Investigation of coupling dehydrogenation and hydrogenation reactions in a fixed bed catalytic reactor with well-mixed catalyst pattern

The enhancement of ethylbenzene conversion by further displacement of the thermodynamic equilibrium via the influence of the dual-functionality of a well-mixed catalyst pattern has been investigated. A rigorous steady state mathematical model based on the dusty gas model is implemented for the simulation. The simulation results reveal that the introduction of the concept of the reaction coupling has significant effect on the displacement of the thermodynamic equilibrium and considerable enhancement of simultaneous production of styrene and cyclohexane. Almost 100% conversion of the ethylbenzene and benzene is achieved through the application of this approach. It is also found that considerable decrease in the reactor length is achieved by employing a reactor catalyst bed with different bed compositions. Effective operating regions with optimal conditions are observed. An effective reactor length criterion is used to evaluate the performance of the reactor under these optimal conditions. The effective reactor length is found to be sensitive and favored by high feed temperature and pressure. The sensitivity analysis shows that the key parameters of feed temperature, pressure, and the bed composition play an important role on the reactor performance. The results also show that almost 100% conversion of ethylbenzene and benzene at low temperature and shorter reactor length can be achieved by maintaining the reactor beds at different temperatures. This temperature switching policy may result in appreciable energy saving. Moreover, operating the reactor at low temperature protect the catalyst from the excessive temperatures which have destructive effects on the catalysts and the mechanical stability of the reactors. Also, the low temperature operation has significant contribution to the reduction of the operating cost.     

木屑在鼓泡流化床和循环流化床中气化特性的对比研究

对木屑在内径分别为0.3m×0.3m的鼓泡流化床气化炉（BFBG）和内径0.4m的循环流化床气化炉(CFBG)中的气化特征进行了对比，重点考察了当量比对生物质气化特性的影响。实验结果表明,在相同当量比下，由于CFBG操作气速明显高于BFBG，床内强烈的气固传热传质，使得CFBG可以获得较高的热解速率,同时可以使 CFBG在较高温度下运行。较高的运行温度不仅有利于二次裂解气化反应，使可燃气体质量明显好于BFBG，同时也减少了燃气中焦油的量。在较低气化当量比下(ER≤0.28)，CFBG比BFBG可以获得更高的气体产率、碳转化率和气体效率;在较高当量比下,(ER＞0.28)，CFBG和BFBG的气体产率、碳转化率和气体效率则相差不大。     

循环流化床(CFB)煤/焦气化反应的研究Ⅱ.温度、氧含量及煤种对CFB气化反应的影响

报道了两种煤／焦（西山焦煤飞灰、神木煤），在小型循环流化床（ＣＦＢ）气化反应装置上，以二氧化碳及氧气混合物为气化介质，在不同条件（９００～９７０°Ｃ，０～３０％氧含量）下的气化反应的研究。结果表明，提高气化温度，气化反应速度提高，尾气中可燃气体浓度（ＣＯ，Ｈ２，ＣＨ４）、碳转化率及气化效率明显提高。气化介质中的氧含量增加，ＣＯ浓度、碳转化率及气化强度明显增加。反应性高、挥发分多的煤种更适合在ＣＦＢ气化反应装置上进行气化反应。     

微型流化床反应分析仪中原位/非原位煤焦气化动力学研究

利用新开发的微型流化床反应分析仪(micro-fluidized bed reaction analysis, MFBRA) 考察了义马烟煤半焦的原位以及两种非原位半焦气化行为并测定了其动力学参数,其中,原位半焦气化是指煤热解温度和气氛与半焦气化过程一致,非原位半焦1气化是指煤在Ar气氛下热解,热态条件下直接在CO₂气氛下气化;非原位半焦2气化是指煤在Ar气氛下热解,冷却收集后再在CO₂气氛下气化。研究发现,原位半焦具有最大的比表面积和最小的平均孔径,石墨化程度最弱,且对CO₂的化学吸附能力最强,表面活性位点最多。在最小化气体扩散的实验条件下,原位半焦气化反应的反应速率明显比非原位半焦气化反应快,且求取的活化能数据较小。实验揭示了原位半焦和非原位半焦结构和反应性的差异,也证明了MFBRA对原位等温气化反应的适用性。     

