可变焦距机器视觉镜头光学系统设计

在机器视觉系统中,镜头的主要作用是将目标成像在图像传感器的光敏面上。针对生产过程中机器视觉系统在保持工作距离不变的情况下需获得不同的放大倍数,采用机械补偿形式,利用Zemax软件设计了一款可用于机器视觉的可见光多焦点变焦物镜系统。该系统工作距离可以在290 mm～340 mm范围内变化,实现了焦距从10 mm～100 mm的10倍多焦点变焦。设计结果表明:该变焦物镜最大畸变小于1%,最大兼容0.84 cm(1/3英寸)CCD图像传感器。用调制传递函数对系统的成像性能进行评估,该系统在空间频率100 lp/mm处调制传递函数大于0.3,满足成像要求。     

Design of double-zone aspheric diffractive intraocular lens with extended depth of focus

A double-zone aspheric diffractive intraocular lens(IOL) was designed and manufactured aiming to regain a continuous range of clear vision for pseudophakic presbyopia. After obtaining the IOL structure parameters through optimization based on an aphakic model eye, its imaging performances were analyzed in the model eye. The modulation transfer function at 50 cycles∕mm remained above 0.29 within +5° field of view for object distance ranging from 6 to 0.66 m. In addition, the imaging qualities are robust for pupil changes, polychromatic light, and different corneal asphericities. The manufactured IOL exhibits the ability to extend depth of focus.     

Optical design for enhanced prism type fingerprint scanner image contrast with asymmetrical aspheric lens

The design of optical prism fingerprint scanner with aspheric lens is researched. We propose a modified structure for optical prism fingerprint scanner, which has an asymmetrical aspheric lens on the output plane. It is numerically shown under elliptic valley similar fingerprint model that the optical image qualities of such a scanner are better than the scanner with symmetrical aspheric lens. When the fingerprint range is 15 mm, the results show that the minimum image contrast is 0.49 for an optical prism with asymmetrical aspheric lens, much better than a symmetrical aspheric lens with 0.20. The relative illumination variation is from 0.62 to 1.00 for optical prism with asymmetrical aspheric lens, and for the symmetrical aspheric lens it is 0.35 to 1.00. We conclude that an optical prism with asymmetrical aspheric lens is better than an optical prism with symmetrical aspheric lens.     

A new approach for the bundle adjustment problem with fixed constraints in stereo vision

A new approach for the bundle adjustment problem with fixed constraints in stereo vision is described in this paper. Since the direct application of traditional bundle adjustment fails to use the inner constraints completely which are maintained by fixating the orientation and the baseline between the left and right cameras. However, if the fixed constraints are applied to the traditional bundle adjustment, we refine only the left camera extrinsic parameters and 3D points for simplification in stereo pairs. The new method using the fixed constraints has superior theoretical 3D accuracy, and it can reduce the matrix dimension of the covariance matrix so that the total computation time is decreased. Experiments results using synthetic and real data have shown that our method is better than the traditional bundle adjustment algorithm in the 3D accuracy and the convergence rate.     

Mapping the efficacy of new designs for large scale sonochemical reactors

Sonochemical reactors have a great promise for many physical and chemical processing applications but its applicability at pilot or industrial scale levels is hindered by lack of novel designs which can reproduce the spectacular effects generated at the laboratory scale. The present work evaluates the efficacy of two new designs, operating at a liquid capacity of 7l. Mapping of the cavitational activity has been carried out using measurements of local pressure using hydrophone and cativational intensity using Cavitation Activity Indicator (Model IC-3, N. Deznukov, Belarus State University, Minsk, Belarus). Aim has been to identify the distribution of the cavitational activity in radial and axial directions and possibly characterizing the zones with very high and very low cavitational activity in these reactor configurations. It has been observed that the cavitational activity is substantially uniform in both the reactors unlike the conventional single transducer based reactors. The study clearly indicates the feasibility of these designs for future large scale applications.     

