Asymmetric Yttrium-Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Addition of 2-Methyl Azaarenes to Cyclopropenes

An enantioselective C−H addition to a C=C bond represents the most atom-efficient route for the construction of chiral carbon–carbon skeletons, a central research topic in organic synthesis. We herein report the enantioselective yttrium-catalyzed C(sp³)−H bond addition of 2-methyl azaarenes, such as 2-methyl pyridines, to various substituted cyclopropenes and norbornenes. This process efficiently afforded a new family of chiral pyridylmethyl-functionalized cyclopropane and norbornane derivatives in high yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee).     

A Simple Synthesis of Stable Phosphorus Ylides from Indole and Some of Its Derivatives

Stable crystalline phosphorus ylides were obtained in excellent yields from the 1:1:1 addition reaction between triphenylphosphine and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of strong NH acids, such as indole and 2-methyl indole, 3-methyl indole, and 5-boromo indole. These stable ylides exist in a solution as a mixture of two geometrical isomers as a result of the restricted rotation around the carbon–carbon partial double bond resulting from the conjugation of the ylide moiety with the adjacent carbonyl group.     

A study of the oxyanion effect in reactions of 2-methyl-2-propen-1-ol

Optimum conditions for the self reaction of the potassium alkoxide of 2-methyl-2-propen-1-ol to give 3,5,5,-trimethyltetrahydropyran-2-ol (7) have been developed. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the key carbon carbon bond forming step in this reaction formally involves an unusual type of Ene reaction between 2-methylpropenal and the allylic alkoxide anion in which stepwise or highly asynchronous hydride transfer precedes carbon carbon bond formation. Under different reactions conditions the condensation of 2-methylpropenal with the potassium alkoxide of 2-methyl-2-propen-1-ol proceeds to give the bicyclic lactone, 6-endo-hydroxy-7-exo-(2-methyl allyioxymethyl)-3-oxa-1,5,7-trimethyl bicyclo[3,3,1]nonan-2-one (11), the crystal structure of which is reported.     

The amide bond stretch of cyclic cis-amides

I.r. and Raman spectra of substituted 2-pyrrolidinones have been run. Examination of these spectra and comparison of them with work on N-methyl 2-pyrrolidinone supports earlier conclusions that the amide bond stretching mode of cyclic cis-amides absorbs between 1500 and 1460 cm⁻¹. The comparison of spectra, along with MNDO calculations, suggests that alkyl substitution onto the ring carbon atom which is α to the ring nitrogen atom may leave the amide bond with a lesser degree of double bond character.     

Bond-shift rearrangement during hydrogenolysis of neopentyl iodide on group VIII metal catalysts. An analogue of the mechanism of action of vitamin B12

The hydrogenolysis of neopentyl iodide on reduced Co or Pt dispersed on MgO support yields increasing amounts of 2-metylbutane and 2-methylbutenes in addition to neopentane, as the temperature is raised from 50 to 150°C. These results support the idea that a π-complexed half-reaction state is simultaneously involved in activation of the R---I bond and in the evident 1,2-methyl shift. This π-complex mechanism is the same as that first suggested almost a quarter of a century ago for neopentane isomerism during hydrogenolysis at 200°C on Pt catalysts. The present results also support the contention that similar π-complexes are responsible for analogous carbon skeleton rearrangement reactions mediated by coenzyme B₁₂.     

Phosphine-catalyzed formal vinylogous aldol reaction of γ-methyl allenoates with aldehydes: easy access to 1,3-dioxanes and dienols

A phosphine-catalyzed formal vinylogous aldol reaction of γ-methyl allenoates with aldehydes is herein reported, in which the γ-methyl group is directly involved in the carbon–carbon bond formation. Under the catalysis of triarylphosphine (20 mol %) and in the presence of a protic additive, γ-methyl allenoates and aldehydes chemo- and stereoselectively produce functionalized 1,3-dioxanes or dienols in modest to good yields. These chemical transformations provide easy excess to oxy-functionalized enoates and dienoates under very mild conditions.     

Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy 6-Methyl 3-β-Arylpropionyl 2-Pyrones by Selective Catalytic Hydrogenation of 3-Cinnamoyl 4-Hydroxy 6-Methyl 2-Pyrones

We report a simple method for synthesis of 4-hydroxy 6-methyl 3-β-arylpropionyl 2-pyrones 1 from 3-cinnamoyl 4-hydroxy 6-methyl 2-pyrones by selective hydrogenation at ambient temperature under pressure using 10% palladium on carbon as catalyst.     

The effect of hydrogen bond donors in asymmetric organocatalytic conjugate additions

A series of primary amine organocatalysts with various hydrogen bond donors were prepared and examined in the conjugate addition of isobutyraldehyde and acetone to trans-β-nitrostyrene and (E)-methyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbut-3-enoate. The effect of N–H acidity and hydrogen-bonding modes of the catalysts on the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity was studied. The experimental results did not support a general correlation of N–H acidity and hydrogen-bonding modes with catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. The catalysts with double hydrogen-bonding interactions provided better catalytic activities and enantioselectivities than the catalysts with single hydrogen-bonding interactions for the reaction of trans-β-nitrostyrene. The catalyst with the most acidic N–H bond showed the best catalytic activity and enantioselectivity for the reaction of (E)-methyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbut-3-enoate. These results suggest that the effect of hydrogen bond donors in organocatalytic reactions may be highly dependent on the substrates and the reaction conditions.     

Palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming 1,2-ligand migration of organoalanes

A one-pot, two-step process that transforms terminal alkynes into ethyl methyl-substituted benzylic quaternary carbon centers is described. (E)-2,2-Disubstituted-1-alkenyldimethylalanes have been shown to participate in 1,2-alkyl migration from aluminum to carbon with concomitant arylation at the 2-position to furnish ethyl methyl-substituted benzylic quaternary carbon centers, when reacted intramolecularly with aryl halides and triflates in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst. The protocol is initiated with Cp2ZrCl2-catalyzed methylalumination of terminal alkynes followed by palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation of the resulting (E)-2,2-disubstituted-1-alkenyldimethylalanes, leading to 1,2-methyl shift from aluminum to carbon. In that sequence, a total of three new C-C single bonds are made, and two of the three alkyl groups on Me3Al transferred to the substrate on vicinal carbons. This method was applied to a variety of substrates, and the mechanism was investigated by deuterium-labeling experiments, which revealed that protodealumination of the final dialkylaluminum triflate or halide intermediates by CH3CN results in the formation of the fourth bond in the course of the transformation.     

Steric effect on construction of extended architectures of Ni(II) complexes directed by intermolecular C-H...F and C-H...O interactions

Five new Ni(II) complexes with pyridine carboxamide ligands have been synthesized and the crystal structures of three of the complexes were determined. Strong distortion effects of 6-methyl substitution were observed in the complexes with 6-methyl-substituted pyridyl bpb ligands. The C-H...F and C-H...O hydrogen bond interactions build extended architectures in the crystals studied. This result suggests that the steric effect of 6-methyl substitution plays an important role in the distortion of the structure, and the 6-methyl substitution can facilitate hydrogen bond interactions between methyl hydrogen atoms and O(carbonyl) or F atoms. Twelve Ni(II) complexes, including seven complexes reported previously, show reversible redox behavior, implying that the reduced Ni(I) state of each complex is stable in the time scale of CV measurement. The steric effect of R₁ substituent and the electronic effects of X₁ and X₂ groups were found to be the main factors contributing to the shift of the redox potential of the Ni(II) complexes     

Hindered rotation around the N(sp2)-C(sp3) single bond in 2,4,6-trimethyl-N-alkylpyridinium cations:H DNMR analysist

Pairwise chemical shift nonequivalence of the 2,6-methyl and 3,5-protons in ¹H NMR spectra, as well as of the 2,6-methyl, 2,6-ring and 3,5-ring carbons in ¹³C NMR spectra, was observed for N-alkyl-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium salts 2. Dynamic NMR spectroscopy demonstrates appreciably higher activation free energies ΔG^# for rotation around the N(sp²)-C(sp³ bond than ΔG# for the analogously substituted mesityl derivatives, in agreement with the shorter N-C bond distance than for the C-C bond.     

