ACTIVATION ENERGY OF DESORPTION OF DIBENZOFURAN ON ACTIVATED CARBONS

Three kinds of commercial activated carbons, such as Norit RBI, Monolith and Chemviron activated carbons, were used as adsorbents for adsorption of dibenzofiuran. The average pore size and specific surface area of these activated carbons were measured Temperature Programmed Desorption (‘TPD) experiments were conducted to measure the TPD curves of dibenzofuran on the activated carbons, and then the activation energy for desorption of dibenzofuran on the activated carbons was estimated. The results showed that the Chemviron and the Norit RB1 activated carbon maintained higher specific surface area and larger micropore pore volume in comparison with the Monolith activated carbon, and the activation energy for the desorption of dibencofuran on these two activated carbons was higher than that on the Monolith activated carbon. The smaller the pore of the activated carbon was, the higher the activated energy of dibenzofiuran desorption was.     

ACTIVATION ENERGY OF DESORPTION OF DIBENZOFURAN ON ACTIVATED CARBONS

1. INTRODUCTION With the development of municipalization in China, more and more cities are challenged by the problem of how to dispose of the dramatically increased municipal waste. Generally, most of municipal solid waste is landfilled or dumped openly in the suburbs. It causes not only land waste, but also serious environment pollution. In order to solve efficiently the environment pollution caused by municipal solid waste, incineration technique was introduced in some big cities such…     

Cadmium ion adsorption on different carbon adsorbents from aqueous solutions. Effect of surface chemistry, pore texture, ionic strength, and dissolved natural organic matter

Adsorption of Cd(II) species at pH = 5 was studied on three carbon adsorbents: granular activated carbon, activated carbon fiber, and activated carbon cloth. As-received and oxidized adsorbents were used. Cd(II) adsorption greatly increased after oxidation due to the introduction of carboxyl groups. The use of a buffer solution to control the pH introduced some changes in the surface chemistry of carbons through the adsorption of one of the compounds used, biphthalate anions. The increase in ionic strength reduced Cd(II) uptake on both as-received and oxidized carbons due to a screening of the electrostatic attractions between the Cd(II) positive species and the negative surface charge, which in the case of as-received carbons derived from the biphthalate anions adsorbed and in the oxidized ones from the carboxyl groups. Tannic acid was used as a model compound for natural organic matter. Its adsorption was greatly reduced after oxidation, and most of the carbon adsorbents preadsorbed with tannic acid showed an increase in Cd(II) uptake. In the case of competitive adsorption between Cd(II) species and tannic acid molecules, there was a decrease in Cd(II) uptake on the as-received carbon whereas the contrary occurred with the oxidized carbons. These results illustrate the great importance of carbon surface chemistry in this competitive adsorption process. Finally, under all experimental conditions used, when the adsorption capacity of carbons was compared under the same conditions it increased in the following order: granular activated carbon < activated carbon fiber < activated carbon cloth.     

Study of chromium(VI) adsorption onto modified activated carbons with respect to analytical application

Two different types of modification of activated carbon, by treatment with concentrated solution of HNO₃ and outgassing treatment at high temperature, were studied in order to obtain the most effective adsorption of chromium(VI) ions from water solution. The basic parameters affecting the adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ions on modified activated carbons were studied in details and the effect of modifications of activated carbons has been determined by studying the initial runs of adsorption isotherms. The obtained Cr(VI) adsorption isotherms were well fitted in the Freundlich equation. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and further ion exchange mechanism of adsorption onto oxidizing activated carbon and surface precipitation to Cr(OH)₃ in case of outgassing activated carbon were found as the main adsorption mechanisms of Cr(VI) ions onto modified activated carbons. Presence of chlorides and nitrates in studied adsorption system strongly decreased the adsorption ability of Cr(VI) onto outgassing activated carbon and mechanism of this behavior is proposed.     

