Wavelength conversion in optical transport networks

The introduction of optical technology in the path layer of a transport network is analyzed; in particular, the impact of all-optical wavelength conversion is examined. Two basic optical cross-connect schemes based on space switching and on wave-length switching, respectively, and two types of wavelength converters are considered. The wavelength converters are, respectively, based on four-wave miring (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and on cross-phase modulation (XPM) obtained by two SOAs put in an interferometric configuration. An analysis of transmission performances of optical transport networks employing both types of wavelength conversion and both the node architectures is reported. The performances are evaluated by means of a system modeling that facilitates considering physical phenomena occurring during transmission and all the important transmission impairments. The analysis reveals that both the types of converters can be employed with different features and limitations, according to the considered network and switching architecture.     

多波长复用光传送网的生存结构

本文讨论了光传送网的传送和监控机制,按照传送网通用功能结构的定义,分析了光传送网几种保护交换方式内在的机制,讨论了各自应该属于路径保护还是子网连接保护.在此基础上给出了光信道保护环和光复用段保护环详细的功能结构,同时简要地介绍了这两种保护环信息建模中需要用到的对象类.     

长距离和多模接入网络中低密度奇偶校验-正交频分复用的性能研究

研究了低密度奇偶校验编码与正交频分复用相结合的编码调制技术,从理论上分析了光纤链路中色散和频率选择性衰落的影响,并通过数值模拟仿真,比较了不同编码码率的编码调制信号在长距离单模光纤传输和多模光纤接入网络中的传输性能.仿真结果表明,采用码率为0.75的长码型非规则的低密度奇偶校验编码与正交频分复用相结合的编码调制技术更适合光纤通信系统中的长距离传输和多模接入网络.     

Upstream access and local customer networking in passive optical networks using a single wavelength-seeded reflective semiconductor optical amplifier

A scheme for upstream transmission and local area network emulation in passive optical networks using a single reflective semiconductor optical amplifier placed at the customer premises is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In this scheme, two optical carriers are delivered to the optical network units from the central office for the transmission of upstream and local area network signals, respectively.     

一种基于GMPLS协议快速实现ASON网络恢复的策略

在自动交换光网络(ASON)的控制平面内引入了通用多协议标签交换(GMPLS)协议, 使得光传送网络具备了更大的智能性。在控制平面拓扑和传送平面拓扑一致的情形下, 以GMPLS的“便道”技术为基础, 提出了一种改进型的基于标签交换路径(LSP )“双链路”恢复(DLR)的生存性机制。它对发生故障的节点两端链路同时实施迂回策略。通过对传统的链路恢复和“双链路”恢复进行细致地分析, 定量地给出了在这两种情形下, 信令恢复时间的比较方案。以美国AT&T实验室中研制的大型路由器上的数据为参数, 对上述两种不同恢复机制进行了对比分析, 进一步验证了该恢复策略提出的有效性。     

Design of wavelength adjustable lasers with photonic crystal based Fabry-Perot etalon for applications in optical network units of wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network systems

We propose a novel wavelength adjustable laser (WAL) with a photonic crystal based Fabry-Perot (FP) etalon. This laser will be a promising light source for optical network units (ONUs) of conventional wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) systems for up-stream transmission. It has the merits of a relatively simple fabrication and operation, wide process tolerance, low-cost, high side-mode suppression ratio, and wavelength-tunable characteristics. The optimization of the device structure and the implementation methods for this type of laser are discussed. Although the WALs in WDM-PON systems are not colorless, each laser can cover several wavelengths. Thus, the required number of different ONUs can be reduced. This approach may be necessary for 10 Gbps upstream transmission in next-generation optical access networks because the 10 Gbps data rate is difficult to achieve by using current colorless schemes.     

Transport inefficiency in branched-out mesoscopic networks: an analog of the Braess paradox

We present evidence for a counterintuitive behavior of semiconductor mesoscopic networks that is the analog of the Braess paradox encountered in classical networks. A numerical simulation of quantum transport in a two-branch mesoscopic network reveals that adding a third branch can paradoxically induce transport inefficiency that manifests itself in a sizable conductance drop of the network. A scanning-probe experiment using a biased tip to modulate the transmission of one branch in the network reveals the occurrence of this paradox by mapping the conductance variation as a function of the tip voltage and position.     