Structure and reactivity α,β-unsaturated ethers. II. Cationic copolymerizations of propenyl isobutyl ether

cis- and trans-Propenyl isobutyl ethers were copolymerized with each other and each with vinyl isobutyl ether separately under various conditions. In homogeneous polymerizations a cis-β-methyl substitution on vinyl isobutyl ether apparently enhanced the reactivity, whereas the trans substitution tended to reduce it slightly. In heterogeneous catalysis, on the other hand, a β-methyl group on the vinyl ether, whether cis or trans, greatly reduced the reactivity, probably because of the steric hindrance toward the adsorption of monomers on the catalyst surface. The relative reactivities of cis- and trans-propenyl isobutyl ethers ranged from 2 to 20, depending on the polymerization conditions. The polymer end formed from the cis monomer exhibited special steric effects. It was concluded that even in homogeneous media the rotation of the polymer end around the terminal carbon–carbon bond is restricted.     

2-(1,3-亚丙二硫)亚甲基环戊酮的晶体结构

本文对标题化合物用X射线法测定其晶体结构.键长显示两个硫原子和碳碳双键之间的电子效应相近.     

Study on absolute configurations of α/α′ chiral carbons of thiodiketopiperazines by experimental and calculated circular dichroism spectra

We report here new investigations of the CD of TDKPs (including new structural types). Some unprecedented rules between ACs and CD spectra are deduced from the studies of experimental and calculated CD of them as follows: (1) the CD band around 270 nm could be applied to determine the ACs of the chiral carbons at α/α′ positions in TDKPs. (2) The intensities of CE around 270 nm followed the decreasing trend: disulfide bridges >S-methyl groups> single sulfur bridges. (3) While the sulfur atom attached to the α position of the saturated cyclohexanone in the axial bond form, the CE in the 300 nm can be used to determine the AC of the chiral carbon at the α position of the six-membered ring. (4) The apparent violation of the skewed diene rule in 18 may be due to a strong interaction of the diene, and the S-methyl group and sulfur bridge.     

The variation of coordination modes of aromatic imines in iron carbonyl complexes: Is there a correlation between bond lengths in organometallic model compounds and the reactivity of the ligands in catalytic C-C bond formation reactions?

The reaction of aromatic imines with Fe₂(CO)₉ proceeds via a two-step reaction sequence. A C-H activation reaction in ortho-position with respect to the exocyclic imine function is followed by an intramolecular hydrogen transfer reaction towards the former imine carbon atom. The resulting dinuclear iron carbonyl complexes show an aza-ferra-cyclopentadiene ligand which is apically coordinated by the second iron tricarbonyl moiety. Comparing the bond lengths of 43 different compounds, which were synthesized and structurally characterized in our group shows that the iron iron bond length correlates with one of the iron carbon bond lengths. The longer the iron carbon bond between the apically coordinated iron atom and the carbon atom next to the former imine carbon atom is, the shorter is the iron iron bond. The same ligands may be used as the substrates in ruthenium catalyzed C-C bond formation reactions. Whereas most of the imines react via the formal insertion of CO and/or ethylene into the C-H bond in ortho-position to the imine function, the ligands that show the longest iron carbon bond lengths in the model compounds under the same reaction conditions produce different types of isoindolones.     