ESTIMATION OF ACTIVATED ENERGY OF DESORPTION OF n-HEXANE ON ACTIVATED CARBONS BY TPD TECHNIQUE

1. INTRODUCTION In some cities of China, cancer and breath system diseases caused by the pollution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been obviously increasing. The VOCs includes BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), aldehydes, cresol, phenol, acetic acid, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have long-term human health implications. Emission of the VOCs has threatened the health of people seriously [1,2]. The pollution of the VOCs mostly hails from…     

ESTIMATION OF ACTIVATED ENERGY OF DESORPTION OF n-HEXANE ON ACTIVATED CARBONS BY TPD TECHNIQUE

In this paper, six kinds of activated carbons such as Ag+-activated carbon, Cu2+-activated carbon, Fe3+- activated carbon, activated carbon, Ba2+- activated carbon and Ca2+-activated carbon were prepared. The model for estimating activated energy of desorption was established. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments were conducted to measure the TPD curves of n-hexanol and then estimate the activation energy for desorption of n-hexanol on the activated carbons. Results showed that the activation energy for the desorption of n-hexanol on the Ag+- activated carbon, the Cu2+- activated carbon and the Fe3+- activated carbon were higher than those of n-hexanol on the activated carbon, the Ca2+- activated carbon and the Ba2+- activated carbon.     

Importance of structural and chemical heterogeneity of activated carbon surfaces for adsorption of dibenzothiophene

The performance of various activated carbons obtained from different carbon precursors (i.e., plastic waste, coal, and wood) as adsorbents for the desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels was evaluated. To increase surface heterogeneity, the carbon surface was modified by oxidation with ammonium persulfate. The results showed the importance of activated carbon pore sizes and surface chemistry for the adsorption of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from liquid phase. Adsorption of DBT on activated carbons is governed by two types of contributions: physical and chemical interactions. The former include dispersive interactions in the microporous network of the carbons. While the volume of micropores governs the amount physisorbed, mesopores control the kinetics of the process. On the other hand, introduction of surface functional groups enhances the performance of the activated carbons as a result of specific interactions between the acidic centers of the carbon and the basic structure of DBT molecule as well as sulfur-sulfur interactions.     

ESTIMATION OF ACTIVATED ENERGY OF DESORPTION OF n—HEXANE ON ACTIVATED CARBONS BY PTD TECHNIQUE

In this paper,six kinds of activated carbons such as Ag^+-activated carbon,Cu^2+activated carbon,Fe^3+-activated carbon,activated carbon,Ba^2+-activated carbon and Ca^2+activated carbon were prepared.The model for estimating activated energy of desorption was established.Temperature-programmed desorption(TPD)experiments were conducted to measure the TPD curves of n-hexanol and then estimate the activation energy for desorption of n-hexanol on the activated carbons.Results showed that the activation energy for the desorption of n-hexanol on the Ag^+-activated carbon,the Cu^2+-activated carbon and the Fe^3+-activated carbon were higher than those of n-hexanol on the activated carbon,the Ca^2+-activated carbon and the Ba^2+-activated carbon.     

树脂基球状活性炭的制备及对二氧化碳吸附性能的研究

以四种离子交换树脂（两种强碱性树脂D201和D280、两种弱碱性树脂D301G和D301R）为原料,经过磺化、炭化、活化处理制备了树脂基球状活性炭。采用TG、SEM、N₂吸附等对球状活性炭的收率、表面形貌、比表面积进行了表征,研究了所制球状活性炭对CO₂的吸附性能。结果表明,磺化处理有助提高树脂球的炭化收率;得到的四种球状活性炭对CO₂吸附性能良好,强碱性树脂球原料比弱碱性树脂球更具有优势,其中,由强碱性树脂球D201制得的树脂球状活性炭在30 ℃下对CO₂的吸附量可达2.57 mmol/g;十次循环吸附之后,树脂球仍能保持很好的CO₂吸附性能。     

Microporous activated carbons prepared from palm shell by thermal activation and their application to sulfur dioxide adsorption

Textural characterization of activated carbons prepared from palm shell by thermal activation with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) gas is reported in this paper. Palm shell (endocarp) is an abundant agricultural solid waste from palm-oil processing mills in many tropical countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. The effects of activation temperature on the textural properties of the palm-shell activated carbons, namely specific surface area (BET method), porosity, and microporosity, were investigated. The activated carbons prepared from palm shell possessed well-developed porosity, predominantly microporosity, leading to potential applications in gas-phase adsorption for air pollution control. Static and dynamic adsorption tests for sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), a common gaseous pollutant, were carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer and a packed column configuration respectively. The effects of adsorption temperature, adsorbate inlet concentration, and adsorbate superficial velocity on the adsorptive performance of the prepared activated carbons were studied. The palm-shell activated carbon was found to have substantial capability for the adsorption of SO(2), comparable to those of some commercial products and an adsorbent derived from another biomass.     

