Theory for nanoparticle retention time in the helical channel of quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation

Quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation (QMgFFF) is a separation and characterization technique for magnetic nanoparticles such as those used for cell labeling and for targeted drug therapy. A helical separation channel is used to efficiently exploit the quadrupole magnetic field. The fluid and sample components therefore have angular and longitudinal components to their motion in the thin annular space occupied by the helical channel. The retention ratio is defined as the ratio of the times for non-retained and a retained material to pass through the channel. Equations are derived for the respective angular and longitudinal components to retention ratio.     

Quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation: A novel technique for the characterization of magnetic nanoparticles

Quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation (MgFFF) is an analytical separation and characterization technique for nano- and micro-sized magnetic particles. It fractionates particles according to their content of magnetite or other magnetic material. The potential and versatility of MgFFF for separation and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles, such as those used for immunospecific labeling of biological cells for magnetic separation, is demonstrated. A broadly polydisperse sample of dextran-coated magnetite nanoparticles was eluted under programmed field decay conditions, and quantitative data concerning the distribution of magnetite content were determined from the elution profile using a data reduction method.     

Detection, separation, and quantification of unlabeled silica nanoparticles in biological media using sedimentation field-flow fractionation

A rapid, high-resolution methodology for characterization, separation, and quantification of unlabeled inorganic nanoparticles extracted from biological media, based on sedimentation field-flow fractionation and light scattering detection is presented. Silica nanoparticles were added to either human endothelial cell lysate or rat lung tissue homogenate and incubated. The nanoparticles were extracted by acid digestion and then separated and characterized by sedimentation field-flow fractionation. Fractions collected at the peak maxima were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to verify the size and shape of the isolated nanoparticles. Using the linear relationship between the particle number and the area under the fractogram, the recoveries of particles from the tissue homogenate and cell lysate were calculated as 25% and 79%, respectively. The presented methodology facilitates detection, separation, size characterization, and quantification of inorganic nanoparticles in biological samples, within one experimental run.     

磁纳米粒子介导的靶向剪切波弹性成像

组织力学特性与其生理病理变化过程密切相关.因此,对组织力学特性的分析有望为疾病诊断提供重要依据.超声弹性成像可以定量分析组织的剪切模量,但在检测的特异性和灵敏度等方面仍存在局限性.针对这一问题,该文发展一种磁纳米粒子介导的靶向剪切波弹性成像新方法.该方法是基于磁纳米粒子在脉冲磁场作用下产生磁致振动,从而导致周围组织的剪...     

Detection of carcinoembryonic antigen using functional magnetic and fluorescent nanoparticles in magnetic separators

We combined a sandwich immunoassay, anti-CEA/CEA/anti-CEA, with functional magnetic (~80 nm) and fluorescent (~180 nm) nanoparticles in magnetic separators to demonstrate a detection method for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Determination of CEA in serum can be used in clinical diagnosis and monitoring of tumor-related diseases. The CEA concentrations in samples were deduced and determined based on the reference plot using the measured fluorescent intensity of sandwich nanoparticles from the sample. The linear range of CEA detection was from 18 ng/mL to 1.8 pg/mL. The detection limit of CEA was 1.8 pg/mL. In comparison with most other detection methods, this method had advantages of lower detection limit and wider linear range. The recovery was higher than 94%. The CEA concentrations of two serum samples were determined to be 9.0 and 55 ng/mL, which differed by 6.7% (9.6 ng/mL) and 9.1% (50 ng/mL) from the measurements of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The analysis time can be reduced to one third of ELISA. This method has good potential for other biomarker detections and biochemical applications.     

Magnetic nanoparticles for local drug delivery using magnetic implants

Magnetic nanoparticles are good candidates used for the targeted delivery of anti-tumor agents. They can be concentrated on a desired region, reducing collateral effects and improving the efficiency of the chemotherapy. We propose a method in which permanent magnets are implanted by laparoscopic technique directly in the affected organ. This method proposes the use of Fe@C nanoparticles, which are loaded with doxorubicin and injected intravenously. The particles, once attracted to the magnet, release the drug at the tumor region. This method seems to be more promising and effective than that based on the application of external magnetic fields.     