Heat Transfer in Gas Phase Olefin Polymerisation

A fixed bed microreactor has been used to study heat transfer during the initial transient state of gas phase olefin polymerization on a supported catalyst. It has been shown that heat transfer during this stage of the polymerisation is critical, and under conditions found commercially problems can arise with hot spots and polymer melting. It is proven how the thermal properties of the gas mixture flowing on the catalytic bed exert great influence on heat dissipation reducing the sudden increase in temperature by as much as a factor of 5. Flow rate and especially the process gas composition are the key factors in controlling the bed temperature.     

生物质在流化床中的空气-水蒸气气化研究

以流化床为反应器，对生物质的空气-水蒸气气化特性进行了研究。考察了一些主要参变量，如温度 (700 ℃～900 ℃)、水蒸气/生物质比(0～4.04)、空气当量比(0.19～0.27)以及生物质粒度(0.2 mm～0.9 mm)等对气化结果的影响。在实验研究的条件范围内，生物质产气率在1.43 m3/kg～2.57 m3/kg范围内变化，产气的低热值在6 741 kJ/m3～9 143 kJ/m3范围内变化。实验结果表明：较高的气化温度有利于氢的产生；但气化温度过高会使气体热值下降；与常规的空气气化相比，水蒸气的加入使生物质气化产气率显著提高，但水蒸气加入量过多使气化温度下降，产气率和产气热值降低；生物质颗粒粒度的大小对产气组分的分布和产气率均有影响，较小颗粒的生物质会产生较多的CH4、CO和较少的CO2。     

生物质与石油焦共气化特性的研究

在内径为50mm,高约950mm的固定床反应器上对生物质与石油焦共气化特性进行了研究。研究了气化模式、石油焦添加比例、添加方式、粒径大小及气化温度对气化效果及焦油量的影响。结果表明,石油焦可以起到催化裂解生物质焦油的作用。随着氧气的体积分数从2%增加到15%时,气体的热值从5.35MJ/m³降低到2.98MJ/m³。在气化温度为700℃时,四种氧气含量下生物质单独气化时焦油产率平均值为6.4%,气体热值为4.31MJ/m³;生物质和石油焦混合气化时焦油产率平均值为2.9%,气体热值为5.19MJ/m³。石油焦的最佳添加比例为1∶1。生物质和石油焦不混掺焦油的产率最大,混掺其次,石油焦提前加入效果最好。随着添加石油焦粒径的增大,石油焦对生物质气化焦油的裂解率逐渐降低。在两种气化模式下,随着气化温度的升高,焦油的产率均逐渐降低。     

Cu-橄榄石载氧体煤焦化学链气化实验研究

用浸渍法以橄榄石为载体负载CuO制备了Cu-橄榄石载氧体,并在固定床上开展了载氧体存在下煤焦的水蒸气气化实验。结果表明,提高气化温度和水碳物质的量比可以提高煤焦气化的碳转化率和合成气产率;增加载氧体CuO负载量和载氧体/煤焦质量比能提高碳转化率和水转化率,但会消耗产气中的合成气,导致合成气产率降低。高温再生后载氧体依然能保持活性,表明橄榄石载体抑制了Cu/CuO的烧结。载氧体经950℃再生八次后用于煤焦气化,实现碳转化率42.3%,水转化率57.3%,合成气产率2.12L/(g·h)。     