Understanding phenol adsorption mechanisms on activated carbons

The interactions between phenol molecules and activated carbons were investigated in order to understand the adsorption mechanism of this aromatic compound. A series of activated carbons with varied chemical composition but similar porous features were synthesized and submitted to phenol exposure from aqueous phase, followed by thermogravimetric analysis and identification of the desorbed species by temperature programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometry. Based on these experiments, both physi- and chemisorption sites for phenol were identified on the activated carbons. Our results demonstrate that physisorption of phenol depends strictly on the porosity of the activated carbons, whereas chemisorption depends on the availability of the basal planes in the activated carbons. Thus, oxidation of the carbon can suppress the fraction of chemisorbed phenol since the surface functionalities incorporate to the edges of the basal planes; notwithstanding, hydrophilic carbons may present a small but not negligible contribution of chemisorbed phenol depending on the extent of the functionalization. Moreover, these adsorption sites (chemi-) are recovered by simply removal of the surface functionalities after thermal annealing.     

Ozonation of naphthalenesulphonic acid in the aqueous phase in the presence of basic activated carbons

The present study aimed to explore the possibility of increasing the purification efficacy of ozone in the removal of high-toxicity contaminants by using carbons of basic character and to analyze the mechanism involved in this process. These carbons were prepared by treating a commercial activated carbon (Witco, W) with ammonia (W-A), ammonium carbonate (W-C), or urea (W-U), under high pressure and temperature. The ammonia and carbonate treatments slightly increased the mesoporosity and, to a greater degree, the macroporosity of carbon W, whereas the urea treatment produced an increase in the porosity across the whole range of pore sizes. In addition, treatment of the activated carbon with these nitrogenating agents produced a marked change in the chemical nature of its surface. Thus, according to the pH of the point of zero charge (pHPZC) values obtained for each sample, carbon W was neutral (pHPZC = 7.12), but the treated carbons were basic, especially carbon W-U (pHPZC = 8.85). This basicity results from an increased concentration of basic oxygenated and nitrogenated surface functional groups, as confirmed by the results of elemental and XPS analyses. An increase in the degradation of 1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid was observed when the activated carbon samples were added to the system. This degradation was especially enhanced in the presence of carbon W-U. The increased NTS degradation rate in the presence of the activated carbon is due to an increased concentration of highly reactive radicals in the system. When the catalytic activity of the activated carbon samples was related to their chemical and textural characteristics, it was found that: (i) The catalytic activity increased with an increase in the surface basicity. Interestingly, in the sample with greatest catalytic activity in NTS ozonation, carbon W-U, most of the nitrogenated surface groups introduced were pyrrol groups. These groups increase the electronic density of the basal plane of the activated carbon, thereby enhancing the reduction of ozone on the surface and the generation of highly reactive radicals in the system. (ii) The greater catalytic activity of carbon W-U may also be partly related to its greater surface area and higher volume of mesopores and macropores; these large pores facilitate access of the ozone to the surface active centers of the carbon, increasing its catalytic activity. The presence of the activated carbon samples during NTS ozonation also favored the removal of total organic carbon present in the solution, due to (a) transformation of organic matter into CO2 through the generation of highly reactive species catalyzed by the presence of the activated carbons (catalytic contribution) and (b) adsorption of NTS oxidation byproducts on the activated carbon (adsorptive contribution). The results obtained show that activated carbons treated with nitrogenating agents are very promising catalysts for application in the ozonation of aromatic compounds.     

