BGA器件无铅焊点剪切性能模拟

针对BGA无铅焊点的抗剪切性能问题,基于Anand粘塑性本构方程,利用数值模拟方法研究了试验参数对焊点剪切强度的影响。研究结果表明在不同的剪切速率下,焊点的力学行为是类似的,但是力学响应表现出时间相关性:经过弹性变形阶段、屈服阶段、塑性变形阶段,出现了加工硬化现象,最终在靠近焊球/焊盘界面处断裂失效。在150-350μm/s的剪切速率范围内,随着剪切速率的增加,焊点的剪切力增大了12.6%;当剪切高度在50~200μm范围内变化时,剪切力随着剪切高度的增大降低了2.9%。在高密度细间距焊点的情况下,焊合面积A较小,此时剪切高度对剪切力大小的影响减弱。研究结果证实了在焊点的剪切试验中存在着"尺寸效应",焊点的剪切强度与焊球直径成反比例关系。此方法可为焊点剪切试验的参数优化、焊点强度的快速评估等提供参考。     

用侧向力显微镜对不同非晶态GeSbTe薄膜的摩擦性能研究

采用侧向力显微镜研究了磁控溅射方法制备的GeSbTe薄膜在大气环境中的纳米级摩擦性能,考虑了相对湿度、扫描速度及表面粗糙度对其摩擦性能的影响,对比不同成分的GeSbTe薄膜的摩擦特性.结果表明:在相对湿度较大时,扫描速度对针尖和GeSbTe薄膜之间的摩擦力影响很大;在其它条件相同、外加载荷较大时,同一载荷下的摩擦力与表面粗糙度呈线性关系,但在外加载荷较小的情况下,二者呈现非线性变化规律;相对湿度对Ge2Sb2Te5薄膜和针尖的粘附力影响较GeSb2Te4薄膜弱,且粘附力使得摩擦系数减小;在同一相对湿度下,由于薄膜成分的变化导致硬度不同,其对薄膜的摩擦性能也有一定影响.     

电子互连导电胶的率相关剪切力学行为表征

电子封装互连时芯片与封装基板力/热性能的不匹配及电子产品使役中所遭受的振动、跌落及冲击易使导电胶互连层发生不同程度的剪切变形乃至胶连失效，开展电子互连导电胶的率相关剪切力学行为表征是胶连封装结构可靠性研究的重要基础；针对率相关剪切力学行为有效获取有别于金属/合金类材料的胶连层，本文采用Instron万能材料试验机与分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB)对50wt.%、60wt.%银含量导电胶搭接互连铜板双剪切试样开展了不同加载率下的剪切测试表征，通过对SHPB的入射波整形保证了胶连层开始发生剪切破坏前后较大时间范围内试样在恒应变率下的应力平衡及均匀变形状态；得到了不同工况下胶连件的剪切失效模式并给出了消除胶连件铜板弹性变形影响的胶连剪切应变与应变率获取方法，分析了加载率与导电颗粒对胶连剪切变形行为及剪切强度的影响；消除胶连件铜板弹性变形后的胶连剪切应变与剪切应变率值相对较小，不同工况下的导电胶互连剪切主要表现为胶粘接失效模式，准静态下较低银含量胶连件的剪切强度相对较高而动态下则相反；研究结果对导电胶在电子工业领域的高效应用及胶粘接结构剪切力学行为的有效表征具有重要意义.     

切应力协同下受热过冷层流液膜的破断特性

针对界面切应力协同下受热过冷层流液膜流动的破断过程, 建立了不同气液流向下的临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量的理论模型, 分析了不同驱动力作用下, 接触角、流体温度、界面切应力和壁面热流密度对液膜破断特性的影响. 研究表明: 临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量均随壁面热流密度的增加而增大; 重力驱动下的接触角影响在不同热流密度下有所不同, 流体温度在不同驱动力下对最小润湿量的影响截然相反; 同向切应力驱动下临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量随切应力增加而减小; 在重力和切应力协同驱动下, 同向切应力对最小润湿量的影响与重力和切应力所起作用的相对大小有关, 反向切应力使得临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量有所增大.      

冷却润滑对纯铁车削刀具磨损的影响机理

合适的冷却润滑方式是改善切削摩擦,降低切削温度和切削力,提高刀具寿命的关键技术.采用干切、水冷、微量润滑(Minimum quantity lubrication,MQL)以及菜籽油润滑等四种方式进行了不同工艺参数下纯铁材料的车削试验,研究了冷却润滑方式对纯铁车削刀具磨损的影响机理.结果表明:纯铁车削时刀具磨损形态以主、副切削刃处的沟槽磨损和后刀面磨损为主,前刀面上黏结有工件材料并形成积屑瘤;MQL条件下的刀具寿命最长,而水冷时最小;扩散磨损、氧化磨损和黏结磨损是纯铁车削刀具的主要磨损机理;四种冷却润滑方式下切削力、前刀面与切屑间平均摩擦系数和表面显微硬度的显著差异是造成刀具寿命明显不同的根本原因.     