Stereochemical studies, 88. Saturated heterocycles, 83: Synthesis of stereoisomeric condensed-skeleton 2-imino-substituted 1,3-oxazines

Thiourea ( - , - ) and urea ( - , - ) derivatives have been prepared from - and -2-aminomethyl-1-cyclopentanols, and -l-cyclohexanols and their -methyl derivatives with phenyl isothiocyanate and phenyl isocyanate, respectively. Treatment of and with methyl iodide and then with alkali furnished - with the exception of the - -methyl derivative - 2-phenylimino-1,3-oxazines ( , , - ). The remarkable fact that the ring closure of -2-amino-methyl-1-cyclopentanols gives 1,3-heterocycles with -anellation supports the assumption that the -1,2-disubstituted-1,3-difunctional cyclopentanes undergo ring closure when 1,3-heterocycles with a delocalized pπ bond system are formed. With thionyl chloride the -urea derivatives - afforded an elimination product ( ), whereas the isomers yielded the oxazines by inversion. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic studies indicated that in - , the “O-in” conformers are favoured (the methylene group of the hetero ring is , while the oxygen atom is ) and all 3-unsubstituted-2-phenylimino-1,3-oxazines exist exclusively in the tautomeric form with an C=N bond.     

Rotation barriers in N-substituted 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium cations

The α-methyl and β-protons in ¹H-NMR spectra, the α-methyl, α-ring, and β-ring carbons in ¹³C-NMR spectra of N-substituted 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium salts III are anisochronous. Dynamic NMR spectroscopy affords appreciably higher activation enthalpies ΔG≠ for rotation around the N(sp²)C(sp³) bond than ΔG≠ for the analogously substituted mesityl derivatives, in agreement with the shorter $\text{N}\text{+}$C than the CC bond.     

FR-IR spectroscopic studies of polyurethanes—Part II. Ab initio quantum chemical studies of the relative strengths of “carbonyl” and “ether” hydrogen-bonds in polyurethanes

Ab initio quantum chemical computations were carried out on (a) dimethyl ether, (b) N-methyl formamide, (c) dimethyl ether-N-methyl formamide complex, and (d) N-methyl formamide dimer to compute the strengths of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between the NH groups and CO and ether COC groups. The basis set used was the 3-21G set of the GAUSSIAN 80 program obtained from QCPE, Bloomington, IN. Variations in the strengths of these two H-bonds with the N . . O distance (where O is either carbonyl or ether group oxygen) were studied and found to be similar in behavior. The strength of the “ether” hydrogen bond is computed to be 10.32 kcal mol⁻¹, which is quite significant compared to the value of 10.11 kcal mol⁻¹ for the more accepted “carbonyl” hydrogen bond. The “ether” hydrogen bond is found to be directional, specific and non-negligible. Work with two more basis sets has indicated that the results so obtained are not dependent on their choice. Possible importance of such a hydrogen bond in polyurethanes, inhalation anesthetics, and depsi-peptides is indicated.     

Deplacements bomolytiques intramoleculaires. 13 - additions radicalaires a des peroxydes de γ-alcenyle et de t-butyle : influence des substituants de la partie alcenyle sur la formation d'oxetannes substitues en 2

Free radical additions of ZH hydrogen donors to γ-unsaturated peroxides were studied; 4 or 5 membered oxacyclanes were obtained according to the substitution of the double bond. The adduct-peroxide was also obtained besides the heterocycle depending on the presence and the position of substituents. For this reason a synthetic application of this reaction of addition-elimination has been limited to 3-methyl but-3-enyl t-butyl peroxide and 4-methyl pent-4-enyl t-butyl peroxide.     

Studies on the Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation of Amino Sugars Using Synthetic Derivatives of the Trisaccharide Unit β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-2-deoxy-2-amino-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-d-glucopyranose

Abstract

N-Phthaloyl, N-acetyl, N-benzyl, N-acetyl-N-methyl, N,N-dimethyl, N-benzoyl, and N,N-dibenzoyl derivatives of the trisaccharide β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-(2-deoxy-2-amino-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-4)-O-β-D-glucopyranose were synthesized and analyzed by FAB MS. The intensity ratios of the peaks resulting from cleavage of the anomeric bond of the glucosamine residue and the respective molecular ion peaks turned out to be high for the N-acyl derivatives and up to two orders of magnitude lower for the N-alkyl compounds. These results show that fragmentation at the anomeric carbon of the amino sugar may be assisted by the carbonyl group and the resulting cation is stabilized by delocalization of the positive charge.