酶催化脂肪族聚酯的合成

脂肪族聚酯是一种可生物降解的新型高聚物,可通过化学催化、发酵和酶催化来合成.酶催化合成聚酯是一种新型的环境友好绿色化学技术,可以在温和条件下高效的合成聚酯,有着传统聚合方法难以比拟的优势.尤其是特种酶的应用,为传统方法难以合成的聚酯,开辟了一条新的合成途径.本文综述了脂肪酶催化缩聚、酯交换、内酯开环聚合等聚酯合成方法,并讨论了反应参数(如溶剂、温度、酶和单体的浓度)对反应的影响.     

生物催化合成手性胺的研究进展

手性胺是一类重要的关键药物中间体，其高效和绿色的合成方法成为人们关注的焦点。本文综述了脂肪酶、转氨酶、单胺氧化酶、亚胺还原酶、胺脱氢酶和P450单加氧酶等不同的生物酶在手性胺类化合物中的合成应用。      

新型手性路易斯碱的合成及其在手性脂肪胺制备中的应用

以氯霉胺为原料,经两步缩合反应合成了一个新型手性路易斯碱——N-[(4S,5S)-4-(4-硝基苯基)-2-十一烷基-1,3-二噁烷烃-5-基]吡啶甲酰胺(3);以三氯硅烷为氢源,3为催化剂,2-十三烷酮与芳香胺原位生成的脂肪亚胺经氢化硅烷化反应合成了两个手性脂肪胺,收率高达95%,对映选择性最高为16%,其结构经1H NMR和13C NMR确证。结果表明:在该反应中,3具有较佳的催化活性,但立体选择性不佳。     

氰化钠和醛及苦杏仁粗酶一锅法合成手性氰醇

直接使用固体氰化钠代替易挥发的HCN为氰源,用来源于苦杏仁的(R)-醇腈酶粗酶催化和醛的反应,并加入足量的HOAc来抑制非酶促反应和手性氰醇产物的外消旋化,一锅法合成了手性氰醇.考察了酸、(R)-醇腈酶粗酶、水、氰化钠和反应温度等因素对反应的影响.大部分反应底物的产物的产率及ee值都大于95%.该方法简单、安全、低成本、高对映选择性和收率,具有很好的应用价值.     

手性烯丙基胺的合成进展

综述了近年来手性烯丙基胺的合成进展, 重点介绍了催化剂配体对化学选择性和对映选择性的影响, 并阐述了各种类型的反应机理.手性; 烯丙基胺; 催化     

Brevibacterium epidermidis催化酮不对称还原胺化合成(S)-手性胺

光学纯手性胺是一类非常重要的手性化学品,作为手性砌块和手性拆分剂广泛用于医药、农业化学品、精细化学品等产品的合成中.据统计,美国FDA近年来批准的约40％药物中都含有一个或多个手性胺结构单元.胺脱氢酶(AmDH)是由氨基酸脱氢酶改造而来的一类催化酮不对称还原胺化的新酶,其在手性胺的合成中展现出较强的潜力,已引起国内外学术界和工业界的广泛关注.这是因为该酶能够利用廉价的无机铵为胺供体,且具有催化效率高、原子经济性好和环境友好等优点.迄今为止已经有数个高效的胺脱氢酶被成功开发和报道,但是这些通过蛋白质工程改造的胺脱氢酶均为(R)-选择性,因此只能合成(R)-选择性的手性胺,遗憾的是还未见有(S)-选择性胺脱氢酶的报道.因此,本文主要目的是期望从自然环境中鉴定能够不对称还原胺化酮合成(S)-手性胺的微生物,进而从中分离得到能够以无机铵作为胺供体合成(S)-手性胺的(S)-选择性酶.本文首先利用苯乙胺作为唯一氮源,从土壤中筛选能够利用苯乙胺生长的菌株,进而利用苯乙酮作为初筛底物对得到的菌株进行胺化能力筛选,再利用(4-氟苯基)丙酮作为模式底物进行进一步的筛选.幸运的是,我们获得了能够利用无机铵作为胺供体催化(4-氟苯基)丙酮不对称还原胺化合成(S)-4-氟-α-甲基苯乙胺的菌株,经过16S RNA鉴定为表皮短杆菌,命名为B.epidermidis ECU1015.接下来,我们对B.epidermidis ECU1015催化的胺化反应中的关键参数如胺基供体及其最适浓度、反应温度、pH值和底物浓度等进行了优化,确定最佳反应条件:胺供体为NH4Cl(1.25 mol/L),反应温度为30°C,KPB缓冲液(200 mmol/L,pH 7.5),底物浓度10 mmol/L.最后,在最适的反应条件下,我们对B.epidermidis ECU1015催化的底物谱进行了研究.结果表明,该微生物不能催化大位阻芳香酮和链状酮的胺化,对位阻较小的苯乙酮及(4-氟苯基)丙酮具有较好的还原胺化能力,而且对苯环上带有吸电子取代基的酮化合物具有更好的转化效果.经手性分析,所有生成的手性胺均为(S)-构型,产品的光学纯度均>99％.B.epidermidis催化酮不对称胺化所形成的产物构型均为(S)-选择性,这不同于已报道的(R)-选择性胺脱氢酶.该菌株的发现为(S)-选择性胺脱氢酶的进一步鉴定奠定了一定的研究基础,相关蛋白的分离纯化工作正在进行.     