BCC晶体中韧位错运动特性的分子动力学模拟

采用镶嵌原子法 (EAM) ,采用沿 <111>方向插入两层 (2 11)半原子面的方法形成位错 ,模拟金属Mo中韧位错的运动特性 .模拟大于Peierls Nabarro应力时不同剪切力下的韧位错运动速度及相同剪切力下不同温度时韧位错运动速度 ,结果表明 :剪切力越大 ,韧位错运动速度越大 ;温度对韧位错运动有明显的阻碍作用 ,在相同剪切力下 ,随着温度的升高 ,韧位错运动速度减小 ,即拖动系数B(T)随温度升高而增大 .随剪应力增大 ,B(T)变化趋势减缓 .     

界面剪切力作用下波状液膜流的水动力稳定性

液膜流的水动力稳定性作为保障其高效传热传质性能的重要因素之一,受多种因素的制约和影响. 当气液界面处存在因气流流动而产生剪切力作用时,剪切力将通过改变界面处的边界条件,从而影响液膜流动的稳定性. 基于边界层理论,采用积分法建立了剪切力作用下降液膜表面波演化方程,分析了界面剪切力对水动力稳定性的影响. 研究表明,正向剪切力为不稳定性因素,反向剪切力在较小雷诺数时为不稳定因素,在大雷诺数时为稳定性因素;正向剪切力使临界波数和临界波速增大,反向剪切力使其减小;剪切力对临界波速的影响在不同雷诺数下也有所不同.      

基于荧光漂白成像的润滑油膜剪切流速测量

沿润滑油膜厚度方向的剪切流速分布是影响机械部件润滑性能的重要因素.为此,搭建了基于荧光漂白成像的微间隙油膜剪切流速分布测量平台.通过对漂白区域形状演化过程进行图像分析,获得了微米量级间隙中的PB450和PAO6润滑油膜的剪切速度分布.结果表明:在设定测试条件下,厚度为8.5μm的PB450油膜沿膜厚方向的剪切流速近似为典型的线性分布,而相同厚度下的PAO6油膜流速分布表现为非线性塞流,界面附近油膜黏度较中层显著下降.研究还发现,同一滑动速度下,PAO6剪切流速偏离线性分布的程度随膜厚的降低而增加.经过比对分析,试验结果与流体动压润滑条件下的相关数据吻合.     

双面对称同步激光热应力切割数值模拟研究

以大厚度脆性陶瓷材料为例,提出一种新的基于热应力控制断裂的双面对称同步激光切割技术。利用热力耦合和裂纹扩展数值模拟技术,分别对单面和双面对称同步激光加工条件下陶瓷材料内部的温度场和应力场以及裂纹扩展过程进行对比分析。结果表明:在激光功率与光斑形状和尺寸相同的条件下,双面对称同步激光切割相同厚度材料对应的最大切割速度是单面激光切割最大速度的两倍以上;在激光扫描速度和光斑形状尺寸不变的条件下,双面对称同步激光切割相同厚度材料所需的最小功率远低于单面激光所需的最小功率;在相同激光工艺参数条件下,双面对称同步激光切割材料时,其切割剖面上的裂纹扩展速度快于单面激光,裂纹沿激光扫描方向上的稳定扩展距离更长,能切割更大厚度的陶瓷材料。     

基于非线性分析的加肋板肋条位置无网格优化

在加肋板无网格模型中,肋条的位置对各种工况下加肋板受力性能的影响至关重要.文章基于一阶剪切变形和移动最小二乘法理论提出一种考虑非线性影响的加肋板无网格模型,并利用遗传算法优化肋条位置.首先,采用离散节点分别对平板和肋条进行离散,得到加肋板的无网格离散模型;其次,通过冯·卡门大挠度理论得到非矩形板几何非线性问题的弯曲控制方程;再次,通过哈密顿原理得到加肋非矩形板自由振动问题的控制方程;最后引入遗传算法,以肋条的位置为设计变量、非矩形加肋板中心点挠度最小或自振频率最大为目标函数,对肋条位置进行优化.在考虑了几何非线性影响的肋条位置优化过程中,肋条位置改变时只需重新计算位移转换矩阵,避免了网格重构.本文以全局荷载下单肋条菱形板为例与理论解进行对比,进行有效性验证.再以板的中点挠度最小和自振频率最大为优化目标,对局部荷载作用下不同形状、不同肋条布置方式的加肋板进行优化,分析方法的收敛性及稳定性.     

