铝合金弹丸超高速撞击玄武岩纤维布剩余速度分析

 采用高强纤维作为防护材料,是航天器空间碎片超高速撞击防护结构发展的趋势之一。超高速撞击损伤分析是空间碎片防护结构研究开发设计的重要环节,也是高压极端加载条件下材料动态响应分析的重要内容。玄武岩纤维是近年来受到人们关注的一种高强度、高模量陶瓷纤维。利用二级轻气炮进行了铝合金弹丸超高速撞击玄武岩纤维编织布时的超高速撞击实验,根据弹丸碎片的闪光X射线阴影照片,分析了铝合金弹丸超高速撞击玄武岩纤维编织布的撞击速度损失规律,根据实验结果拟合得到了铝合金弹丸的剩余速度方程,为分析玄武岩纤维材料对弹丸的撞击能量消耗提供了参考依据。     

超高速撞击Kevlar纤维布填充防护结构研究

 利用二级轻气炮,对Kevlar纤维布填充Whipple防护结构进行了超高速撞击实验研究。基于Nextel/Kevlar撞击极限曲线,分析了单层及双层Kevlar纤维布填充防护结构的防护性能以及填充材料、舱壁的损伤情况。实验表明,Kevlar纤维布填充Whipple防护结构在低速区具有优良的防护性能。分层布局可改善Kevlar纤维布填充Whipple防护结构在低速区的防护性能。在低速区,Kevlar纤维丝主要依靠大量的塑性变形及断裂吸收弹丸的动能;在高速区,Kevlar纤维丝存在高温熔化及碳化现象,使弹丸破碎或熔化为更小的碎片或熔球,从而减轻对舱壁的损伤。     

纤维编织材料超高速撞击特性实验研究

与铝合金等材料相比,纤维编织材料具有质量轻、可柔性折叠等优点,可应用于柔性充气展开防护结构,进而构建多屏、大间距防护结构,提升防护效率。考虑不同性能纤维编织材料对多屏防护结构防护性能的影响,通过实验研究了不同材料制成的多屏防护结构对空间碎片的防护性能,防护屏材料包括玄武岩纤维编织材料、芳纶纤维编织材料及铝板。在超高速弹丸撞击载荷作用下,与多屏铝板防护结构相比,多屏纤维编织材料防护结构具有更高的防碎片撞击效果;对多屏纤维编织材料防护结构来说,前两屏采用玄武岩纤维编织材料,后两屏采用芳纶纤维编织材料时,防护效果更好,说明多屏防护结构的前置防护屏采用软化温度较高的无机纤维编织材料时,可能会更好地破碎弹丸,从而提高防护结构的碎片撞击防护性能。     

锥形弹丸超高速撞击防护屏的碎片云特性参数研究

空间碎片在撞击航天器防护结构时会产生碎片云,而碎片云又将对航天器造成二次损伤,因此很有必要针对不同形状的空间碎片超高速撞击产生的二次碎片云特性进行研究。选取航空材料Al 2017-T4、Al 2A12作为弹丸和防护屏材料,采用非线性动力学分析软件AUTODYN-2D结合光滑质点流体动力学方法,对不同长径比的锥形弹丸分别以锥底和锥尖超高速正撞击单层防护屏薄板所产生的碎片云特性进行数值模拟,得到了碎片云的前端轴向速度、径向直径、轴向长度及穿孔直径等特性参数随弹丸撞击部位及长径比变化的规律。     

含泡沫铝防护结构的超高速撞击数值模拟研究

 泡沫铝是一种新型航天器防护材料,拥有良好的抵御空间碎片超高速撞击的特性。模仿泡沫金属的生产原理,建立了泡沫金属微结构几何模型,结合自编的光滑质点流体动力学程序进行了超高速撞击数值仿真,通过与实验结果的对比,验证了模型的有效性。提出了两种含泡沫铝的空间碎片防护结构,即填充泡沫铝结构和夹层泡沫铝结构。对这两种结构分别进行了仿真计算,获得了其撞击极限曲线。分析结果表明,在空间碎片防护领域涉及的大部分撞击速度区间内,填充泡沫铝结构的防护性能优于夹层泡沫铝结构。     