手性药物的酶催化不对称定向合成

手性药物目前已成为国际上新药研究的热点。手性药物及其中间体的酶催化定向合成与传统的有机合成反应相比,所需条件温和,无需强酸强碱、高温高压等极端条件,可大大降低对设备的要求,同时具备反应速度快、立体选择性高等优势,而且对环境污染小,属于绿色合成技术,因而成为制备手性化合物的最有前景的方法之一。本文主要介绍了手性药物的酶催化不对称定向合成的方式、催化机理及应用,并引入了一些最新进展情况。     

酶促不对称催化手性合成系统研究进展

正手性化合物由于具有特殊的立体结构,其对映体常表现出不同的物理化学特性和生理活性,近年来在新材料开发、新药设计、精细化学品合成等领域中发挥重要作用.手性化合物的传统制备方法是化学法,即利用手性配体或前体和催化剂(常为过渡金属)等来进行不对称合成.但由于这些方法存在试剂昂贵、反应条件苛刻(高温高压与强酸强碱)、光学纯度低等缺点,难于适应实际工业生产的要求[1].与传统化学合成法相比,生物酶法不对     

双脂肪胺钌卟啉的合成、结构表征和晶体结构

本文讨论了一系列双脂肪胺钌卟啉配合物，包括Ru(^Ⅱ)(Por)(H₂NR)₂和Ru(^Ⅱ)(Por)(HNR₂)₂［Por=四苯基卟啉(TPP)，中位-四(对甲苯基)卟啉(TTP)，中位-四(对氯苯基)卟啉(4-Cl-TPP);R=叔丁基，异丙基，环己基，正辛基，正十二烷基，R′=甲基和乙基］的合成，结构表征和晶体结构测定。钌羰基卟啉与间-氯过苯甲酸的反应混合物用过量的脂肪胺处     

酶催化在聚合物合成中的应用进展

酶催化聚合反应条件温和、选择性高,引起了众多学者的关注。本文综述了酶催化方法在多糖、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚苯胺、聚烯烃和酚聚合物合成中的应用进展,并介绍了其在合成特殊结构聚合物方面的优势。虽然酶催化聚合反应具有良好的应用前景,但该类反应尚存在一些需要解决的问题,本文对此也进行了探讨。     

Whole‐Cell Photoenzymatic Cascades to Synthesize Long‐Chain Aliphatic Amines and Esters from Renewable Fatty Acids

Long‐chain aliphatic amines such as (S,Z)‐heptadec‐9‐en‐7‐amine and 9‐aminoheptadecane were synthesized from ricinoleic acid and oleic acid, respectively, by whole‐cell cascade reactions using the combination of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Micrococcus luteus, an engineered amine transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis (Vf‐ATA), and a photoactivated decarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A (Cv‐FAP) in a one‐pot process. In addition, long chain aliphatic esters such as 10‐(heptanoyloxy)dec‐8‐ene and octylnonanoate were prepared from ricinoleic acid and oleic acid, respectively, by using the combination of the ADH, a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase variant from Pseudomonas putida KT2440, and the Cv‐FAP. The target compounds were produced at rates of up to 37 U g^?1 dry cells with conversions up to 90 %. Therefore, this study contributes to the preparation of industrially relevant long‐chain aliphatic chiral amines and esters from renewable fatty acid resources.     

Whole-Cell Photoenzymatic Cascades to Synthesize Long-Chain Aliphatic Amines and Esters from Renewable Fatty Acids

Long-chain aliphatic amines such as (S,Z)-heptadec-9-en-7-amine and 9-aminoheptadecane were synthesized from ricinoleic acid and oleic acid, respectively, by whole-cell cascade reactions using the combination of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Micrococcus luteus, an engineered amine transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis (Vf-ATA), and a photoactivated decarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A (Cv-FAP) in a one-pot process. In addition, long chain aliphatic esters such as 10-(heptanoyloxy)dec-8-ene and octylnonanoate were prepared from ricinoleic acid and oleic acid, respectively, by using the combination of the ADH, a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase variant from Pseudomonas putida KT2440, and the Cv-FAP. The target compounds were produced at rates of up to 37 U g⁻¹ dry cells with conversions up to 90 %. Therefore, this study contributes to the preparation of industrially relevant long-chain aliphatic chiral amines and esters from renewable fatty acid resources.     