Slip-line modeling of machining with a rounded-edge tool—Part II: analysis of the size effect and the shear strain-rate

Part II of the present study quantitatively analyzes orthogonal metal cutting processes based on the new slip-line model proposed in Part I. The applicable range of the model is illustrated, followed by an explanation of the non-unique nature of the model. It is suggested that the tool edge roundness be comprehensively defined by four variables. Namely: tool edge radius, position of the stagnation point on the tool edge, tool-chip frictional shear stress above the stagnation point on the tool edge, and tool-chip frictional shear stress below the stagnation point on the tool edge. The effects of these four variables on eight groups of machining parameters are investigated. These include (1) cutting force, thrust force, resultant force, and the ratio of cutting force to thrust force; (2) ploughing force; (3) chip up-curl radius; (4) chip thickness; (5) tool-chip contact length; (6) thickness of the primary shear zone; (7) average shear strain in the primary shear zone; and (8) average shear strain-rate in the primary shear zone. The importance of tool edge roundness is further reinforced by a series of new research findings made in this paper. It is revealed that the size effect highly depends on the material constitutive behavior in machining. The dependence of the thickness of the primary shear zone and the dependence of the magnitude of shear strain-rate in the primary shear zone on the tool edge radius are well demonstrated. A surprisingly good agreement between theory and experiments is reached.     

Sinusoidal vibratory tillage

One dimensional sinusoidal vibratory tillage was analyzed theoretically and experimentally. A model was developed in which the instantaneous horizontal force on the tool was equal to a constant plus a linear function of tool velocity. The tool action was analyzed in three stages: (1) retraction of the tool, (2) compression of loose soil in front of the tool, and (3) cutting of undisturbed soil. The effect of tool mass was included, but edge effects between the tool and soil as the tool retracted were neglected. Equations were developed for the instantaneous horizontal force on the tool, average force and power requirements for the tool and ratio of average force and power on a vibrating tool to the average force and power for the same tool without vibration but moving at the same average velocity.

The model predicted the measured instantaneous tool force and average force accurately when the tool oscillated at 10 Hz and the soil failed by flow. At higher frequencies, the soil failed by multiple shear resulting in more pulverization. In this case, the model did not predict the instantaneous force accurately but did not predict the average force with reasonable accuracy. Multiple shear was more evident on the 45° tool than the 80° tool, the difference was attributed to the fact that the soil was more confined by the 80° tool. A maximum force reduction of 40% was observed at a contact ratio between 0.3 and 0.4. The power required for the vibrating tool was increased by a factor of 1.5 to 3.0 for the same contact ratio interval.     

铝蜂窝-铅复合阻尼器的试验研究

提出一种铝蜂窝-铅复合阻尼器,设计了2种类型的6个不同参数阻尼器试件,通过低周循环试验研究了其力学性能,揭示它的工作原理和耗能机制,分析了不同参数阻尼器的等效阻尼比、最大剪应力、存储剪切模量、骨架线等性能参数。结果表明,铝蜂窝-铅复合阻尼器具有屈服位移小、变形能力大、工作性能稳定与耗能性能好等特点,同时具有造价低廉、构造简单、安装方便的优点。相对A型阻尼器,B型阻尼器变形能力大,工作稳定,耗能性能优越。对于阻尼器的等效阻尼比、最大剪应力和存储剪切模量等参数,铝蜂窝/铅复合体的方向、高度和孔棱大小影响较大,复合体的片数影响很小。     

Mechanics and mechanism of cut resistance of protective materials

A sliding sharp edge penetrating material is one of the most dangerous cases of cutting because it requires the smallest applied load. A better understanding of the cutting mechanism is a fundamental step to develop new and more performing protective materials. This study aims at analyzing cutting mechanics and mechanism in the presence of friction. The International Standard ISO 13997 cut test method consists in measuring the distance that a straight blade slides horizontally to cut through a material under a constant applied normal force and was used to investigate cutting phenomena.In practice, cut resistance of a material is contributed by the intrinsic strength of material and the frictional distribution. Two types of friction distributions are involved in cutting: a macroscopic friction induced by the gripping of the material and by the applied normal load on the two sides of the blade; and the other the sliding friction associated with cut through of the material that occurs along the face of the blade tip. For most materials, frictional forces due to lateral gripping could be several times greater than the friction due to the applied normal force. Thus, the cutting energy required for breaking molecular chains is much smaller than the energy dissipated for friction. The elastic modulus, the structure of the material as well as the sliding velocity have significant influence on the friction. Therefore all these properties can affect the cutting resistance results.     