Power control of optical CDMA star networks

In this paper, we apply the power control concept to optical CDMA star networks. Two approaches are considered, namely, centralized and distributed power control. Both approaches are used to optimize the optical transmit power and to maximize network capacity in terms of the number of users satisfying a target signal to interference (SIR) ratio. Centralized algorithms result in the optimum power vector while distributed algorithms are more suitable for practical system implementation and eliminate the need for a centralized control node. Both analytical and simulation results show significant improvement in the performance of the power controlled optical CDMA system. For instance, in a network of 31 nodes, a doubling of the capacity as compared to the non power control case is obtained. Furthermore, we show in the interference-limited case that the network performance is upper bounded by the number of nodes and the correlation properties of the employed code rather than network attenuation and optical fiber lengths. The concept of network partitioning is then introduced to simplify optimum power calculations. Using network partitioning, we find in the interference-limited case that the optical fibers after the star coupler are irrelevant to the optimum power evaluation.     

Performance analysis of electronic code division multiple access based virtual private networks over passive optical networks

A solution for implementing multiple secure virtual private networks over a passive optical network using electronic code division multiple access is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The multiple virtual private networking capability is experimentally demonstrated with 40 Mb/s data multiplexed with a 640 Mb/s electronic code that is unique to each of the virtual private networks in the passive optical network, and the transmission of the electronically coded data is carried out using Fabry-Perot laser diodes. A theoretical scalability analysis for electronic code division multiple access based virtual private networks over a passive optical network is also carried out to identify the performance limits of the scheme. Several sources of noise such as optical beat interference and multiple access interference that are present in the receiver are considered with different operating system parameters such as transmitted optical power, spectral width of the broadband optical source, and processing gain to study the scalability of the network.     

40 Gbit/s Transparent Network Based on Wavelength-Selective Optical Cross Connect

This paper discusses a 40-Gbit/s transparent optical network focusing on the optical transport performance. We show 1200-km transmission with two WSOXC’s spaced by 400 km. In addition, network control issues are briefly addressed.     

Learning to Classify DWDM Optical Channels from Tiny and Imbalanced Data

Applying machine learning algorithms for assessing the transmission quality in optical networks is associated with substantial challenges. Datasets that could provide training instances tend to be small and heavily imbalanced. This requires applying imbalanced compensation techniques when using binary classification algorithms, but it also makes one-class classification, learning only from instances of the majority class, a noteworthy alternative. This work examines the utility of both these approaches using a real dataset from a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing network operator, gathered through the network control plane. The dataset is indeed of a very small size and contains very few examples of “bad” paths that do not deliver the required level of transmission quality. Two binary classification algorithms, random forest and extreme gradient boosting, are used in combination with two imbalance handling methods, instance weighting and synthetic minority class instance generation. Their predictive performance is compared with that of four one-class classification algorithms: One-class SVM, one-class naive Bayes classifier, isolation forest, and maximum entropy modeling. The one-class approach turns out to be clearly superior, particularly with respect to the level of classification precision, making it possible to obtain more practically useful models.     

密集波分复用条件下的光轨网络串扰分析与仿真

光轨网络是一种能够利用成熟的光学器件实现带宽灵活分配和信息交换的新型网络.串扰是限制光轨网络的物理层性能及其扩展性的重要因素.本文讨论了典型的光轨网络节点中异频串扰和同频串扰的产生原因,理论分析了两者对光轨网络的物理层传输性能的影响.给出了3种串扰性能的评价方法.以密集波分复用技术为应用背景,分别搭建了器件隔离度为20 dB和30 dB的、具有3个节点5个波长且单波长速率为2.5 Gbps的光轨网络,仿真了串扰在光轨网络中的传播过程,并计算了光轨网络的误码率、功率代价和相对串扰.理论分析和仿真结果表明:光滤波器、解复用器和复用器是光轨网络中串扰产生的关键器件,且提高器件的隔离度等性能对于提高光轨网络的传输性能会有较显著的效果;在密集波分复用条件下,串扰对单波长速率为2.5 Gbps的光轨网络的误码率和功率代价具有显著的影响,从而限制了光轨网络实际可用的节点数目.     

密集波分复用条件下的光轨网络串扰分析与仿真

光轨网络是一种能够利用成熟的光学器件实现带宽灵活分配和信息交换的新型网络.串扰是限制光轨网络的物理层性能及其扩展性的重要因素.本文讨论了典型的光轨网络节点中异频串扰和同频串扰的产生原因,理论分析了两者对光轨网络的物理层传输性能的影响.给出了3种串扰性能的评价方法.以密集波分复用技术为应用背景,分别搭建了器件隔离度为20dB和30dB的、具有3个节点5个波长且单波长速率为2.5Gbps的光轨网络,仿真了串扰在光轨网络中的传播过程,并计算了光轨网络的误码率、功率代价和相对串扰.理论分析和仿真结果表明:光滤波器、解复用器和复用器是光轨网络中串扰产生的关键器件,且提高器件的隔离度等性能对于提高光轨网络的传输性能会有较显著的效果;在密集波分复用条件下,串扰对单波长速率为2.5Gbps的光轨网络的误码率和功率代价具有显著的影响,从而限制了光轨网络实际可用的节点数目.     

