析和讨论.     

Pressure dependence of high-Tc superconductors

Abstract

We recently developed a method to derive the charge carrier concentration 6 (holes per planar copper atom) under pressure from the measured T_c and H_c2. The different behaviour of YBa₂Cu₄O₈, CaLaBaCu₃)₇ and other compounds can be understood from the difference in ?δ/?p using a model where T_c is quadratically dependent upon δ and where δ is linearly dependent upon pressure, as observed experimentally.     

铁基超导体中的反铁磁序和自旋动力学

类似于其他非常规超导材料,铁基高温超导电性通常出现在静态长程反铁磁序被抑制之后,并且强烈的自旋涨落始终与超导电性相伴相生,因此理解磁性相互作用是建立铁基超导微观机理的重要前提.中子散射作为研究凝聚态物质中磁性相互作用的有力工具,在揭示铁基超导电性的磁性起源方面起到了关键作用.本文系统总结了近十年来铁基超导材料的中子散射研究结果,包括铁基超导材料中的静态磁结构、磁性相变、动态磁激发、电子向列相等,并探讨它们与超导电性之间的关系.     

Thermal fluctuation conductivity and dimensionality in iron-based superconductors

The time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau Lawrence–Doniach model is used to investigate the superconducting fluctuation electrical conductivities.The theoretical result based on the self-consistent Gaussian approximation is used to fit the transport measurement data of iron-based superconductors F-doped La OFe As and Ba Fe_(2-x)Ni_xAs_2.We demonstrate that La OFe As shows layered behavior,while Ba Fe_(2-x)Ni_xAs_2 is more of a 3D feature.The conductivity in the region near Tc is well described by the theoretical formula.     

利用单轴压强下的电阻变化研究铁基超导体中的向列涨落

铁基超导体中普遍存在着反铁磁、超导和向列相,因此研究向列相的性质及其与反铁磁、超导的关系对于理解铁基超导体的低能物理及高温超导电性具有非常重要的作用.所谓向列相是指电子态自发破缺了晶格的面内四重旋转对称性而形成的有序态,从而导致样品的某些物理性质出现了两重的各向异性.我们通过自主研发的单轴压强装置,可以在低温下原位改变压强,测量电阻的变化,从而得到向列极化率.本文介绍了我们利用该装置在最近几年研究铁基超导体的向列相和向列涨落所取得的一些成果,包括详细研究了BaFe_(2-x)Ni_xAs_2体系中的向列量子临界点及其量子临界涨落,并提出了基于向列涨落强弱调节的铁基超导体统一相图.这些结果表明,向列相及其涨落与反铁磁和超导均有很强的耦合,对于理解铁基超导体中磁性和超导电性非常关键.     

Exploring Majorana zero modes in iron-based superconductors

Majorana zero modes (MZMs) are Majorana-fermion-like quasiparticles existing in crystals or hybrid platforms with topologically non-trivial electronic structures. They obey non-Abelian braiding statistics and are considered promising to realize topological quantum computing. Discovery of MZM in the vortices of the iron-based superconductors (IBSs) has recently fueled the Majorana research in a way which not only removes the material barrier requiring construction of complicated hybrid artificial structures, but also enables observation of pure MZMs under higher temperatures. So far, MZMs have been observed in iron-based superconductors including FeTe_0.55Se_0.45, (Li_0.84Fe_0.16)OHFeSe, CaKFe₄As₄, and LiFeAs. In this topical review, we present an overview of the recent STM studies on the MZMs in IBSs. We start with the observation of MZMs in the vortices in FeTe_0.55Se_0.45 and discuss the pros and cons of FeTe_0.55Se_0.45 compared with other platforms. We then review the following up discovery of MZMs in vortices of CaKFe₄As₄, impurity-assisted vortices of LiFeAs, and quantum anomalous vortices in FeTe_0.55Se_0.45, illustrating the pathway of the developments of MZM research in IBSs. Finally, we give perspective on future experimental works in this field.     