弹丸超高速撞击防护屏碎片云数值模拟

 低地球轨道的各类航天器易受到微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击。这些撞击损伤航天器飞行的关键系统,进而导致航天器发生灾难性失效。为了保证航天员的安全及航天器的正常运行,微流星体及空间碎片防护结构设计是航天器设计的一个重要问题。采用AUTODYN软件进行了弹丸超高速正撞击及斜撞击防护屏所产生碎片云的SPH法数值模拟,给出了二维及三维模拟结果;研究了防护屏厚度、弹丸形状、撞击速度以及材料模型等对碎片云的影响。模拟结果同高质量实验研究的结果进行了比较,模拟的碎片云形状和碎片云特征点的速度同实验相吻合。验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。     

铝球弹丸高速正撞击薄铝板穿孔研究

 低地球轨道上的航天器易受到微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击，导致其严重的损伤甚至灾难性的失效。撞击损伤特性研究是航天器防护设计的一个重要问题。通过铝球弹丸超高速正撞击薄铝板的实验研究和数值模拟，证明了AUTODYN-2D软件数值模拟预测薄铝板超高速撞击穿孔直径的有效性。通过对弹丸直径、弹丸撞击速度和薄铝板厚度影响薄铝板超高速撞击穿孔直径的数值模拟，以及利用实验结果和数值模拟结果拟合的曲线，得到了铝球弹丸超高速撞击薄铝板的穿孔规律以及影响薄铝板超高速撞击穿孔直径的主要因素。     

空间微小碎片对低轨道航天器太阳电池表面撞击损伤研究

低轨道空间微小碎片密度相对较高,对太阳电池等大面积暴露材料的累积撞击损伤效应是航天器设计中应考虑的主要问题之一.以典型的太阳同步轨道为例分析和计算了太阳电池表面所遭遇的微小碎片通量,进行了微小碎片的撞击损伤模拟实验,并建立了撞击损伤方程.根据碎片通量分布及撞击损伤方程计算了微小碎片的超高速撞击所产生的太阳电池表面的面积损伤率,通过光学透射率的实验测试并结合理论模型,对碎片导致的太阳电池光学透射率衰减进行了计算和分析.结果表明,10a累积撞击导致的太阳电池表面的面积损伤率平均约为0.61%,严重时达到2.3 关键词： 微小碎片 超高速撞击 太阳电池 玻璃盖片     

玄武岩纤维布/铝板组合防护结构的高速撞击防护性能

在弹道段撞击速度范围内,针对玄武岩纤维布/铝板组合防护结构开展了高速撞击实验(实验使用的2017铝球弹丸的直径为3.97 mm,撞击速度为1.49~3.65 km/s),获得了防护结构的弹道极限速度,分析了铝球弹丸高速击穿玄武岩纤维布和铝板后的剩余速度。基于单层铝板发生穿孔失效时的临界撞击动能,研究了玄武岩纤维布/铝板组合防护结构的高速撞击防护性能。结果表明:当弹丸未破碎时,相同直径的铝球弹丸以不同速度击穿相同面密度的玄武岩纤维布后的速度减小量近似为常数;铝球弹丸直径越大,弹丸击穿相同面密度的玄武岩纤维布后的速度减小量越小;在防护结构面密度相同的情况下,铝板前置的玄武岩纤维布/铝板组合防护结构比玄武岩纤维布前置的组合防护结构具有更好的高速撞击防护性能。     

