锌空气电池电极表面渗液现象的研究

渗液问题是锌空气电池的主要问题之一.本文通过如下实验:聚四氟乙烯膜(PTFE,poly tetra fluoro ethylene)表面特性实验、电池风冷放电、空气电极电压实验和类列斯实验,对可能影响电池渗液的因素进行了研究.这些因素包括:PTFE膜、温度、电压、电荷总量、电解质溶液.实验结果表明:PTFE膜经过KOH溶液浸泡一段时间后,其接触角会显著变小,疏水性变差;温度和电压会对渗液现象产生影响;在各类电解质溶液中,KOH溶液渗液最严重;放电过程中的电荷总量对渗液问题基本没影响.实验结果分析得出,这类电池渗液主要是由于上述因素导致电解液表面张力变化,引起气液界面移动导致的.     

锌空电池气体扩散电极浸液量对放电性能的影响

锌空电池气体扩散电极在存放和放电过程中,电解液会在毛细力的作用下不断浸入电极。电解液在气体扩散电极中的浸入量与分布情况决定了气体扩散电极中的化学反应活化区,从而影响放电性能。通过实验测量了气体扩散电极开始浸液的4天内浸液量与放电性能的关系,并借助拓扑网络数值模拟电解液浸入多孔介质的过程帮助理解该实验现象。结果表明,随着放电过程的进行,浸液量和分布情况不断变化;气体扩散电极放电性能变化主要分为3个阶段:浸液饱和度为39.4%时放电性能最佳;浸液开始2~24小时进行迅速,浸液饱和度达到81%,放电性能小幅下降;24小时之后浸液增速大幅减缓,放电功率随浸液量增加大幅下降。     

内装摩擦试验机的SEM及其在观察固体润滑膜磨损过程中的应用

作者研究了固体润滑膜的摩擦与磨损,特别强调的是使用了内装栓-盘式摩擦试验机的扫描电镜(SEM)和能量色散X-射线分析仪研究膜的磨损率。该仪器具有半定量测量磨痕上膜厚横截面分布的优点,因而可获得膜磨损率的结果。 在5N负荷、各种气氛下,以0.3～1.0mm/s的滑动速度对溅射MoS_2膜、离子镀铅膜和溅射聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜进行了试验。 氧气的存在响影MoS_2膜的磨损率。MoS_2膜在氮气和真空中的磨损率比在空气和氧气中的大一个数量级。这表明,氧气的存在对降低磨损率是有益的,至少在滑动起始阶段如此。与MoS_2膜相反,铅膜在含氧气氛中迅速磨损。在所有气氛中,它们的磨损率几乎比MoS_2膜的大三个数量级。PTFE膜的磨损率几乎不受气氛的影响。     

凹坑表面形貌在面接触润滑状态下的减阻研究

设计了一套试验装置,并在面接触润滑状态下,进行凹坑表面形貌的润滑试验.结果表明,在一定的试验条件下,由于摩擦副接触面上凹坑形貌的存在,可观察到有气泡稳定存在于油膜中.气泡的存在取决于凹坑的深度和润滑油量,凹坑深度越深,润滑油量越少,稳定存在的气泡比例越高.分析可知,由于接触面中气油界面的弯月面力作用,气泡被封存于凹坑中,从而能稳定存在,因此,在乏油润滑时,在润滑油和气泡的共同承载作用下,较其他试样,摩擦力明显减小.在面接触润滑时,从乏油润滑到全膜润滑的过程中,存在着一个最优凹坑深度,在此深度时,摩擦阻力最小.通过计算分析可知,凹坑的最优深度和摩擦副间距大小相当,且理论分析结果和试验结果吻合.     

类金刚石多层膜在不同环境下的摩擦磨损行为研究

采用等离子体辅助化学气相沉积法在单晶硅表面制备由硬／软亚层交替构成的类金刚石多层膜,通过调整工艺参数获得亚层厚度在25～1000nm之间的DLC多层膜,采用球-盘摩擦磨损试验机探讨了DLC多层膜在真空、氧气及干燥空气下的摩擦磨损行为．结果表明,在不同摩擦环境下,多层结构对DLC多层膜的摩擦系数影响较小,但对其磨损率影响较大．多层结构可以有效抑制DLC膜的磨损,特别是在氧气和干燥空气环境中,DLC多层膜的磨损率明显低于DLC单层膜．特定亚层厚度的DLC多层膜在不同摩擦环境中均具有稳定的耐磨性能,磨损率约在10^-8mm^3／Nm数量级．     

不同型面微孔对激光加工多孔端面机械密封性能的影响

考虑密封端面液膜中的空化现象,建立了激光加工多孔端面机械密封(LST-MS)的理论分析模型,应用有限元方法研究了矩形面、椭圆面、球缺面和抛物面等4种不同型面微孔LST-MS的密封特性参数,包括端面开启力、液膜刚度和摩擦扭矩等受微孔几何结构参数的影响规律,给出了上述LST-MS在最大液膜刚度条件下微孔的最优面积密度和最优深径比.结果表明,矩形型面微孔LST-MS拥有最佳的综合性能,研究结果具有较强的理论与工程应用价值.     