Observation of Brownian relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles using HTS SQUID

We analyzed the sensitivity of a separationless immunoassay scheme using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and a sensitive HTS SQUID magnetometer. The signal of a 100 μL sample at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and field of 7.5 nT was 20 mΦ₀. This makes it possible for the sensitivity to be within the range of 50 ng/mL at the required time of up to 100 s per a point in the frequency spectrum.     

Investigation of micromagnetism and magnetic reversal of Ni nanoparticles using a magnetic force microscope

Isolated Ni nanoparticles were studied in situ by atomic and magnetic force microscopy in the presence of an additional external field up to 300 Oe. By comparing topographic and magnetic images, and also by computer modeling of magnetic images, it was established that particles smaller than 100 nm are single-domain and easily undergo magnetic reversal in the direction of the applied external magnetic field. For large magnetic particles, the external magnetic field enhances the magnetization uniformity and the direction of total magnetization of these particles is determined by their shape anisotropy. Characteristics of the magnetic images and magnetic reversal of particles larger than 150 nm are attributed to the formation of a vortex magnetization structure in these particles. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1277–1283 (July 1998)     

Tracking iron oxide nanoparticles in plant organs using magnetic measurements

Common bean plants were grown in soil and irrigated with water solutions containing different concentrations of \(\hbox{Fe}_3\hbox{O}_4\) nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean diameter close to 10 nm. No toxicity on plant growth has been detected as a consequence of Fe deficiency or excess in leaves. In order to track the \(\hbox{Fe}_3\hbox{O}_4\) NPs, magnetization measurements were performed in soils and in three different dried organs of the plants: roots, stems, and leaves. Some magnetic features of both temperature and magnetic field dependence of magnetization M(T, H) arising from \(\hbox{Fe}_3\hbox{O}_4\) NPs were identified in all the three organs of the plants. Based on the results of saturation magnetization \(M_\mathrm{s}\) at 300 K, the estimated number of \(\hbox{Fe}_3\hbox{O}_4\) NPs was found to increase from 2 to 3 times in leaves of common bean plants irrigated with solutions containing magnetic material. The combined results indicated that M(T, H) measurements, conducted in a wide range of temperature and applied magnetic fields up to 70 kOe, constitute a useful tool through which the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles by plant organs may be monitored and tracked.     

Controlling magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles using post-synthesis thermal treatment

Changes in morphological and magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles before and after annealing are investigated in the present work. The nanoparticles are synthesized in a standard capacitively coupled plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition system with two electrodes using ferrocene as the source compound. Post annealing, due to the sintering process, the particles fuse along with recrystallization. This results in increased size of the nanoparticles and the interparticle interaction, which play a major role in deciding the magnetic properties. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples before and after annealing indicate a phase change from Fe₃O₄ to Fe₂O₃. Annealing at 200 ^°C causes the apparent saturation magnetization to increase from 6 emu?g^?1 to 15 emu?g^?1. When annealed at 500 ^°C, the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles resemble those of the bulk material. The evidence for the transition from a superparamagnetic state to a collective state is also observed when annealed at 500 ^°C. Variation of the magnetic relaxation data with annealing also reflects the change in the magnetic state brought about by the annealing. The correlation between annealing temperature and the magnetic properties can be used to obtain nanocrystallites of iron oxide with different sizes and magnetic properties.     