Reexamination of the solder ball shear test for evaluation of the mechanical joint strength

Ball shear tests were investigated in terms of the effects of test parameters, i.e., shear height and shear speed, with an experimental and non-linear finite element analysis for evaluating the solder joint integrity of area array packages. Two representative Pb-free solders were examined in this work: Sn–3.5Ag and Sn–3.5Ag–0.75Cu. The substrate was a common solder mask defined (SMD) type with solder bond pad openings of 460 μm in diameter. The microstructural investigations were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were identified with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Shear tests were conducted with the two varying test parameters. It was observed that increasing shear height at a fixed shear speed has the effect of decreasing shear force for both Sn–3.5Ag and Sn–3.5Ag–0.75Cu solder joints, while the shear force increased with increasing shear speed at fixed shear height. Shear heights that were too high had some negative effects on the test results such as unexpectedly high standard deviation values or shear tip sliding from the solder ball. Low shear height conditions were favorable for screening the type of brittle interfacial fractures or the degraded layers in the interfaces.     

The effect of load biaxiality on crack growth in non-linear materials

The influence of load biaxiality on the stress field and fracture behavior of a cracked plate is investigated. Considered is a square plate containing a central through the thickness crack and subjected to a biaxial loading perpendicular and parallel to the crack plane. The stress field of the plate is analyzed by a finite element code based on incremental plasticity and the von Mises yield condition. A method based on the strain energy density theory is used to determine the critical stress for crack initiation. It was found that the equi-biaxial loading mode induces the smallest plastic zones, while the critical applied stress for crack initiation becomes maximum. Quite the contrary happens for the shear loading system which causes the largest plastic zones and the minimum applied stress values fro crack growth. Results showing the dependence of the above quantities on the biaxiality of the applied stress are presented in graphical form.     

A Dynamic-induced Direct-shear Model for Dynamic Triggering of Frictional Slip on Simulated Granular Gouges

This study presents a dynamic-induced direct-shear model to investigate the dynamic triggering of frictional slip on simulated granular gouges. An incident P-wave is generated as a shear load and a normal stress is constantly applied on the gouge layer. The shear stress accumulates in the incident stage and the frictional slip occurs in the slip stage without the effect of the reflected wave. The experimental results show a non-uniform shear stress distribution along the gouge layer, which may be induced by a shear load induced torque and by normal stress vibration along the layer. The shear stress at the trailing edge strongly affects the frictional slip along the P-wave loading direction, while the rebound stress at the leading edge propagates along the opposite direction. The frictional slip is triggered when the maximum shear stress at the trailing edge reaches a critical value. The normal stress influences the maximum shear stress at the trailing edge, the maximum slip displacement and the slip velocity. The advantages and the limitations of this model are discussed at the end.     

高超声速边界层中模态转化的数值研究

在高超声速边界层中,第一模态和第二模态是与转捩有关的两个主要不稳定模态.除了不稳定模态,还存在一类稳定模态,其相速度在前缘接近快声波的相速度称为快模态.在感受性过程中,这类模态对激发边界层中不稳定模态起着很重要的作用.前缘感受性理论解释了边界层外扰动激发边界层中第一模态波的机理.针对高超声速平板边界层,利用相似性解剖面作为基本流,采用线性稳定性理论和直接数值模拟的方法研究了快模态和慢模态的稳定性行为.研究发现模态转化的位置与马赫数有关.根据线性稳定性理论的结果定义了临界频率.当扰动频率高于临界频率,第一模态与第二模态同支;而当扰动频率低于临界频率,第一模态与第二模态的共轭模态同支.借助稳定性方程的伴随方程分析了直接数值模拟的结果.直接数值模拟结果表明不论上游是快模态还是慢模态,当它们经过第二模态的不稳定区,它们都会演化成第二模态. 这可用模态在非平行流中传播的特征来解释.      

高速切削实验平台在力学实验教学中的应用

传统的力学实验已无法满足研究生创新性实验教学的需要。为了使研究生在科学研究中掌握实验分析的基本方法和技能,本文基于Hopkinson压杆加载技术建立了一套高速切削实验系统。该实验系统作为一个科研平台,能够实现切削过程的瞬态冻结并完成变形场和切削力的实时测量,可为高速切削机理研究提供基础实验数据。同时,该实验系统也是一个综合性的实验平台。基于该平台,可以完成金相分析、光栅光纤测力、变形场测量以及塑性本构分析等力学实验教学。高速切削实验平台将力学实验与科学研究相结合,有利于培养研究生独立分析与研究的能力,为研究生未来的科研工作打下基础。