润滑油中二烷基二硫代磷酸锌与丁二酰亚胺的复合效应

研究了二烷基二硫代磷酸锌与丁二酰亚胺在液体石蜡中的复合效应，并对这２种添加剂单独使用或组合使用时在铁表面形成的保护膜进行了原位动态变温红外光谱分析，同时还与其它添加剂组合体系作了对比试验研究，探讨了二者产生复合效应的机理．结果表明：二烷基二硫代磷酸锌与丁二酰亚胺形成了络合物，并参与成膜过程而改变了膜的结构和组成，而且比单独使用二烷基二硫代磷酸锌时更易成膜，膜的分解温度也有较大提高，因而这２种添加剂组合具有更好的减摩抗磨性能，表现出良好的协同效应；由于摩擦过程中形成的络合物的竞争吸附，减小了丁二酰亚胺在分散相粒子表面的吸附量，降低了丁二酰亚胺的分散能力，致使分散相粒子容易发生聚集，故此二者在分散性能上表现为对抗效应     

封面图片说明——2010,33(1)

 抗热震陶瓷表面的纳米肋结构. 利用等离子刻蚀技术和酸腐蚀方法,在ZrB2-20\% SiCp-5\%AlN陶瓷表面制备出仿蜻蜓翼膜表面的超疏水纳米结构. 这种结构使在陶瓷的热震过程 中其表面能够自动地覆盖一层空气膜,增加了陶瓷表面热阻近万倍,极大地提高了陶瓷的抗热 震性能.     

团聚物参数对质子交换膜燃料电池内部传热影响

质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化层中的团聚物内电解质体积分数和团聚物半径会影响氧气的传输阻力,从而影响电化学反应速率,进而影响电池内的热量产生和传递。然而,团聚物内电解质体积分数和团聚物半径对燃料电池内传热的具体影响规律尚不明确。因此,本文建立了二维、两相、非等温质子交换膜燃料电池团聚物模型,探究团聚物内电解质体积分数和团聚物半径对电池内温度分布和产热量的影响。结果表明,团聚物内电解质体积分数的增加和团聚物半径的减小使得氧气的传输阻力减小,从而有利于电性能的提高,并使得膜电极组件各部分的产热量增加,以及阴极催化层内的氧还原反应产热量、欧姆产热量和气液相变产热量均增加,但不利于温度分布的均匀性。     

微型燃料电池制备及其微通道摩擦性能的研究

阐述了微型燃料电池的制备过程,结合传统燃料电池数学理论和微流体力学,建立了微型质子交换膜燃料电池(μPEMFC)的数学模型,分析了微通道特性(如摩擦系数和水力直径等)对微型燃料电池性能的影响.结果表明:运用Fluent软件对模型进行计算的仿真结果与公开实验数据基本符合,验证了模型正确性;而传统模型的仿真结果小于真实值;当气道的水力直径Dh从348降至100时,电池性能有所上升;而当Dh值降至61.1时,其性能有所下降.     

初始温度对CO2抑爆作用的影响

将CO₂充入的液化石油气中并进行点火,研究不同初始温度下CO₂对多元混合气液化石油气爆炸的抑制作用。实验显示:初始温度15℃时CO₂体积分数达到36%时,混合气体退出可爆范围,临界氧浓度为12.8%;初始温度50℃时CO₂体积分数达到39%时,混合气体退出可爆范围,临界氧浓度为12.2%。结果表明:CO₂对液化石油气爆炸的抑制效果在一定程度上要受环境温度的影响。     

Stability of preseparation boundary layer on the leading edge of a thin airfoil

Numerous experiments on subsonic flow of gas past thin wing profiles (see the reviews [1, 2]) have shown that the flow near the leading edge of an airfoil is separationless only at angles of attack less than a certain critical value, which depends on the shape of the airfoil. If the angle of attack reaches the critical value, a closed region of recirculation flow of small extension is formed on the upper surface of the airfoil. Under ordinary flow conditions, the boundary layer on the leading edge of the airfoil remains laminar in the entire preseparation range of angles of attack. However, the appearance of the closed separation region is, as a rule, accompanied by transition from a laminar to a turbulent flow regime. Moreover, generation of turbulence is observed precisely in the flow separation region. The present paper is devoted to a study of the stability of the boundary layer on the leading edge of a thin airfoil in a flow of incompressible fluid. The case when the angle of attack of the airfoil relative to the oncoming flow differs little from the critical value is considered.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 55–63, November–December, 1982.     

