CO chemisorption on two-dimensional cobalt clusters: A surface science approach to cluster chemistry

We have studied the CO chemisorption properties of small two-dimensional clusters (islands) and of monolayers and multilayers of cobalt deposited on Cu(100). The behaviour of one monolayer of cobalt is indistinguishable from the multilayers indicating weak influence of the copper support twoards the adsorption of CO. Below one monolayer of cobalt we observed the appearance of new peaks in the thermal desorption spectrum of CO related to the increasingly large number of edge atoms and small size of the cobalt islands. Of particular interest is the number of CO molecules bound per cobalt atom as a function of island size. This number was found to vary from 0.65, with the compression structure formed on the monolayer and multilayer cobalt coverages, up to approximately 3 when the cobalt coverage decreased to 0.002 monolayers.     

CO adsorption on neutral iridium clusters

The adsorption of carbon monoxide on neutral iridium clusters in the size range of n = 3 to 21 atoms is investigated with infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy. For each cluster size only a single ν(CO) band is present with frequencies in the range between 1962 cm^-1 (n = 8) and 1985 cm^-1 (n = 18) which can be attributed to an atop binding geometry. This behaviour is compared to the CO binding geometries on clusters of other group 9 and 10 transition metals as well as to that on extended surfaces. The preference of Ir for atop binding is rationalised by relativistic effects on the electronic structure of the later 5d metals.     

Benzene adsorption on the Rh(111) metal surface: A theoretical study

The chemisorption of benzene on the Rh(111) surface is studied in the general framework of the extended Hückel theory, with optimized Rh parameters. MO arguments are used to discuss the main features of the electronic interaction of the aromatic system with the surface. Binding energy curves for adsorption on the most likely surface sites are computed, and the effect of the CH bond back-bending and of tilting of the benzene plane are examined. The most favorable chemisorption geometry is found when the C-atom ring is parallel to the surface and the center of the ring is above a threefold hollow site, but H atoms are farther away from the surface than C atoms. The optimum CRh distance compares well with those found in metal complex molecules. The on-top site is unfavorable for benzene chemisorption. The results of tight-binding calculations on infinite slabs agree with, and support, those of simple cluster calculations. A slight “Kekulé distortion” and a small activation barrier to chemisorption are predicted.     

Cluster studies of CO adsorption: I. CO on small Li clusters

The various contributions to the adsorption energy of CO such as steric repulsion, σ bonding and π backbonding, are studied as a function of CO-cluster distance, C-O distance, adsorption site and cluster geometry. At the hollow site a double minimum is found in the adsorption energy as a function of CO-cluster distance. The effect of adsorption on the electronic structure of CO is large, in particular at the equilibrium distance close to the surface. Consequences for the C-O stretch frequency, and for the possibility of CO dissociation at the surface, are investigated.     

Cluster studies of CO adsorption: II. CO on small Al clusters

Results for the free-electron-like metal Al (r_s = 2.07 bohr) are compared with previous Li (r_s = 3.25 bohr) results. From an analysis of the various contributions to the total adsorption energy (steric interaction, σ-bonding, π-backbonding) as a function of the CO height above the surface, and the adsorption site, it appears that high conduction electron density leads to strong exchange repulsion. At the top site this effect is partly cancelled by the favourable interaction possibilities with Al 3p functions. The most striking differences with Li are thus the very weak adsorption at the hollow site, and stronger adsorption at the top site.     

Hydrogen adsorption,absorption and diffusion on and in transition metal surfaces: A DFT study

Periodic, self-consistent DFT-GGA(PW91) calculations are used to study the interaction of hydrogen with different facets of seventeen transition metals—the (100) and (111) facets of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals, the (0001) facet of hexagonal-close packed (hcp) metals, and the (100) and (110) facets of body-centered cubic (bcc) metals. Calculated geometries and binding energies for surface and subsurface hydrogen are reported and are, in general, in good agreement with both previous modeling studies and experimental data. There are significant differences between the binding on the close-packed and more open (100) facets of the same metal. Geometries of subsurface hydrogen on different facets of the same metal are generally similar; however, binding energies of hydrogen in the subsurface of the different facets studied showed significant variation. Formation of surface hydrogen is exothermic with respect to gas-phase H₂ on all metals studied with the exception of Ag and Au. For each metal studied, hydrogen in its preferred subsurface state is always less stable than its preferred surface state. The magnitude of the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion from the surface layer into the first subsurface layer is dominated by the difference in the thermodynamic stability of these two states. Diffusion from the first subsurface layer to one layer further into the bulk does not generally have a large thermodynamic barrier but still has a moderate kinetic barrier. Despite the proximity to the metal surface, the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion from the first to the second subsurface layer is generally similar to experimentally-determined activation energies for bulk diffusion found in the literature. There are also some significant differences in the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion into the bulk through different facets of the same metal.     