Analysis of Purkinje images as an effective method for estimation of intraocular lens implant location in the eyeball

The implantation of an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) into a capsular bag in place of an extracted natural, but nontransparent lens is a standard therapy method in the case of cataract. Any decentration or tilt of the IOL can cause a deterioration of the retinal image quality, thus decreasing the vision quality. The analysis of the relative position of Purkinje images being a reflection of the point light source from the refracting surfaces of the eyeball determines the location of IOL inside the eye and thus enables to state its wrong or correct location. The paper describes the Purkinje experimental setup consisting of an illuminator (several infrared LEDs arranged in a circle), an imaging telecentric lens and image recording CCD camera and reports details of the system calibration The usefulness of the experimental setup has been proven both in laboratory conditions using artificial model of the eyeball and in measurements on human subjects. Simulations of the retinal image with different decentrations or tilts are shown.     

一种实现冷原子束聚集的微磁透镜新方案

本文报道了对87Rb冷原子云聚焦的微磁透镜实验．磁透镜的核心部件是一个半径为2mm的微型线圈．当冷原子云沿线圈轴向运动到线圈附近时,线圈产生的非均匀磁场会对原子云实现纵向压缩．在线圈电流加载时间为10ms的情况下,原子云纵向尺寸随线圈电流增加先表现为会聚趋势;在某一电流值（0．9A）之后,表现为扩散趋势．与不加载线圈电流的情形相比较,电流为0．9A时的冷原子云纵向尺寸缩小了一个多量级,透镜焦距约为1．3mm．通过同时调节线圈电流的大小和作用时间,可实现对透镜焦距的调节．同时用数值模拟方法模拟了实验过程,模拟结果与实验结果基本符合．     

Maxwell: A new vision of the world

The paper outlines the crucial contributions of James Clerk Maxwell to Physics and more generally to our vision of the world. He achieved 150 years ago a synthesis of the pioneering works in magnetostatics, electrostatics, induction and, by introducing the notion of displacement current, gave birth to Electromagnetics. Then, he deduced the existence of electromagnetic waves and identified light as one of them.Maxwell equations deeply changed a Newtonian conception of the world based on particle interactions by pointing out the vital role of waves in physics. This new conception had a strong influence on the development of quantum physics. Finally, the invariance of light velocity in Galilean frames led to Lorentz transformations, a key step toward the theory of relativity.     

电离层电子总含量不同时间尺度的预报模型研究

电离层对无线电通信、卫星导航有重要的影响,因此对电离层电子总含量(total electron content,TEC)的预报研究十分重要,而目前国际上的各种经验电离层预报模型的精度只有60%左右,不能满足实际需求.本文提出一种新的TEC预报模型:利用经验正交函数对TEC数据进行时空分解,利用遗传算法结合混沌预测的思想对时间场系数进行非线性时间序列预测,从而达到对TEC数据预报的目的.实验结果表明,此方法可较好地对TEC数据进行不同时间尺度的预测,提前1,2,4,7 d的预报精度分别达到0.32,0.48,0.68,0.94 TECU.     

Innovative confocal laser method for exact dioptric power measurement of intraocular lens implants Invited Paper

We present a novel confocal laser method (CLM) for precise testing of the dioptric power of both positive and negative intraocular lens (IOL) implants. The CLM principle is based on a simple fiber-optic confocal laser design including a single-mode fiber coupler that serves simultaneously as a point light source used for formation of a collimated Gaussian laser beam, and as a highly sensitive confocal point receiver. The CLM approach provides an accurate, repeatable, objective, and fast method for IOL dioptric power measurement over the range from 0 D to greater than =t=30 D under both dry and in-situ simulated conditions.     