A reflection on the contrast between the Cooper pairing in iron-based and conventional superconductors

In this Perspective article we review retrospectively the streamline of our work on iron-based superconductors, and reflect on the mechanism of Cooper pairing in conventional and unconventional, such as iron-based superconductors. The main theme of this review is the concept of effective interaction and renormalization group.     

Mössbauer studies of the peculiar magnetism in parent compounds of the iron-based superconductors

A review of the magnetism in the parent compounds of the iron-based superconductors is given based on the transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy of ⁵⁷Fe and ¹⁵¹Eu. It was found that the 3d magnetism is of the itinerant character with varying admixture of the spin-polarized covalent bonds. For the ‘122’ compounds, a longitudinal spin density wave (SDW) develops. In the case of the EuFe₂As₂, a divalent europium arranges in an anti-ferromagnetical order at a much lower temperature as compared with the onset of SDW. These two magnetic systems remain almost uncoupled one to another. For the non-stoichiometric Fe_1+xTe parent of the ‘11’ family, one has a transversal SDW and magnetic order of the interstitial iron with relatively high and localized magnetic moments. These two systems are strongly coupled one to another. For the ‘grand parent’ of the iron-based superconductors FeAs, one observes two mutually orthogonal phase-related transversal SDW on the iron sites. There are two sets of such spin arrangements due to two crystallographic iron sites. The FeAs exhibits the highest covalency among the compounds studied, but it has still a metallic character.     

铁基超导体多轨道模型中的电子关联与轨道选择

大部分铁基超导体的正常态呈现坏金属行为, 这表明体系中存在较强的电子关联效应. 最近的实验与理论研究显示, 铁基超导体中的电子关联具有多轨道的特征. 本文介绍与评论铁基超导体多轨道哈伯德模型中电子关联方面理论研究的最新进展; 着重讨论以隶自旋技术为代表的一系列量子多体计算方法在研究多轨道系统中金属绝缘体相变的应用. 理论计算给出了铁基超导体多轨道哈伯德模型基于电子关联的基态相图. 在对应母体化合物的电子填充数时, 基态存在从金属到绝缘体的莫特转变. 临近莫特转变, 体系呈现坏金属行为; 其电子性质存在较强的轨道选择性. 轨道选择性的强弱与体系中的洪德耦合和轨道的晶体场劈裂密切相关. 对钾铁硒系统, 研究发现其基态相图存在轨道选择莫特相: 其中铁的3d xy轨道已被莫特局域化, 但其他3d轨道电子仍具有巡游性. 这一新相的发现, 对理解以钾铁硒为代表的一大类铁基超导体正常态与超导之间的联系提供了重要线索.     

新型铁基超导体角分辨光电子能谱研究

最近发现的新型122结构的铁基超导体掀起了铁基高温超导研究的又一轮热潮.文章利用角分辨光电子能谱实验手段,研究了这类新型铁基材料的电子结构、费米面拓扑和超导能隙.实验结果表明,其在布里渊区中心的能带结构及费米面与其他铁基超导体存在明显差异,并导致嵌套在粒子-空穴通道的费米面消失.另外,在布里渊区边缘的电子型费米面发现了较强的并且有各向同性的超导能隙.这些结果对可能的超导配对机制提出了严格的限制.     

新型铁基超导体角分辨光电子能谱研究

最近发现的新型122结构的铁基超导体掀起了铁基高温超导研究的又一轮热潮.文章利用角分辨光电子能谱实验手段,研究了这类新型铁基材料的电子结构、费米面拓扑和超导能隙.实验结果表明,其在布里渊区中心的能带结构及费米面与其他铁基超导体存在明显差异,并导致嵌套在粒子-空穴通道的费米面消失.另外,在布里渊区边缘的电子型费米面发现了较强的并且有各向同性的超导能隙.这些结果对可能的超导配对机制提出了严格的限制.