聚能射流对氧化铝陶瓷靶的侵彻特性研究

 建立了考虑损伤的求解靶板阻力的理论模型,以此来评估陶瓷靶板的抗侵彻能力;数值模拟了长杆弹侵彻氧化铝陶瓷靶的破坏特性,结合实验结果确定了氧化铝陶瓷本构模型中的材料参数。建立了聚能射流侵彻氧化铝陶瓷靶的计算模型,对射流的形成机理及氧化铝陶瓷靶的抗侵彻性能进行研究,讨论了药型罩的几何尺寸对所形成的射流速度及侵彻深度的影响。结果表明：药型罩的锥角和壁厚增大,射流速度减小,壁厚对射流速度梯度的影响较大;同样,药型罩的锥角对侵彻深度也有较大的影响。     

钢筋混凝土靶板在弹丸冲击及爆炸载荷下响应的数值模拟

 采用HJC混凝土损伤本构模型及LS-DYNA的流固耦合算法,分别对钢筋混凝土靶板在弹丸冲击和爆炸载荷作用下的响应进行了有限元数值模拟,其中模拟参数由实验数据拟合重新获取。将模拟结果与实验结果和经验公式进行对比分析,结果表明：数值模拟再现了弹体贯穿靶板过程中的开坑、隧道及漏斗碎裂区,计算得到的弹体弹道极限及残余速度与实验数据吻合较好;此外,数值模拟也很好地再现了炸药爆炸后冲击波的传播过程以及爆炸载荷作用下混凝土的破坏情况,模拟结果与实验现象具有良好的一致性。     

冲击载荷下Al2O3陶瓷的失效与破碎特性

作为典型的脆性材料,陶瓷对变形具有高度敏感性,在强动载荷下具有完全不同于延性金属材料的损伤、破坏行为等力学响应特性。采用分离式霍普金森杆测试系统对Al_2O_3陶瓷进行了冲击加载试验,获得了陶瓷的动态抗拉/压力学性能,以及材料破碎特性随应变率的变化关系。利用能量守恒和动力学的理论方法,对脆性陶瓷材料在不同应变率下的力学特性和碎片尺度进行了深入研究。结果表明:在冲击载荷作用下,Al_2O_3陶瓷的抗拉和抗压强度均与应变率呈正相关。Al_2O_3陶瓷试样在一维应力波作用下的破碎颗粒尺寸差异较大,随着加载应变率的增加,破碎的陶瓷颗粒总数增大,颗粒平均粒径减小,应力集中的影响逐渐减弱。采用DID模型模拟的脆性材料碎片尺度与实验结果比较吻合,Grady模型源于韧性材料的推广,与实验结果的偏差较大。     

平面爆轰波驱动金属飞片运动的数值模拟研究

 在材料动力学特性的实验研究中,采用平面爆轰波驱动金属飞片对靶体实施加载是一种重要的实验手段。飞片在爆轰载荷作用下的平整度以及最终的宏观极限速度决定对靶体的加载效果,前者决定靶体尺寸,而后者决定对靶体的压力。采用ALE与Lagrange耦合方法,模拟了爆轰载荷驱动飞片的动力过程,给出了飞片达到极限速度时刻的平整度,并将数值模拟得到的极限速度与基于解析法计算的极限速度进行了对比分析。结果表明,采用流固耦合方法分析爆轰载荷作用下飞片的运动过程是有效并实用的。     

Soda lime玻璃材料中失效波形成和传播研究

 为了研究冲击载荷作用下Soda lime玻璃材料中失效波的形成和传播,通过轻气炮加载平板撞击实验,采用双螺旋锰铜压阻传感器,在一发实验中同时测量4种不同厚度试件背面与有机玻璃背板间界面处的纵向应力时程曲线,根据测量结果得到试件中失效波的传播轨迹。通过改变碰撞速度,对不同加载条件下的失效波形成和传播规律进行了研究,结果表明,Soda lime玻璃材料在冲击作用下产生失效波所需的延迟时间随冲击载荷的增加而减小,失效波传播速度随冲击载荷的增加而增加。最后采用弹性微裂纹统计模型描述冲击载荷作用下Soda lime玻璃的破坏机制,并将模型嵌入LS-DYNA有限元程序中,模拟试件在不同加载条件下的平板碰撞,所得横向应力和自由面粒子速度曲线均可用于表征失效波破坏现象。根据数值模拟结果分析失效波的传播轨迹,与实验测量结果符合较好。     

超高应变率载荷下铜材料层裂特性研究

超高应变率载荷下材料层裂特性研究对理解极端条件下材料动态破坏特性具有重要意义.利用双温模型结合分子动力学模拟研究分析了超高应变率载荷下铜材料的层裂特性,发现当应变率在10~9s~(-1)—10~(10)s~(-1)内时,铜材料层裂强度在19 GPa附近波动.而当材料发生冲击熔化时,铜的层裂强度下降到14.89 GPa.利用飞秒激光对铜样品靶进行冲击加载,并利用啁啾脉冲频谱干涉技术开展超快诊断,通过单发次实验测量获得了样品靶的自由面粒子速度演化历史,结果未见表征样品层裂的速度回跳和速度周期性振荡信号.结合冲击动力学理论得到样品自由面附近最大加载压强为8.18 GPa,小于超高应变率载荷下铜材料的层裂强度.此外,对回收样品扫描分析发现,铜样品未发生层裂且飞秒激光引起的冲击波对样品表面结构产生了很大影响.     