The application of SIMS to the study of CO adsorption on polycrystalline metal surfaces

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was used to study the adsorption of carbon monoxide on polycrystalline nickel, copper, iron, palladium and tungsten foils. The results demonstrate the ability of SIMS to distinguish, qualitatively, between molecular and dissociative adsorption. A correlation between SIMS results and those obtained by infra-red spectroscopy for molecular adsorption is also suggested.     

Model calculations of chemisorption on transition metal clusters

Alloying of a transition metal with a non-transition metal affects the nature of the chemical bonds between the transition metal atoms in the surface and hydrogen or other atoms chemisorbed on them. The resultant changes in strength of the chemisorption bonds are due to (1) changes in delocalization of the metal electrons involved in the chemisorption bonds, (2) changes in the number of electrons available for such bonds. Our calculations have shown that the effects of alloying on chemisorption are different for monocoordinated adsorbates (ad-atom on top of metal atom) and tricoordinated adsorbates (ad-atom equidistant to three transition metal atoms) respectively. With localized bonds, alloying increases the strength of the former bond, but weakens the latter. As a result the ratio of monocoordinated to tricoordinated adsorbates, present in equilibrium at high coverage, is drastically increased by this type of alloying. The increase is much larger than expected on a geometrical basis only.     

A computer study of ammonium adsorption on water clusters

The molecular dynamics method is used to study the adsorption of ammonia on water clusters. The adsorption of ammonia is accompanied by a decrease in the ability of the cluster system to absorb infrared radiation, a significant decline in the thermal radiation power emitted by the system, and an almost double decrease in the frequency-averaged reflection coefficient. An increase in the concentration of ammonia in the clusters causes a slight change in IR absorption coefficient, but enhances the power of emission and reflection coefficient.     

A new approach to bonding in transition metal clusters

The idea that the molecular orbitals of a cluster of atoms can be usefully classified according to their nodal structure, so that the energy increases with the number of nodes, is quantified and shown to apply in its usual form only to molecular orbitals constructed from atomic σ orbitals. The method is extended to deal with atomic π and δ orbitals by the use of vector and tensor surface harmonics respectively. In all cases the orbitals can be classified approximately in terms of angular momentum quantum numbers l and m, but in the π and δ cases there are two orbitals, with different parity, for each lm, and the energy is determined primarily by the parity. The method provides a classification scheme and an approximate energy ordering which does not depend on any point-group symmetry that the cluster may have, and therefore provides a useful framework for discussion of the bonding in cluster compounds such as the boron hydrides and the transition metal cluster carbonyls.     

Magnetic anisotropy of deposited transition metal clusters

We present results of magnetic torque calculations using the fully relativistic spin-polarized Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker approach applied to small Co and Fe clusters deposited on the Pt(111) surface. From the magnetic torque one can derive amongst others the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). It was found that this approach is numerically much more stable and also computationally less demanding than using the magnetic force theorem that allows to calculate the MAE directly. Although structural relaxation effects were not included our results correspond reasonably well to recent experimental data.     

Density function study transition metal chromium-doped alkali clusters: the finding of magnetic superatom

The structures, stabilities and magnetic properties of CrX_n (X = Na, Rb and Cs; n up to 9) clusters are studied using density functional theory to search for the stable magnetic superatoms. The geometrical optimisations indicate the ground-state structures of CrX_n evolve toward a close packed structure with an interior Cr atom surrounded by X atoms as the cluster size increase. Their stabilities are analysed by the relative energy, gain in energy (ΔE(n)) and the highest unoccupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps. Furthermore, the magnetic moments of CrX_n clusters show an odd–even oscillation. Here, we mainly focus on the CrX₇ (X = Na, Rb and Cs) clusters due to the same valence count as the known stable magnetic superatoms VNa₈, VCs₈ and TiNa₉. Although these clusters all have a filled electronic configuration 1S²1P⁶ and large magnetic moment 5 μ_B, our studies indicate that only CrNa₇ is highly stable compared to its nearest neighbours, while CrRb₇ and CrCs₇ clusters are less stable. This suggests that Cr-doped Na₇ is most appropriate for filled electronic configuration and CrNa₇ is shown to be a stable magnetic superatom. More interesting, we find CrRb₈ and CrCs₈ with the filled electronic configuration 1S²1P⁶ have higher stability and large magnetic moment 6 μ_B in their respective series.     