生物质洁净能源研究中的流化床动力学模型

分别对最小流化床、鼓泡流化床和腾涌流化床及相应的全混模型、鼓泡模型、气泡汇集模型等加以综述,分析其优缺点,并在此基础上提出动力学模拟研究的新思路.根据流化床内在的本质--流化态的不同,将流化床分为最小流化床、鼓泡流化床和腾涌流化床三种.总结了前人针对各种流化床提出的全混模型、鼓泡模型、气泡汇集模型等思想,建议今后可以在以下几个方面进行深入研究: ⑴使得模型更有普适性.⑵由于气泡有效直径尚不能在理论上求得,可以在理想气泡直径变化公式的基础上,加入非线性化学的计算.⑶确定不同情况下的参数,使得工作更有延续性,也使得模型更加具有生命力.⑷从高压的角度去进行模型的计算,并得到相应的试验数据支持.     

Characterization of the waxes obtained by the pyrolysis of polyolefin plastics in a conical spouted bed reactor

The thermal pyrolysis of three different polyolefin plastics (HDPE, LDPE and PP) has been carried out in a conical spouted bed reactor. This technology is especially interesting because of the high selectivity to waxes due to the low residence times and high heating rates that reduce secondary reactions and increase the yield of primary pyrolysis products (waxes). These have been obtained operating at 450, 500 and 600 °C and a complete characterization has been carried out using different techniques, such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, simulated distillation and the measurement of heating value and melting point. Operating conditions and feed type have been observed to have a significant effect on the properties of the different waxes. The characterization has been carried out bearing in mind the potential use of waste plastic-derived waxes as a feedstock for cracking units.     

OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE IN A CIRCULAR FIXED BED REACTOR WITH 30 mL MgO/BaCO_3 CATALYST

在甲烷氧化偶联反应中，采用了一种薄层环形固定床反应器，这种反应器有利于反应热的转移。在环形固定床反应器中进行的ＭｇＯ／ＢａＣＯ３催化剂稳定性试验结果表明，催化剂在５００ｈ试验中一直保持较高的活性。在ＣＨ４：Ｏ２：Ｈ２Ｏ＝５：１：２．３，ＣＨ４的ＧＨＳＶ为５７００ｈ－１的条件下，得到甲烷转化率为２６％，Ｃ２烃收率为１７．３％，Ｃ２选择性为６７．５％；水蒸汽作为稀释气引入反应中，可分散和带走催化剂床层过多的反应热，减小床层温差。ＸＲＤ结果表明，反应后的催化剂与新鲜催化剂的结构基本一致，催化剂具有稳定催化活性的原因，应归属于其结构的稳定性和具有一定的抗水蒸汽性能。     

现代煤气化技术的开发与进展

评述了现代煤气化技术开发现状，对加压固定床气化，流化床气化，水煤浆气流床气化和干粉气流床气化典型代表技术的发展进行分析。结合热力学和动力学分析提出了未来煤气化技术发展的原则。鉴于目前制氧成本仍然是制约煤气化技术发展的最大因素，认为一方面应加速高效廉价的大规模制氧技术的开发，另一方面要注重氧耗低的气化技术的开发，重视过程集成概念和技术经济的优化。理论分析和已有研究表明粉煤/块煤双粒级进料液态排渣固定床气化、两段（多段）进料干粉气流床气化、流化床部分气化与气流床气化或CFB燃烧集成技术具有各自特点和良好的发展前景。     

两段式固定床富氧－水蒸气气化实验研究

以玉米芯颗粒为原料在两段式固定床气化装置上进行了气化实验,考察了当量比ER、富氧浓度OC和水蒸气配比S/B对气化温度、气化气组分、低位热值、气体产率、气化效率和碳转化率等参数的影响,并比较了两段式固定床与传统下吸式固定床的气化特性。实验结果表明,当量比为0.27时H₂的体积分数、CO的体积分数和气化效率达到最大值;增加富氧浓度能优化气化效果,但富氧浓度大于90%后,燃气质量和气化效率均提高不大;增加S/B能提高H₂的体积分数,但同时会降低CO的体积分数、气体热值、气化效率;当S/B为0.6时,氢气的体积分数达最高值33.3%,H₂/CO比为1.32;相比于传统固定床,两段式固定床气化可明显提高气化温度、氢气的体积分数、碳转化率和气化效率,降低焦油含量。     

Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane using a Fe-based catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor

Catalytic decomposition of methane using a Fe-based catalyst for hydrogen production has been studied in this work. A Fe/Al2O3 catalyst previously developed by our research group has been tested in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). A parametric study of the effects of some process variables,including reaction temperature and space velocity,is undertaken. The operating conditions strongly affect the catalyst performance. Methane conversion was increased by increasing the temperature and lowering the space velocity. Using temperatures between 700 and 900℃ and space velocities between 3 and 6LN/(gcat·h),a methane conversion in the range of 25%-40% for the gas exiting the reactor could be obtained during a 6 hrun. In addition,carbon was deposited in the form of nanofilaments (chain like nanofibers and multiwall nanotubes) with similar properties to those obtained in a fixed bed reactor.     

流化床反应器中不同Ni/Al2O3催化剂上CH4-CO2重整反应性能的比较研究

采用浸渍法、溶胶 凝胶过程与普通干燥、超临界干燥过程相结合的方法制备了三种20%的NiO-Al2O3体系催化剂，利用BET、XRD、H2 TPR、H2-TPD等方法对各催化剂样品物化性质进行了表征，并考察了催化剂在流化床反应器中CH4-CO2重整反应的催化性能。研究结果表明，经923K焙烧后气凝胶催化剂中镍与载体间作用力最强，主要为固定NiO和尖晶石NiAl2O4结构，而浸渍型催化剂和干凝胶催化剂中镍与载体间作用力较弱。三种催化剂中，气凝胶催化剂具有比表面积较大、堆密度较低、Ni还原度及分散度较高的特点。它在流化床反应器中所形成的聚团流态化状态具有较高的床层膨胀率，大量多孔疏松状的纳米颗粒聚团在床内的循环运动有效地提高了传质效率，能使得生成的沉积炭快速得到气化，从而抑制了催化剂失活；对于浸渍型催化剂和干凝胶催化剂，流化床反应器中床层膨胀率较低、颗粒循环量较少、传质效率较低，易于造成催化剂表面积炭失活。经用TG和XRD等方法对反应后催化剂分析表征，证明催化剂表面石墨碳的沉积是导致浸渍型催化剂和干凝胶催化剂失活的主要原因。     

Chemical-looping gasification of biomass in a 10 kW_(th) interconnected fluidized bed reactor using Fe_2O_3/Al_2O_3 oxygen carrier

Abstract:The aim of this research is to design and operate a 10 kW hot chemical-looping gasification(CLG)unit using Fe2O3/Al2O3as an oxygen carrier and saw dust as a fuel.The effect of the operation temperature on gas composition in the air reactor and the fuel reactor,and the carbon conversion of biomass to CO2and CO in the fuel reactor have been experimentally studied.A total60 h run has been obtained with the same batch of oxygen carrier of iron oxide supported with alumina.The results show that CO and H2concentrations are increased with increasing temperature in the fuel reactor.It is also found that with increasing fuel reactor temperature,both the amount of residual char in the fuel reactor and CO2concentration of the exit gas from the air reactor are degreased.Carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency are increased by increasing temperature and H2production at 870℃reaches the highest rate.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and BET-surface area tests have been used to characterize fresh and reacted oxygen carrier particles.The results display that the oxygen carrier activity is not declined and the specific surface area of the oxygen carrier particles is not decreased significantly.     

