SH波入射半空间双相介质界面附近圆形衬砌的动力分析

利用复变函数和Green函数法研究了无限半空间中双相介质界面附近圆形衬砌对SH波的散射与动应力集中问题。该问题的解答采用镜像法,首先构造出含有圆形衬砌的直角平面区域出平面问题的Green函数,然后利用“契合”技术,并根据界面处位移连续性条件将解答归结为具有弱奇异性的第一类Fredholm积分方程组的求解,结合散射波的衰减特性,直接离散该方程组,把积分方程组转化为线性代数方程组可得到该问题的数值结果。最后,通过算例分析了不同介质参数、几何参数和入射波时圆形衬砌界面的动应力集中情况。     

CFD–DEM simulation of particle deposition characteristics of pleated air filter media based on porous media model

In this study, the three-dimensional physical model of pleated air filtration media was simplified to porous media model, and the calculation parameters of porous media were obtained based on experimental data. The model of V-shaped pleated air filter media is constructed, the height of the media pleat is 50 mm and the pleat thickness is 4 mm, the pleat angle is 3.7°. The Hertz-Mindlin contact model was modified by Johnson Kendall Roberts (JKR) adhesion contact model. The deposition process of particles in media was simulated based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory and discrete element method (DEM). Results show that the CFD–DEM coupling method can be effectively applied to the macro research of pleated air filter media. The particles will form dust layer and dendrite structure on the fiber surface, and the dust layer will affect the subsequent air flow organization, and the dendrite structure will eventually form a “particle wall”. The formation of the “particle wall” will prevent the particles from moving further in the fluid domain, which makes area of pleated angle become the “low efficiency” part about the particle deposition. Compared with area of pleated angle, the particles are concentrated in the opening area and the middle area of the pleated to agglomerate and deposit.     

Isolation of the resonant component in acoustic scattering from fluid-loaded cylindrical shells

For the problem of scattering of a plane acoustic wave by a cylindrical elastic shell immersed in a fluid, we demonstrate that a recently proposed “intermediate background” formalism serves to separate the resonant component from the non-resonant background in the scattering amplitude. Numerical calculations are performed for the case of an air-filled aluminium shell in water.     

Code2vect: An efficient heterogenous data classifier and nonlinear regression technique

The aim of this paper is to present a new classification and regression algorithm based on Artificial Intelligence. The main feature of this algorithm, which will be called Code2Vect, is the nature of the data to treat: qualitative or quantitative and continuous or discrete. Contrary to other artificial intelligence techniques based on the “Big-Data,” this new approach will enable working with a reduced amount of data, within the so-called “Smart Data” paradigm. Moreover, the main purpose of this algorithm is to enable the representation of high-dimensional data and more specifically grouping and visualizing this data according to a given target. For that purpose, the data will be projected into a vectorial space equipped with an appropriate metric, able to group data according to their affinity (with respect to a given output of interest). Furthermore, another application of this algorithm lies on its prediction capability. As it occurs with most common data-mining techniques such as regression trees, by giving an input the output will be inferred, in this case considering the nature of the data formerly described. In order to illustrate its potentialities, two different applications will be addressed, one concerning the representation of high-dimensional and categorical data and another featuring the prediction capabilities of the algorithm.     

A new technique for viewing deformation zones at crack tips

A new technique has been developed to examine and view the deformation zone that occurs at a crack tip during loading. The technique, referred to as the “image-distortion technique”, is based on the optical distortion that results on a highly polished surface ahead of a crack when it is strained. The “image distortion” is a direct result of the thickness change occurring at the crack tip. While the technique was developed using monotonic loading, it is believed that it also will be applicable to cyclic-loading crack-tip studies. Additional studies are underway that will yield strain fields at the crack tip from the observed images of the deformation zones.     

JRC修正直边法的数学表达

JRC是反映爬坡角力学效应的岩体结构面表面形态等效描述指标。本文在爬坡角力学效应机理研究基础上, 阐述了JRC直边法的物理意义；通过岩体结构面表面起伏幅度与金属表面粗糙度幅度对比分析, 肯定了直边法的合理性；考虑JRC的尺寸效应, 推导JRC修正直边法的数学表达式, 编译计算机常用程序。最后, 实例检验了JRC修正直边法数学表达式的合理性和可用性。     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the accuracy and reproducibility of cell tracking velocimetry

A theoretical and experimental analysis has been conducted to determine the accuracy of cell tracking velocimetry (CTV). CTV is an analytical technique for quantifying magnetically induced velocity of immunomagnetically labeled cells (or particles), in which the computer algorithm, particle tracking velocimetry (PTV), has been modified and combined with a well-defined magnetic energy gradient. In addition, this technique can calculate the size of a cell (or particle) through the use of experimentally measured settling velocities. A model was developed which determines the minimum and maximum cell velocities that can be determined based on a number of intrinsic constants and variables associated with this technique. This model was experimentally tested using a number of calibration particles and very good agreement between model and experimental data was obtained. The combination of model and experimental validation establishes the proper operating parameters for CTV. Received: 14 January 2000/Accepted: 10 July 2000     