Minimal input models for sound level prediction in fitted enclosed spaces

Highly advanced computer models for the prediction of sound fields in rooms are now available. However, these tools are complex and require a skilled acoustician to use effectively and hence there is a need for more simpler models. A simple model needs to be accurate and quick to use, but most importantly should require a minimum amount of input data to construct the model. This is only achievable if the scope of the model is reduced to one or two acoustic parameters. Three simple models were investigated two empirical based formulae and a geometric acoustic model. The models were validated in six configurations of an experimental room simulating a textile workshop and two real engineering workrooms. It was found that all the models executed near instantaneously, but the obtainable prediction accuracy and consistency was proportional to the amount of input data. The models are now available on the Web, running directly inside Netscape or Internet Explorer.     

Target models for range performance prediction of infrared imaging system

This paper describes a commonly used target model and two improved models for range performance prediction of infrared imaging system in an original explicit way. We conclude the basic assumptions of each model, define the temperature difference, and give the mathematical equation to calculate the measurement of resolvable target details. The flow path for using the measurement to evaluate the range performance is briefly introduced. The features of these models are compared.     

Assessment of sandwich models for the prediction of sound transmission loss in unidirectional sandwich panels

The consistent higher-order approach and the two-parameter foundation formulation are used for the derivation of sound transmission loss in symmetric unidirectional (infinitely wide) sandwich panels with isotropic face sheets. In both models, transmission loss is calculated using decoupled equations representing symmetric and anti-symmetric motions of a sandwich panel. The closed-form expressions for impedances and transmission coefficient of a symmetric sandwich panel with an isotropic core are derived for the two-parameter foundation model. A comparison between the numerical predictions based on the two sandwich models and available experimental data shows that the consistent higher-order formulation can be used to predict the transmission loss in symmetric sandwich panels with both honeycomb and isotropic cores. For prediction of transmission loss of symmetric sandwich panels with an isotropic core, the two-parameter foundation model is more convenient, while the consistent higher-order approach is more accurate.     

Two new designs of lamp-type piezoelectric metamaterials for active wave propagation control

A major limitation of current metamaterials is that they control the wave propagation depending on their structure. Active metamaterials in this paper are designed whose physical structure is fixed, yet the position where they control the wave propagation can be changed by piezoelectric conditions. Two kinds of lamp-type piezoelectric metamaterials were assembled from an aluminum base, rubber plate and steel column, the piezoelectric patches were attached on both sides of the steel column, which can change the equivalent elastic modulus of the whole structure when the pair of patches are accessed by an LC circuit. The equivalent elastic modulus becomes zero or negative when the frequency of the circuit varies between 29,000 Hz and 30,000 Hz, in this case the two kinds of lamp-type piezoelectric metamaterials behave as a wave localization and a wave guide, respectively. The advantage of the lamp-type piezoelectric metamaterials is that we can control the wave propagation actively, as long as we change the position of the piezoelectric patches or choose the kind of lamp-type piezoelectric metamaterial. This is more flexible than a traditional passive metamaterial and provides a new way for us to design some acoustic equipment, such as acoustic cloaking, an acoustic black hole, filter or wave guide.     

Tip-induced surface polarization: a new mechanism for contrast in the scanning tunnelling microscope

We propose a new mechanism influencing the contrast in STM images. It involves the polarization of the surface by the electric field from the tip; this affects the contrast when different parts of the surface have different polarizabilities. We demonstrate its importance for the case of ethene (C₂H₄) molecules adsorbed on the Si(001) surface; for this system we are able to obtain qualitative agreement between experiments and ab initio calculations by including the tip-induced field.     

一种新型的飞行视觉系统设计

针对电子制造设备中元件拾放的定位对准需求,提出了一种基于半透半反镜的飞行视觉系统设计方案。该方案仅需使用一部摄像机,可分别或同时完成对元件及其安装位的视觉图像采集、对准,并且图像采集、对准过程可与元件拾放过程并行执行,附加的飞行视觉机构不会对拾放操作产生干涉。该系统可有效地提升电子制造装备的工作效率和设备的工作稳定性,且具有结构简单、便于工程实现等优点。     