Bifurcation of collinear crack system under dynamic compression

The evolution pattern of collinear crack array plays a very important role in the final failure pattern of rock and predicting earthquake. Crack interactions lead to the nonhomogeneous pseudo-traction, then result in bifurcation of crack growth pattern. Bifurcation condition of crack growth pattern can be expressed by the crack growth length/spacing ratio. For collinear cracks loaded by dynamic compressive loads, uniform crack growth pattern yields to non-uniform crack growth pattern when the crack growth length/spacing ratio is larger than a critical value. In this paper, crack interactions are studied using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. The analytical solution of the critical value for two collinear cracks and infinite collinear cracks is given out. The critical value is sensitive to pre-existing crack length, the friction coefficient, the orientation of pre-existing crack, crack growth velocity.     

Numerical simulation of effect of convection-diffusion on oxygen transport in microcirculation

The entire process of oxygen transport in microcirculation by developing a 3D porous media model is calculated numerically with coupled solid deformation-fluid seepage-convection and diffusion . The principal novelty of the model is that it takes into account volumetric deformation of both capillary and tissues resulting from capillary fluctuation. How solid deformation, fluid seepage, and convection-diffusion combine to affect oxygen transport is examined quantitatively: (1) Solid deformation is more significant in the middle of capillary, where the maximum value of volumetric deformation reaches about 0.5%. (2) Solid deformation has positive influence on the tissue fluid so that it flows more uniformly and causes oxygen to be transported more uniformly, and eventually impacts oxygen concentration by 0.1%-0.5%. (3) Convection-diffusion coupled deformation and seepage has a maximum (16%) and average (3%) increase in oxygen concentration, compared with pure molecular diffusion. Its more significant role is to allow oxygen to be transported more evenly.     

A special solution of wave dissipation by finite porous plates

The reflection and transmission of water waves caused by a small amplitude incident wave through finite fine porous plates with equal spacing and permeability in an infinitely long open channel of constant water depth and zero slope are studied. A special solution is obtained when the distance between the two neighbouring plates is an integral multiple of the half-wavelength of the incident wave. It is found, that when the dimensionless porous-effect parameter G_0 is equal to half the total plate number, the wave dissipation reaches a maximum, and only 50% of the incident wave energy remains in the reflected and transmitted waves. Meanwhile, the reflected and transmitted waves have the same amplitude.     

双空孔间距对爆破槽腔断面大小的影响

为了探究空孔间距对巷道掘进掏槽爆破效果的影响,基于大红山铜矿某巷道建立有限元数值模型,计算双大直径空孔不同布孔间距条件下的掏槽爆破成腔断面积,并对最优方案开展现场验证。研究结果表明:空孔间距d_v=15 cm时,槽腔断面积为0.1641 m2;当d_v增加到d_v=25 cm时,槽腔断面积为0.2116 m2,断面积增大28.94%;当 d_v增加到35 cm时,槽腔断面面积为0.2436 m2,断面积增大15.1%;但当d_v增大到45 cm时,槽腔面积为0.1740 m2,断面积减小17.8%;当d_v增大到55 cm时,槽腔面积为0.0951 m2,断面积减小45.3%。对成腔断面积最大的空孔间距d_v=35 cm的布孔方案进行现场试验,2号现场试验测得槽腔断面宽度、高度及断面积分别比模拟结果小4.0%、3.4%和4.98%,多次试验与模拟结果误差均在5%以内,能够为地下巷道掏槽爆破成腔体积预测的数值方法构建提供数据参考。     

An experimental study of the evaporation characteristics of emulsified liquid droplets

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation, into the effect of water in diesel and kerosene emulsions, on the evaporation time of a single droplet, on hot surfaces (stainless-steel and aluminum). Experiments are performed at atmospheric pressure, and initial water volume concentrations of 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The wall temperatures ranging from 100–460 °C, to cover the entire spectrum of heat transfer characteristics from evaporation to film boiling. Results show that, qualitatively, the shapes of emulsion evaporation curves are very similar to that of pure liquids. Quantitavely, there are significant differences. The total evaporation time, for the emulsion droplets is lower than that for diesel and kerosene fuels, and decreased as water initial concentration increases, up to surface temperatures less than the critical temperature. The value of the critical surface temperature (maximum heat transfer rate), decreases as initial concentration of water increases. In the film-boiling region, the evaporation time for the emulsion droplets is higher than for diesel and kerosene droplets, at identical conditions.List of Symbols h_fg latent heat of vaporization, KJ/kg - m mass of the droplet, gm - T_b boiling temperature, °C - T_c critical temperature, °C - T_L Leidenfrost temperature, °C - T_s initial surface temperature of the hot surface, °C     

Numerical computation of the flow around two square cylinders arranged side-by-side

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