WDM波长路由光网络的波长分配算法

由于WDM网络中的传输和交换是以波长为粒度进行的。因此波长分配算法就成为光网络的研究热点。有效的算法可大大提高波长的利用率，并可充分挖掘WDM的带宽资源。介绍了WDM全光网络中静态和动态波长分配算法，尤其是结合大型网孔网络详述了几种动态波长分配算法。针对波长变换器在全光网络中的应用。提出了一种可以解决任意类型光网络的分层图算法，它可以一次性解决路由选择和波长分配问题，大大提高了该算法的效率。是未来光网络中非常有前景的一种波长分配算法。     

How the Asymmetric Nature of IP Traffic Influences the Cost of the Underlying Optical Layer

In this article the influence of the asymmetric nature of (IP) traffic on the cost of the underlying optical transport network is investigated over a time frame of six years using a realistic traffic forecast for a European fiber-optic network. The currently deployed transport networks contain bidirectional optical line systems and are thus inherently symmetric, although the traffic that has to be conveyed over those networks is asymmetric. This article shows that a cost reduction of up to 38% can be obtained if the bidirectional line systems are replaced by unidirectional ones.     

How the Asymmetric Nature of IP Traffic Influences the Cost of the Underlying Optical Layer

In this article the influence of the asymmetric nature of (IP) traffic on the cost of the underlying optical transport network is investigated over a time frame of six years using a realistic traffic forecast for a European fiber-optic network. The currently deployed transport networks contain bidirectional optical line systems and are thus inherently symmetric, although the traffic that has to be conveyed over those networks is asymmetric. This article shows that a cost reduction of up to 38% can be obtained if the bidirectional line systems are replaced by unidirectional ones.     

Wide-band optical fibre local distribution systems

The concept of a wide-band optical local network is presented and the technical aspects are discussed in detail. The types of service are outlined and grouped according to the requirements for transmission capacity. The components available and their characteristics are presented. The modulation characteristics of the semiconductor laser are scrutinized and show that the laser is unfit for high-quality analogue intensity modulation. The aspects of digital and analogue transmission of television are examined and compared. Analogue transmission can provide transmission of only a few TV channels at the present level of quality whereas digital transmission can provide improved quality with a comfortable system margin. However, none of the schemes are suited for simultaneous transmission of many TV channels, which shows that the direct optical equivalent of a conventional CATV network cannot yet be constructed. The concepts of central switching and customer switching are outlined together with the options for multiplexing and network structure. Finally a review is made of known activities. The review covers eleven studied, planned and implemented experimental networks. Nearly all of the networks employ central switching. The older experiments use exclusively analogue transmission whereas there is a growing tendency to use digital transmission in recently planned networks.     

Performance enhancement of optical burst switched networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is an optical switching paradigm which offers a good tradeoff between the traditional optical circuit switching (OCS) and optical packet switching (OPS) since it has the relatively easy implementation of the first and the efficient bandwidth utilization of the second. Hence, OBS is a promising technology for the next generation optical Internet. A buffer-less OBS network can be implemented using ordinary optical communication equipment without the need for either wavelength converters or optical memories. In an OBS network, burst-loss performance is a critical concern. In OBS, the data-burst transmission is delayed by an offset time (relative to its burst control packet (BCP), or header) and the burst follows its header without waiting for an acknowledgment for resource reservation. Thus, a burst may be lost at an intermediate node due to contention, which is generally resolved according to the local routing and bandwidth information. The routing table maintained in each OBS node is generally pre-computed and fixed to forward the data bursts. Such a static forwarding feature might have limited efficiency to resolve contentions. Moreover, a burst may be lost and the network may be congested when a network element (e.g., fiber link) fails. In this paper, an efficient integrated scheme based on dynamic routing and burst segmentation has been proposed to improve reliability of data transport and network load balancing in optical burst switched networks. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach reduces effectively blocking probability and hence contention. Further, it provides end-to-end throughput performance also. Hence, it establishes an appropriate tradeoff between loss rate and end-to-end throughput.     

Analysis of Transmission Performance in SUPERPONs

In this work we study how optical amplifiers can deeply improve the performance of the passive optical networks (PONs), permitting a large number of optical network units (ONUs), transmitting at high bit rate. These high-capacity networks are called SUPERPONs, and we show how to achieve a network with 8,192 ONUs with a transmission in the downstream direction up to 10 Gbit/s.