In situ thermolysis of magnetic nanoparticles using non-hydrated iron oleate complex

A novel strategy for the fabrication of nanostructured materials based on preparation of metallic surfactants is presented and some examples are demonstrated in this article. The suggested synthetic procedure of metal oleate is universal, potentially able to produce bulk quantities, and can be applicable to the synthesis of other metal oxide and metal nanoparticles. In general, organometallic compounds are quite expensive and are mostly classified as a highly toxic substance. In this study, we used simple, inexpensive, and eco-friendly approaches to prepare the metallic surfactants. As an example, non-hydrated iron oleate (FeOl) complexes are prepared as precursors for the in situ-fabricated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) by thermolysis. The different coordination of the non-hydrated FeOl complexes are directly relating to the competition between nucleation and crystal growth. The in situ preparation of SPIONs involves the reaction of metal nitrate and carboxylic acid at 120 °C to synthesize the non-hydrated FeOl complexes and following the thermolysis of FeOl at 300 °C in non-coordination solvent. The coordination modes and distinct thermal behaviors of intermediates non-hydrated FeOl complexes are comparatively investigated by means of thermo-analytic techniques complimented by differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The potential chemical structures of non-hydrated FeOl and their reaction mechanism by thermolysis were elucidated. The resulting lipid-coated SPIONs were characterized by transmission electron microscope, FTIR, differential temperature analysis, and TGA. These data suggested a bimodal interaction of organic shell and nanoparticle surface, with chemically absorbed inner layer and physically absorbed outer layer of carboxylic acid.     

磁偶极和电四极在磁各向异性介质中的辐射功率

在经典电动力学的框架下,研究了磁各向异性介质中的电磁辐射问题,得到了磁偶极和电四极在磁各向异性介质中的辐射功率表达式.进一步地,通过把各向同性介质中的μrii代入所得辐射功率表达式,得到了与文献相符合的结果,验证了所得结果的正确性.研究结果表明磁偶极和电四极在磁各向异性介质中的辐射功率大小与磁各向异性介质的μrii大小有关,对判断磁偶极和电四极在磁各向异性介质中的辐射效果有较大的帮助.     

Micro-thermal field-flow fractionation: New challenge in experimental studies of thermal diffusion of polymers and colloidal particles

The theoretical principles and methodological aspects of the thermal field-flow fractionation applied to study the thermal diffusion of the macromolecules in solution and colloidal particles in suspension were developed. The theoretical analysis indicated that the miniaturization of the separation channel for thermal field-flow fractionation should improve the performance of this technique. A new microchannel was conceived and built. The experimental results obtained for polymer samples with an extended range of molar masses from relatively low up to ultrahigh and for the colloidal particles confirmed that the achieved resolution is the same but the versatility of the microchannel is superior to that of the standard size channels owing to the substantial decrease in the heat energy flux. This important improvement allows us to achieve very high resolution when applying constant-field-force operation, it makes it much easier to program the temperature drop which is an advantageous operational mode from the viewpoint of the time of analysis, and it extends considerably the range of perfectly controlled temperatures of the cold and hot walls. The sample amount needed for one analysis can be as small as a few nanograms.     

Probing temperature-sensitive behavior of pNIPAAm-coated iron oxide nanoparticles using frequency-dependent magnetic measurements

Ferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles of about 33 nm in diameter were synthesized by high-temperature decomposition of an iron-oleate complex, using octadecene as the solvent. These particles were subsequently coated with polyN-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAAm) by a surfactant exchange method. Temperature-sensitive behavior of these particles was studied using ac susceptibility and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Shifts in the imaginary part of the ac susceptibility are correlated with swelling and collapse of pNIPAAm as a function of temperature.     

Preparation and magnetic properties of hexagonal barium ferrite films using BaM nanoparticles

Barium ferrite (BaFe₁₂O₁₉—BaM) thick films have been synthesized using a spinning coating sol-gel process. The coating sol was formed from BaM powders dispersed in the BaM raw sol. XRD, SEM, EDX, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and ac susceptometer, were employed to evaluate the structure, composition and magnetic properties of BaM thick films. The results indicated that a uniform and crack-free coating of BaM with ∼15 μm thickness can be produced with good deal of consistency. The perpendicular and in-plane coercivity had the same value of 5 kOe. The high coercivity is attributed to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and grain size of the sintered BaM layer. Effective magnetic susceptibility in all measurements have linear variation with increasing dc field.