Carbon materials as electrodes for electrosorption of NaCl in aqueous solutions

Different porous carbons (MWCNT, a carbon aerogel, an activated carbon cloth and a chemically activated carbon) were evaluated as electrode material for the electrosorption of NaCl. The results obtained from the chronoamperometric experiments were correlated to the surface area and the size of the pores present in each carbon. These results indicate that all the surfaces are equivalent for the electrosorption process, demonstrating that both, mesopores and micropores, are equally effective. Nevertheless, the kinetics of the process is influenced by the pore size distribution of the carbon, although it is rather fast for all the carbons studied. The chemically activated carbon seems to be the most suitable carbon material for electrosorption of NaCl due to the combination of a high surface area and an appropriate pore size distribution.     

A comparative study on characterizations of biomass derived activated carbons prepared by both normal and inert atmospheric heating conditions

In the present study, cost effective activated carbon from wasteland biomass of Calotropis gigantea stem was prepared at 400 °C, 600 °C, 750 °C and 900 °C carbonization temperatures in normal atmosphere (NA) and at 600 °C, 750 °C in inert atmosphere (IA) of nitrogen by using Potassium Carbonate (K₂CO₃) as chemical activating agent in the impregnation ratios of 0.5, 1 and 2. Activated carbons prepared under NA and IA were characterized and compared. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) study confirmed presence of micropores and mesopores. While Xray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed presence of both disordered amorphous carbon humps and graphitic crystallite peaks. Presences of functional groups were more prominent in NAC; found from Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. BET surface area at 750 °C at chemical impregnation ratio 1 under NA was recorded highest containing both micropores and mesopores. Disordered carbon structure was confirmed from RAMAN spectroscopic analysis and nanoporous structure of activated carbon was confirmed from HRTEM analysis. NA activated carbons processed from wasteland weed can be preferred for different adsorption related applications as they are reasonable with improved properties.     

Physical and electrochemical characterization of activated carbons with high mesoporous ratio for supercapacitors based on ionic liquid as the electrolyte

A series of activated carbons with high mesoporous ratio were prepared by KOH reactivation based on activated carbon as the precursor. As the KOH/AC mass ratio was increased to 4:1, the mesoporous ratio increases from 60% to 76%, and the average pore size from 2.23 to 3.14?nm. Moreover, the specific capacitance for the activated carbon in ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylmidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIm]BF₄) can reach the maximum value of 189?F?g^?1 (8.0???F?cm^?2). In addition, the decrease of specific capacitance for activated carbons by KOH reactivation with current density increase shows two regimes, suggesting that activated carbons with high mesoporous ratio are much fit for charge?Cdischarge at larger current density.     

Adsorption of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate on activated carbons: effects of solution chemistry and presence of bacteria

The objective of the present investigation was to determine the effectiveness of activated carbon in removing sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and to analyze the chemical and textural characteristics of the activated carbons that are involved in the adsorption process. Studies were also performed on the influence of operational variables (pH, ionic strength, and presence of microorganisms) and on the kinetics and interactions involved in the adsorption of this pollutant on activated carbon. The kinetics study of SDBS adsorption revealed no problems in its diffusion on any of the activated carbons studied, and Weisz-Prater coefficient (C WP) values were considerably lower than unity for all activated carbons studied. SDBS adsorption isotherms on these activated carbons showed that: (i) adsorption capacity of activated carbons was very high (260-470 mg/g) and increased with larger surface area; and (ii) dispersive interactions between SDBS and carbon surface were largely responsible for the adsorption of this pollutant. SDBS adsorption was not significantly affected by the solution pH, indicating that electrostatic adsorbent-adsorbate interactions do not play an important role in this process. The presence of electrolytes (NaCl) in the medium favors SDBS adsorption, accelerating the process and increasing adsorption capacity. Under the working conditions used, SDBS is not degraded by bacteria; however, the presence of bacteria during the process accelerates and increases SDBS adsorption on the activated carbon. Microorganism adsorption on the activated carbon surface increases its hydrophobicity, explaining the results observed.     