流化床煤气化炉内脱硫的研究Ⅰ．台式流化床煤气化的炉内脱硫试验

采用台式流化床煤气化装置，研究了影响炉内脱硫效率的因素。炉内脱硫对高硫煤特别有效，脱硫效率可达９０％以上。所采用的二种石灰石和一种白云石脱硫效率相近，按Ｃａ／Ｓ比比较则白云石稍好些。虽然脱硫效率随Ｃａ／Ｓ比增加而增加，但当Ｃａ／Ｓ比达到３后几乎不再增加。存在一个最佳脱硫操作温度。在非焙烧区，脱硫率随压力增加而下降，而在焙烧区脱硫率和压力几乎无关。测定了脱硫剂脱硫前后的孔容积分布，发现脱硫之后１～３０ｎｍ的孔容显著减少。     

生物油水蒸气气化实验研究

利用固定床反应器对生物油的水蒸气非催化气化性能进行了实验研究,考察了温度和水蒸气的加入量对气化过程的影响,对气化所得粗合成气的组成分布进行了分析。结果表明,升高温度有利于生物油向合成气转化,1 200 ℃时,生物油的碳转化率可达97.8%,合成气有效成分(H₂+CO)的产率可达77%,其中H₂/CO摩尔比为1.19;水蒸气的加入可以提高合成气中的H₂/CO摩尔比,当S/C(水碳比)=4时,合成气中的H₂/CO摩尔比可达3.69,与此同时,水蒸气的加入不利于合成气有效成分产率的提高;生物油气化所得气体为中热值气体。     

Effects of thermal heterogeneity in hydrophobic interaction chromatography

Manipulating temperature and salt concentration can have a powerful effect on the separation effectiveness in hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). However, use of temperature as an operating variable in large-scale applications may involve undesirable consequences such as radial heterogeneity of the column temperature. In this study non-ideal effects of heat transfer in HIC columns were analyzed. The radial temperature gradients were measured by thermocouples immersed in a bed packed into a preparative column. The column wall was either thermostatted by a water jacket or left under ambient conditions. The influence of ineffective column thermostatting and of heat losses on the radial temperature profiles was demonstrated and predicted by a model of heat dispersion in a packed bed. To analyze possible positive or negative effects of thermal heterogeneity on band propagation, non-isothermal chromatographic elution of a model protein (α-chymotrypsinogen A) was recorded under salt gradient conditions as well as at constant salt concentration. To predict temperature and concentration profiles a model of the column dynamics was used. The model accounted for kinetics of mass and heat transfer. A good agreement between experimental and simulated profiles was achieved. It was shown that by proper selection of the process conditions undesirable temperature effects can be avoided or controlled.     

Amorphous Ni Alloy Hydrogenation Catalyst and Magnetically Stabilized Bed Reaction Technology

A new hydrogenation technology is introduced. This hydrogenation technology includes two new concepts: amorphous Ni alloy and magnetically stabilized bed. Amorphous metal alloys are new kinds of catalytic materials with short-range orderly but long-range disorderly structure. The disadvantages of the amorphous Ni alloy materials in terms of small specific surface area and low thermal stability have been solved to develop these materials into practical catalyst to substitute for the Raney Ni catalyst. The magnetically stabilized bed reactor, a fluidized bed of magnetically stabilized particles by applying a spatially uniform and time-invariant magnetic field oriented axially relative to the fluidizing fluid flow, has many advantages such as the low pressure drop and the high mass transfer efficiency. The cold model tests had revealed that the magnetically stabilized bed reactor displayed three different forms, i.e., the scattered particulates mode, the chain mode and the magnetic condensation mode. The chain mode was conductive to good contact between solid and liquid to promote the catalytic reaction. Two commercial units of the magnetically stabilized bed reactor were set up, with the capacity of 200 and 250 kt/a, respectively. Integration of the amorphous Ni alloy catalyst and the magnetically stabilized bed reactor was developed in the process for purification of caprolactam at RIPP, SINOPEC. The new reaction process has enhanced the hydrogenation reaction to reduce the reaction volume to 1/8 and 1/3 of those of kettle-type reactor and the fixed-bed reactor of the same throughput, respectively.