Evaluation of two new gadolinium chelates as contrast agents for MRI

Two new gadolinium chelates were investigated for potential use as tissue-specific contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. In vitro measurements of stability constants, octanol/water partition coefficients and relaxation times in solutions of water and human serum albumin (HSA) were performed with each new chelate and compared with gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, Gd(DTPA). Biodistribution studies and magnetic resonance imaging in rats were used to evaluate the new chelates in vivo. The stability constants (log K) of gadolinium-N,N″-bis(3-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)diethylenetriamine-N,N′,N″-triacetic acid, Gd(DTTA-HP), and gadolinium-1,7-13-triaza-4,10-16-trioxacyclooctadecane-N,N′,N″-triacetic acid, Gd(TTCT), were determined to be 23.65 and 18.07, respectively. These can be compared to a literature value of 22.46 for Gd(DTPA). Octanol/water partition coefficients for both complexes showed they were more lipophilic than Gd(DTPA). Gd(DTTA-HP) exhibited a smaller relaxivity in water but a larger relaxivity in 4% HSA than Gd(DTPA). Gd(TTCT) exhibited a lower relaxivity than Gd(DTPA) in both water and 4% HSA. Both complexes showed similar biodistributions to Gd(DTPA) no carrier-added concentrations. Gd(DTTA-HP) had a greater percent change in signal intensity than Gd(DTPA) on T₁-weighted spin-echo images in the heart, liver, and kidney. Percent change in signal intensity for Gd(TTCT) was lower than Gd(DTPA) in heart, liver, and kidney.     

A new contrast parameter for visualization of the cross-link density in rubber based on the dipolar-correlation effect

A new parameter for NMR mapping is suggested on the basis of the mean squared dipolar fluctuation (MSDF). The MSDF characterizes the relaxation mechanism due to ultra-slow dipolar fluctuations in liquids subject to local anisotropy of molecular motions. These fluctuations can be monitored on the time scale exceeding a few microseconds. In rubber materials, the MSDF is a function of the density of chemical cross-links strongly affecting (anisotropic) mesh chain fluctuations. Experimentally, the MSDF is determined from the attenuation curves of the quotient of the amplitudes of the stimulated and the primary echoes produced by the three 90 degrees radio-frequency pulse sequence. In order to evaluate the MSDF maps, the latter sequence was combined with the standard scheme of the magnetic field gradients providing a spatial resolution. The pixel values of the MSDF are "visualized" using grey shades related to the equidistant intervals covering the whole range of the measured values. The MSDF maps are demonstrated for the two composite samples. The first sample consists of a water filled tube in the middle part surrounded by high molecular mass polyisoprene (PI) in the outer part. The relaxation weighted spin density image of this sample is dominated by a water signal with PI producing a much weaker intensity. The MSDF map, on the contrary, enhances the relative intensity of the outer, PI, part while scaling the middle, water, part down to the level of noise. The second sample consists of the four rubber pieces with different cross-link density. This sample thus models an inhomogeneous rubber object. The MSDF map produces clear contrast for the relevant regions. The advantages of employing this kind of NMR mapping for a characterization of materials are discussed.     

Assessment of two fractal scattering models for the prediction of the optical characteristics of soot aggregates

The calculations of the optical characteristics of fractal aggregates find important applications in a wide spectrum of disciplines. Consequently, considerable research efforts have been invested to develop models to predict the scattering properties of aggregates. A comprehensive understanding of the accuracy of these models is highly desirable for the users. Therefore, this study assessed two commonly-used fractal scattering models, in terms of their accuracy for predicting both the integrative scattering properties (e.g., the scattering cross section) and the angular scattering properties (e.g., the elements of the Mueller scattering matrix). The results were organized as contour plots with respect to scattering angle and aggregate size to facilitate the estimation of error introduced by these models in practical applications. Meanwhile, a direct comparison and evaluation of these models was also performed, which can potentially enable a hybrid model for better accuracy. This study was conducted under the context of scattering by soot aggregates; hence, the results are expected to be directly applicable for soot characterization by laser scattering.