Strong Room-Temperature Photoluminescence from the Novel Adduct of C_(60) with Aliphatic Amines

Fullerene C,, is a good electron-accepting molecule. It has been shown that it can formthe charge~transfer complexes (CTC) with ammes as the electron-donorly. Based on theweak CT interactions of C,, with various ammes, the fiuorescence emission spectra forboth of C,. and its CTC (including the derivatives of C,,) frequently appear at relativelylonger wavelengths more than 700 urn2-4. Whereas the fluorescence emission at relativieshorter wavelengths are often neglected and have not been re…     

脂肪胺荧光衍生物的高效液相色谱分离及质谱鉴定

采用新型荧光衍生试剂2-(9-吖啶酮)-乙酸(AAA)进行柱前衍生并经荧光检测对脂肪胺进行了高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离和在线质谱定性.衍生物荧光激发和发射波长为λex=404nm,λem=440nm.30℃下在乙腈溶剂中用N-乙基-N′-[(3-二甲氨基)丙基]碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)做催化剂,衍生反应20min后获得稳定的荧光产物.在HypersilBDSC18(4.6mm×100mm,5μm)色谱柱上,采用梯度洗脱对12种脂肪胺衍生物进行了优化分离.采用大气压化学电离源(APCISource)正离子模式进行在线柱后质谱定性,实现了各种脂肪胺衍生物的快速、准确测定.该方法具有良好的重现性,多数脂肪胺的线性回归系数大于0.9996,检测限为12.09~25.52fmol.     

One‐Pot Synthesis of Chiral N‐Arylamines by Combining Biocatalytic Aminations with Buchwald–Hartwig N‐Arylation

The combination of biocatalysis and chemo‐catalysis increasingly offers chemists access to more diverse chemical architectures. Here, we describe the combination of a toolbox of chiral‐amine‐producing biocatalysts with a Buchwald–Hartwig cross‐coupling reaction, affording a variety of α‐chiral aniline derivatives. The use of a surfactant allowed reactions to be performed sequentially in the same flask, preventing the palladium catalyst from being inhibited by the high concentrations of ammonia, salts, or buffers present in the aqueous media in most cases. The methodology was further extended by combining with a dual‐enzyme biocatalytic hydrogen‐borrowing cascade in one pot to allow for the conversion of a racemic alcohol to a chiral aniline.     

脂肪胺类化合物的13C核磁共振波谱模拟

对脂肪胺类化合物的13C核磁共振波谱进行了模拟,所用方法为数学模型法,为此,提取了共振碳原子所处化学环境的拓扑特征,几何特征及电子特征,运用变量最优子集回归法对变量进行了选择,用多元回归法构造了数学模型,得到了比较满意的预测结果。     

Green Aza-Michael Reaction of Aliphatic Amines to á,(a)-Unsaturated Compounds in Water

The hydroamination of olefins is a long-standing goal for transition metal catalysis. And the metal-catalyzed addition of amines to carbon-carbon double bonds is an unsolved, synthetically important problem. Although recent advances have made using lanthanide and precious metal complexes, there are few excellent catalyst that display broad functional group tolerance and useful rates for an intermolecular aza-Michael addition. As such, the development of efficient synthetic methods leading to a-amino carbonyl compounds and derivatives has attracted much attention in organic synthesis. Although recent advances have made this route more attractive, development of cheaper, simpler, and more efficient metal catalyst is highly desirable. We also have been interested in developing a reaction that uses catalytic quantities of minimally toxic, readily available, economic reagent should greatly contribute to the creation of environmental benign processes.The recent interest in aqueous medium metal-mediated carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom and formations led to the contributors for such reactions. Furthermore, development of organic reactions in water will contribute to the progress of green and quasi-nature catalysis chemistry. Surprisingly however, there is few report on conjugate additions of amines to a,a-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in water.Herein, we report a new protocol that employs air stable copper salts as efficient catalyst in the aza-Michael reaction under mild reaction conditions. Advantages of the protocol include high-yielding reactions that can be conducted at ambient temperature; the use of readily available and stable copper salts as the catalyst, and the reaction was successfully performed in environmental benign solvent, water.Finally, we have utilized a variety of aliphatic amines successfully with different á,(a)-unsaturated compounds catalyzed by simple hydrophilic ionic liquid, bmimBF4 in water. Interestingly, all the aliphatic amines gave almost quantitative in yield with á,(a)-ethylenic compounds. The present reactions with its mild reaction conditions open a novel entry to synthesis of a-amino carbonyl compounds by simple procedure.     

InspIRED by Nature: NADPH‐Dependent Imine Reductases (IREDs) as Catalysts for the Preparation of Chiral Amines

Imine reductases (IREDs) are NADPH‐dependent oxidoreductases that catalyse the asymmetric reduction of cyclic prochiral imines to amines, with excellent stereoselectivity. Since their discovery, stereocomplementary IREDs have been applied to the production of both (S) and (R) cyclic secondary amines, and the expansion in gene sequences recently identified has hinted at new substrate ranges that extend into acyclic imines and even suggest the possibility of asymmetric reductive amination from suitable ketone and amine precursors. Structural studies of various IREDs are beginning to reveal the complexities inherent in determining substrate range, stereoselectivity and mechanism in these enzymes, which represent a valuable emerging addition to the toolbox of available biocatalysts for chiral amine production.