弹丸超高速撞击铝靶成坑数值模拟

 低地球轨道的各类航天器易受到微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击,损伤航天器飞行关键系统,进而导致航天器发生灾难性的失效。微流星体及空间碎片防护结构设计,是航天器设计的一个重要问题。采用AUTODYN软件进行了弹丸超高速正撞击及斜撞击铝靶成坑的数值模拟,给出了二维及三维模拟结果。研究了弹丸密度、弹丸形状、板厚度、弹丸速度、弹丸直径和弹丸撞击入射角等对靶成坑的影响。模拟结果同实验结果进行了比较,模拟的成坑形状和特征尺寸同实验相吻合。验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。     

Effect of silane/nano-silica on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composites

The present study explains the role of surface modification of constituent materials on composite material performance. The influence of silane and nano-hybrid coatings on mechanical properties of basalt fibers and composite materials on their base was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that modification of basalt fiber surface and nano-SiO₂ was successfully applied. The surface modification leads to the significant increase in the tensile strength of basalt fibers compared to the non-coated fibers. The tensile strength of silane-treated fibers was established 23% higher than the non-coated fibers, indicating that silane plays a critical role in the strength retention of basalt fibers. Also it was pointed out that silane coupling agents can be used for the preparation of the nano-hybrid coating. Addition of SiO₂ nanoparticles into the fiber surface was incorporated to enhance the interfacial bonding of basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composite.     

Mechanical and tribological enhancement of polyoxymethylene-based composites with long basalt fiber through melt pultrusion

Abstract

The polyoxymethylene (POM)/basalt fiber composites were prepared by use of long fiber-reinforced thermoplastic technology through melt pultrusion. The mechanical and tribological properties, morphology, and thermal stability of the resulting composites were investigated. The composites exhibit significant improvements in tensile, flexural, and notched impact strength. These mechanical strength and toughness are dependent on the fiber content over the full range of the study. The residual fiber length and distribution in the injection-molded specimens were characterized. The prominent reinforcement effect of basalt fiber on POM is derived from the supercritical fiber length, which is much longer than that of the short fiber-reinforced ones and thus makes the composites take full advantage of the strength of the reinforcing fibers. The Kelly–Tyson model was used to predict the ultimate tensile strength of POM composites using the measured values of residual fiber length in the matrix, but the deviations were observed at the high contents of basalt fiber. The morphologic investigation indicates that the fiber pullout and fiber breakage both contribute energy dissipation to the tensile fracture of the composites. The tribological characterization indicates that the friction coefficients and specific wear rates of POM composites also decrease remarkably. Such an improvement of tribological performance is due to the presence of the high wear-resistant basalt fibers on the top of the worn surface bearing the dynamic loadings under sliding. Moreover, the dynamic mechanical analysis reveals that the storage moduli of the composites increase with increasing the fiber content, whereas the loss factors present an opposite trend.     

Study of dielectric behaviour of woven fabric based on two phase models

Dielectric constant of textile fibres plays very important role in electrostatic behavior of textile materials during its processing and use. The effective dielectric constant of textile materials is defined as the ratio of capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with the textile material to that of the capacitor without the textile material. This paper presents three models considering textile woven fabric as a mixture of air and fibre to relate dielectric constant of fibre material and the effective dielectric constant of fabric. The mathematical models have taken into account measured fabric parameters. Plain woven fabrics of high density polyethylene monofilament yarns were used to do the actual measurement and results of three models based on these fabrics are compared.     

Evaluation of thermomechanical properties of epoxy–basalt fibre composites modified with zeolite and silsesquioxane

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of zeolite and silsesquioxane (POSS) addition on thermo-mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composites. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was conducted with different frequencies at bending mode. The mechanical properties were determined at static tensile test and Charpy impact strength method. The structure of composites was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The thermal stability was characterized by thermogravimetric analyses in inert and oxidizing atmospheres. The impact strength and thermal stability of the composites with zeolite and silseqioxane were higher than the reference sample. Thus, these composites can be used as thermally stable materials with high stiffness.     