Subharmonic generation in physical systems: An interaction-box approach

A so-called “interaction-box” formalism, which has recently been introduced to describe hysteresis in dynamical systems in the case of higher harmonic generation, is further discussed and generalized to describe the phenomenon of subharmonic generation. In this case, the increase in the periodicity of the response is reflected in the formation of multiple loops in the Effect (output) vs. Cause (input) diagrams. Conversely, we show how this type of response represents a sort of “signature” of the system, and can thus be employed to draw general conclusions about the features of the latter. A specific example of a nonlinear system is chosen to illustrate the approach, namely a vibrating cantilever beam with a breathing crack. Effect vs. Cause curves are calculated for this system in the presence of higher harmonics and subharmonics.     

薄壁柱壳的圆度及三维变形测量技术

本文采用一种新的形状位置（Ｐｒｏｆｉｌｉｍｅｔｒｙ）自动测量计算机处理方法,对钢质圆柱壳的椭圆度进行了测试。具体使用投影光栅,于壳体表现形成栅线影象,自动形成栅线光频率线性编码,用ＣＣＤ摄象机采集到频率编码壳体光栅影象,构成形西半球工波图。将载波的图象经过计算机图象系统获得数值图象。计算机经过快速富立叶变换法解码,输出频率位相值,经数据处理可得到精确的壳面尺度。     

Adaptive output feedback control of uncertain nonlinear chaotic systems based on dynamic surface control technique

In this paper, an adaptive output feedback control algorithm based on the dynamic surface control (DSC) is proposed for a class of uncertain chaotic systems. Because the system states are assumed to be unavailable, an observer is designed to estimate those unavailable states. The main advantage of this algorithm can overcome the problem of “explosion of complexity” inherent in the backstepping design. Thus, the proposed control approach is simpler than the traditional backstepping control for the uncertain chaotic systems. The stability analysis shows that the system is stable in the sense that all signals in the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) and the system output can track the reference signal to a bounded compact set. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.     

A scattering light probe for the measurement of oceanic air bubble sizes

A new optical probe has been designed, tested, calibrated and used in a bubbly two-phase flow. The probe is based on the principle of light scattering at an angle of ninety degrees from an incident laser beam. The errors inherent in such a technique are reviewed and evaluated. The calibration curve shows that the output voltage is proportional to the square of the bubble diameter. A first test is presented in a real bubbly flow produced by the action of wave-breaking in an air-sea interaction simulating facility.     

A vision-based hybrid particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique using a modified cascade correlation peak-finding method

A novel technique for particle tracking velocimetry is presented in this paper to overcome the issue of overlapping particle images encountered in the flows with high particle density or under volumetric illumination conditions. To achieve this goal, algorithms for particle identification and tracking are developed based on current methods and validated with both synthetic and experimental image sets. The results from synthetic image tests show that the particle identification algorithm is able to resolve overlapped particle images up to 50?% under noisy conditions, while keeping the root mean square peak location error under 0.07?pixels. The algorithm is also robust to the size changes up to a size ratio of 5. The tracking method developed from a classic computer vision matching algorithm is capable of capturing a velocity gradient up to 0.3 while maintaining the error under 0.2?pixels. Sensitivity tests were performed to describe the optimum conditions for the technique in terms of particle image density, particle image sizes and velocity gradients, also its sensitivity to errors of the PIV results that guide the tracking process. The comparison with other existing tracking techniques demonstrates that this technique is able to resolve more vectors out of a dense particle image field.     

Simultaneous PIV and concentration measurements in a gas-turbine combustor model

Simultaneous velocity and concentration measurements have been performed in a gas-turbine combustor model. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to acquire planar velocity information and to identify coherent flow structures. The Mie scattering technique, based on a slightly modified experimental setup, was used for concentration measurements in this mixing flow. The degree of mixing was assessed by examining local concentration measurements while inhomogeneously seeding the primary and secondary stream of the mixing layer. Connections between flow field and concentration distribution were highlighted using the proper orthogonal decomposition algorithm (POD). Uncertainties and systematic errors for the PIV measurements due to the suboptimal seeding are discussed using a comparison with a second test series at optimal seeding conditions. Results are presented for several flow parameters and at various lateral planes.     

微小缺口/孔洞的激光衍射无损检测

基于裂纹和孔洞的小尺寸特征,提出了微小缺口/孔洞的激光衍射无损探测技术,给出了解析表达式.通过这一技术,对单向拉伸试件中所含单边缺口和中心孔洞在外载作用下的演化过程进行了实时原位检测,获得了缺口/孔洞孔径随载荷的变化曲线及模拟裂纹时裂纹的张开位移、裂纹开裂长度及应力强度因子等一系列断裂参数.     

Performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing under the combined influence of textured surface and journal misalignment: A numerical survey

A wisely chosen geometry of micro textures with the favorable relative motion of lubricated surfaces in contacts can enhance tribological characteristics. In this paper, a computational investigation related to the combined influence of bearing surface texturing and journal misalignment on the performances of hydrodynamic journal bearings is reported. To this end, a numerical analysis is performed to test three texture shapes: square “SQ”, cylindrical “CY”, and triangular “TR”, and shaft misalignment variation in angle and degree. The Reynolds equation of a thin viscous film is solved using a finite differences scheme and a mass conservation algorithm (JFO boundary conditions), taking into account the presence of textures on both full film and cavitation regions. Preliminary results are compared with benchmark data and are consistent with a positive enhancement in misaligned bearing performances (load carrying capacity and friction). The results suggest that the micro-step bearing mechanism is a key parameter, where the micro-pressure recovery action present in dimples located at the second angular part of the bearing (from 180° to 360°) can compensate for the loss on performances caused by shaft misalignment, while the micro-pressure drop effect at the full film region causes poor performances. Considering the right arrangement of textures on the contact surface, their contours geometries can have a significant impact on the performance of misaligned journal bearings, particularly at high eccentricity ratios, high misalignment degrees and when the misalignment angle α approaches to $0\mathrm{°}$ or $180\mathrm{°}$.     

Displacement sensitivity in remote-objective-speckle metrology

In remote-objective-speckle (ROS) metrology an individual single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is used to illuminate a small surface region with coherent light. The coarse objective-speckle pattern which is reflected from the surface moves when the surface moves, and easily can be transmitted through a flexible multimode image bundle (MMB) back to a remote photoelectronic digitizer/computer system for analysis and correlation. Sensitivity is a function of both the intrinsic gain of the optical system operating between the MMB output and the photoelectronic digitizer and/or monitor, and the geometrical parameters of the illumination and observation system used to input the speckle into the MMB. This investigation is concerned with understanding this latter, geometrical sensitivity,M for a fiber-based system. Results obtained for simple in-plane translations demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach, and confirm the theoretical and experimental work of other investigators. For example, when the illumination beam is collimated, the speckle field moves with the surface such thatM=1. This is true regardless of the illumination angle, θ, or the observation distance, Z. However, when the illumination is not collimated (the numerical aperture of the SMF being greater than 0) the speckle field rotates as the surface translates and the geometrical sensitivity varies according to the two-parameter relationship $$M = \frac{{\rho + Z}}{\rho }$$ where ? is the radius of curvature of the illumination beam as it falls on the surface.     

Contact angle calculations from the contact/maximum diameter of sessile drops

This paper presents two algorithms for computing the contact angle of sessile liquid drops given data about the drops. The first yields the contact angle given the volume, surface tension and maximum diameter (or contact diameter) of a single drop. This algorithm is an extension of existing algorithms based on knowledge of the maximum diameter or of the contact diameter of a drop. A sensitivity analysis is included for this algorithm, allowing estimates to be made of the error in computed contact angle caused by errors in the measurement of the volume and/or diameter. The second algorithm requires only the volume and maximum or contact diameter of two different drops as input, and it produces both the contact angle and surface tension as output. Both algorithms are based on Newton's method applied to a function whose value is computed by solving a system of ordinary differential equations obtained from the Laplace equation of capillarity. The techniques are applicable to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of strain rate on mechanical properties of 6061-T6 aluminum under uniaxial and biaxial states of stress

A technique is presented for determining mechanical properties of materials under dynamic tensile loads. A Dynapak metalworking machine was modified into a test fixture capable of producing the required dynamic loads for uniaxial and certain biaxial tensile tests. Results from uniaxial dynamic tests on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy are presented and compared to “static” data obtained from a universal testing machine. The dependence of tensile strength on strain rate and the augmenting effect of temperature on this dependence can be seen. The results of biaxial tests are described in terms of a modified form of the distortion-energy failure theory.     

Three-dimensional PIV measurement of flow around an arbitrarily moving body

A three-dimensional (3D) particle image velocimetry measurement technique capable of simultaneously monitoring 3D fluid flows and the structure of an arbitrarily moving surface embedded in the flow was proposed with a heavy emphasis on image processing methods. The costs associated with the experimental apparatus were reduced by recording the surface and the trace particles at one image plane without the use of additional cameras or illumination devices. An optimal exposure time for surface and particle imaging was identified using red fluorescent tracer particles in conjunction with a long-pass glass filter. The particle image and surface image were then separated using an image separation process that relied on the feature scaling differences between the particles and the surface texture. A feature detection process and a matching process facilitated estimation of the 3D surface points, and the 3D surface structure was modeled by Delaunay triangulation. The particle volume reconstruction algorithm constrained the voxels inside the surface structure to zero values to minimize ghost particle generation. Volume self-calibration was employed to improve the reconstruction quality and the triangulation accuracy. To conserve computing resources in the presence of numerous zero voxels, the MLOS-SMART reconstruction and the direct non-zero voxel cross-correlation method were applied. Three-dimensional experiments that modeled the flows around an eccentric rotating cylinder and a flapping flag were conducted to validate the present technique.