Far-Infrared spectroscopy of isolated transition metal clusters

The vibrational far-infrared (IR) spectra of isolated metal clusters in the gas phase can be measured by performing photo dissociation spectroscopy of their rare gas complexes. For these experiments an intense and widely tunable source of far-IR radiation is required, and the Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments (FELIX) is ideally suited for this. Vibrational spectra are obtained for vanadium cluster cations as well as for neutral and cationic niobium clusters. The comparison of the experimental vibrational spectra with theoretically calculated spectra allows for the determination of the structure of the metal clusters.     

First-principles study of transition metal linear monoatomic chains adsorption on boron nitride nanotube

Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of six 3d transition metals (TM=V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) linear monoatomic chains adsorbed on the (5,5) boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) at five different sites have been investigated by first-principle calculations. The results indicate all TM chains can be spontaneously adsorbed on the outer surface of the BNNT. The stable adsorption sites are different for different TM chains. All TM chains can be adsorbed on the N site, while the adsorption on the Z site is unstable. The dispersion character occurs in energy band curves of stable TM/BNNT systems and bring about the band gap disappearance in comparison with that of pure (5,5) BNNT. Interestingly, the TM/BNNT systems with nearly half-filled 3d metals V and Cr at H and N sites, as well as Mn at A site show a half-metal character and are usable in spintronics devices. The different electronic properties of BNNT can also be achieved through decorations of the same TM chain on different sites. The TM chain adsorbed BNNT systems exhibit high stability, promising electronic properties and high magnetic moments, which may be useful for a wide variety of next-generation nanoelectronic device components.     

CO在Pu(100)表面吸附的研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了CO分子在Pu (100)面上的吸附. 计算结果表明：CO在Pu (100)表面的C端吸附比O端吸附更为有利，属于强化学吸附. CO吸附态的稳定性为穴位倾斜>穴位垂直>桥位>顶位. CO分子与表面Pu原子的相互作用主要源于CO分子的杂化轨道和Pu原子的杂化轨道的贡献. 穴位倾斜吸附的CO分子的离解能垒较小(0.280eV)，表明在较低温度下，CO分子在Pu (100)表面会发生离解吸附，离解的C，O原子将占据能量最低的穴位.     

CO在Pu(100)表面吸附的研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了CO分子在Pu (100)面上的吸附. 计算结果表明：CO在Pu (100)表面的C端吸附比O端吸附更为有利,属于强化学吸附. CO吸附态的稳定性为穴位倾斜>穴位垂直>桥位>顶位. CO分子与表面Pu原子的相互作用主要源于CO分子的杂化轨道和Pu原子的杂化轨道的贡献. 穴位倾斜吸附的CO分子的离解能垒较小(0.280eV),表明在较低温度下,CO分子在Pu (100)表面会发生离解吸附,离解的C,O原子将占据能量最低的穴位. 关键词： 密度泛函理论 Pu (100) CO 分子和离解吸附     

Y掺杂空位石墨烯对NO及CO气体表面吸附的第一性原理研究

摘　要：基于第一性原理的计算方法,建立了本征石墨烯、空位石墨烯及钇( Y)掺杂空位石墨烯模型,并计算了CO、NO在三类石墨烯表面的吸附过程. 从表面能、吸附结构、吸附能和态密度四个方面进行分析讨论,研究掺杂Y对CO、NO气体吸附性能的影响. 结果表明：CO、NO与本征石墨烯之间的吸附为弱的物理吸附,掺杂Y后增强了材料表面对CO、NO的吸附效果,最大吸附能分别为7.414eV、6.702eV,属于化学吸附;掺杂Y使空位石墨烯费米能级附近有了更多的活跃电子,其吸附NO后体系由半金属转变为金属特性,该特性能为开发更加优良的石墨烯气敏材料提供理论支持.     

Photoredox laser chemistry of transition metal oxides

Received: 26 May 1997/Accepted: 17 July 1997