The effect of interface on fracture mechanism of GF/PP composites using O2 plasma treatment

Polypropylene sheets are treated with oxygen plasma for the interfacial control of GF/PP composites. The interfacial strength between glass fabric and PP resin is estimated by the T-peel test method. The evaluation of T-peel test data is done by both the T-peel strength method and the T-peel amplitude method. The T-peel strength value and T-peel amplitude value were respectively increased to about 50% and 120% compared with each value of non-treated specimens. The T-peel strength relates to the surface energy on the PP-sheet and the T-peel amplitude relates to the fracture pattern of the delamination surface. From SEM observations on the delamination surface, many voids in the space enclosed with fiber bundles are observed in the case of non-treated specimen and no void and fiber bridging are observed on the plasma treated specimens. It is found that interfacial properties between fiber and resin are improved by this plasma process.     

Fabrication of flexible photonic crystal using alumina ball inserted Teflon tube

In our previous paper, it was found that cotton yarn/TiO₂-dispersed resin photonic crystals were fabricated successfully by applying textile technology. However, it is difficult to apply for practical use because these photonic crystals cannot change their shape flexibly. In this study, we fabricate the flexible photonic crystals using high-dielectric constant fibers. The high-dielectric constant fibers were made by inserting alumina balls into Teflon tubes. The crossed linear-fiber laminated fabric and multilayered woven fabric with an fcc lattice structure were structured by aligning high-dielectric constant fibers periodically. These photonic crystals consist of air and high-dielectric constant fibers. The attenuation of transmission amplitude through the photonic crystals was measured. The photonic crystal of crossed linear-fiber laminated fabric exhibits a forbidden gap in the range from 16 to 18 GHz range. On the other hand, the photonic crystal of multilayered woven fabric, which was fabricated by the same parameter with crossed linear-fiber laminated fabric, also exhibits a forbidden gap in the range from 13 to 16 GHz range. Thus, we can successfully fabricate flexible photonic crystals of woven fabric using high-dielectric constant fibers.     

Fluorocarbon nano-coating of polyester fabrics by atmospheric air plasma with aerosol

A fluorocarbon coating was deposited on polyester (PET) woven fabric using pulse discharge plasma treatment by injecting a fluoropolymer directly into the plasma dielectric barrier discharge. The objective of the treatment was to improve the hydrophobic properties as well as the repellent behaviour of the polyester fabric. Plasma treatment conditions were optimised to obtain optimal hydrophobic properties which were evaluated using water contact angle measurement as well as spray-test method at the polyester fabric surface. The study showed that adhesion of the fluoropolymer to the woven PET was greatly enhanced by the air plasma treatment. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed chemical surface modifications occurring after the plasma treatments.     

Atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment of ultra-high-molecular-weight polypropylene fabric

Effects of an atmospheric pressure surface discharge on a woven ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fabric were studied. Our results show that the surface discharge can be used to achieve a higher long-term wettability and improved adhesion properties of textile materials.     

Amino Functionalization of MWNTs and Their Effect on ILSS of Hybrid Nanocomposites

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were oxidized by treatment with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids to introduce carboxyl groups on their surfaces. Triethylene tetraamine (TETA) was then grafted onto the oxidized MWNTs via a thionyl chloride route to obtain the amino-functionalized MWNTs (f-MWNT). The presence of amino functional groups on the MWNTs was confirmed using FT-IR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to compare the morphology of pristine MWNT (p-MWNT) and f-MWNT. Both the p-MWNT and f-MWNT were dispersed in epoxy resin using ultrasonic agitation and the suspensions were injected into E-glass fiber woven fabric using a specialized vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process in which a flow flooding chamber (FFC) was used to re-direct the suspension flow. Control samples were fabricated using the same E-glass fiber mat and unmodified epoxy resin following the same procedure. Compression shear testing (CST) was performed on all the manufactured samples to determine their Inter laminar shear strength (ILSS). Results show 41% increase in ILSS for hybrid composites containing p-MWNTs and a 61% increase for samples containing f-MWNTs relative to the control samples without MWCNT.