含磷活性炭作为双电层电容器电极材料的电化学性能

采用磷酸活化和磷酸改性制备了不同种类的含磷活性炭,采用元素分析、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和氮气吸附等手段分析了活性炭的元素含量、表面化学性质和孔隙结构,采用恒电流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗分别考察了活性炭在KOH和H₂SO₄电解质溶液中作为超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能,采用自由截距多元线性回归拟合统计分析研究了活性炭电极比电容量的影响因素,应用三电极体系分析了磷元素对活性炭电化学性能的影响机理。研究结果表明,活性炭掺杂的磷引入了赝电容,提高了活性炭电极的比电容量,磷元素含量为5.88%(w)的活性炭的比电容量在0.1 A·g^-1下达到185 F·g^-1。统计分析结果显示,活性炭的中孔有利于电解质离子向微孔内的扩散。在6 mol·L^-1 KOH电解质溶液中,孔径在1.10-1.61 nm、2.12-2.43nm及3.94-4.37 nm范围内是电解质离子在活性炭孔隙内部形成双电层的主要场所;在1 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄电解质溶液中,孔径在0.67-0.72 nm范围内有利于双电层电容的形成。     

Effect of activated carbon support on CS_2 removal over coupling catalysts

Supported coupling catalysts for CS2 removal were prepared with different activated carbons originated from wood,coconut shell and coal as supports,and their catalytic activities for CS2 removal were tested at ambient temperature.The textural and surface properties of the activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption,temperature-programmed desorption(TPD)and Boehm titration.The activated carbon support with meso-and macropores,and oxygen-functional groups performs higher CS2 removal ability at ambient temperature.The effects of flow rate,CS2 inlet concentration,temperature and relative humidity on CS2 removal were also investigated.High efficient removal is obtained at temperature of 50-C,space velocity of 2000 h-1,inlet CS2 concentration of 500 mgS/m3 and relative humidity of 20%with the breakthrough sulfur capacity up to 4.3 gS/gCat and working sulfur capacity up to 7 gS/gCat.     

Sulfur fixation on bagasse activated carbon by chemical treatment and its effect on acid dye adsorption

Heteroatoms are known to introduce specific surface functionalities that can enhance the adsorption properties of carbons. Sulfur fixation on bagasse-activated carbon was conducted by a low temperature chemical treatment with sulfuric acid followed by physical activation with CO₂ at 900?°C. The effect of sulfur fixation on the surface chemical properties of bagasse-activated carbons were investigated and on their subsequent acid dye removal (CIBA AB80) behavior. Surface chemical development were examined and followed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), heteroatom analysis and carbon surface acidity. Functional group stability with thermal treatment was also investigated. The textural properties of the activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption. Chemical pre-treatment and gasification was able to fix up to 0.2 wt% of sulfur on the activated carbon. Although the sulfur fixed by chemical treatment is low, this method introduced several advantages in comparison to fixation by thermal methods. The chemical method did not interfere with the textural development of the carbon, as found in thermal methods. In addition, the surface chemistry generated by these levels of sulfur groups was sufficient to increase the uptake of acid blue dyes by more than 700% based on adsorption capacities normalized by the surface area of the carbon.     

Carbon slit pore model incorporating surface energetical heterogeneity and geometrical corrugation

In our recent paper (Jagiello and Olivier, Carbon 55:70–80, 2013) we considered introducing energetical heterogeneity (EH) and geometrical corrugation (GC) to the pore walls of the standard carbon slit pore model. We treated these two effects independently and we found that each of them provides significant improvement to the carbon model. The present work is a continuation of the previous one, as we include both effects in one comprehensive model. The existing standard slit pore model widely used for the characterization of activated carbons assumes graphite-like energetically uniform pore walls. As a result of this assumption adsorption isotherms calculated by the non-local density functional theory (NLDFT) do not fit accurately the experimental N₂ data measured for real activated carbons. Assuming a graphene-based structure for activated carbons and using a two-dimensional-NLDFT treatment of the fluid density in the pores we present energetically heterogeneous and geometrically corrugated (EH–GC) surface model for carbon pores. Some parameters of the model were obtained by fitting the model to the reference adsorption data for non-graphitized carbon black. For testing, we applied the new model to the pore size analysis of porous carbons that had given poor results when analyzed using the standard slit pore model. We obtained an excellent fit of the new model to the experimental data and we found that the typical artifacts of the standard model were eliminated.