平板冲击下氧化铝陶瓷弹性前驱波衰减的细观机理

利用一级轻气炮开展了不同厚度氧化铝陶瓷样品的平板冲击压缩实验,并借助激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)测试了样品的自由面速度历程.根据自由面速度历程确定了不同厚度氧化铝陶瓷样品的Hugoniot弹性极限值,结果显示,冲击压缩下氧化铝陶瓷中存在弹性前驱波衰减现象.进一步基于氧化铝陶瓷的细观结构扫描电镜(HEL)图像,分析了氧化铝陶瓷的细观结构特征,构建了含晶相、玻璃相等细观特征的力学模型.数值模拟冲击压缩加载下氧化铝陶瓷细观结构的力学响应过程,从细观层次上分析了弹性前驱波衰减现象的产生机理,指出冲击压力低于HEL时材料的细观损伤引起的能量耗散以及前驱波在细观结构晶界处反射和透射引起的能量分散过程是其产生的主要原因.     

双硬度靶对球形弹丸的防护性能

以钢/铝双硬度爆炸焊接复合靶为研究对象,采用系列弹道实验和数值模拟方法,研究了其在球形弹丸垂直侵彻作用下的抗侵彻性能。侵彻实验利用直径为14.5mm的滑膛枪发射直径为6mm的钢质球形弹丸;采用LS-DYNA3D非线性有限元程序和有限元-光滑粒子流体动力学(FE-SPH)耦合法,进行数值模拟。基于实验和数值模拟结果,分析了不同靶板的毁伤机理和破坏模式,以及靶板厚度、强度等因素对复合靶抗侵彻性能的影响。结果表明:在球形弹丸的垂直侵彻作用下,钢面板发生剪切冲塞破坏,铝背板发生延性扩孔破坏;对于双层靶而言,钢面板与铝背板的厚度比约为2/3时,复合靶的抗侵彻性能最差;数值计算结果与实验结果吻合良好,表明FE-SPH耦合算法可较好地预测双层复合靶板的抗侵彻性能。     

冲击载荷作用下PZT-5压电陶瓷的力电特性

压电陶瓷是压电冲击传感器的核心元件。采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验技术研究PZT-5压电陶瓷在冲击载荷作用下的力电特性,进行了4～14 m/s不同速度的实验。实验中为保证试件与压杆绝缘,采用了对试件影响较小的表面溅射Al2N3的工艺,溅射厚度为1～3μm。实验结果表明:在冲击加载过程中,PZT-5压电陶瓷的应变变化表现出黏性性质,其产生的电荷与加载过程中试件的应力、应变均相关;当加载速度超过一定值时,加载过程中压电陶瓷可能产生损伤,不同的损伤程度也影响电荷的产生;PZT-5压电陶瓷的力学和电学性能具有明显的率相关性。     

AD95陶瓷破坏波问题的实验研究

采用激光速度干涉技术,连续测量了AD95氧化铝陶瓷在一维应变冲击压缩下的自由面速度剖面,通过对速度剖面特征的分析,讨论了AD95陶瓷等脆性材料在冲击压缩下是否存在破坏波现象及其与材料特性的关系。研究结果表明:冲击加载应力在4.4~7.3GPa范围,即从小于到略大于雨贡纽弹性极限(约5.5GPa),在AD95陶瓷的自由面速度剖面中都未出现表征破坏波现象的二次加载信号,表明未发生破坏波形式的严重压缩损伤;但是,自由面速度剖面中特征点的规律性时序关系和前沿弥散特征都表明,在所讨论的加载应力范围内,AD95陶瓷材料发生了一定程度的压缩损伤;断裂韧性是影响材料在冲击压缩下是否发生破坏波现象的重要因素,断裂韧性较低,冲击波加载下易于形成大量微裂纹扩展和贯通,使材料发生"粉碎性"的严重破坏,是产生破坏波现象的重要条件之一。     

Plasma sprayed alumina coatings for radiation detector development

Conventional design of radiation detectors uses sintered ceramic insulating modules. The major drawback of these ceramic components is their inherent brittleness. Ion chambers, in which these ceramic spacers are replaced by metallic components with plasma spray coated alumina, have been developed in our Research Centre. These components act as thin spacers that have good mechanical strength as well as high electrical insulation and replace alumina insulators with the same dimensions. As a result, the design of the beam loss monitor ion chamber for CAT could be simplified by coating the outer surface of the HT electrode with alumina. One of the chambers developed for isotope calibrator for brachytherapy gamma sources has its outer aluminium electrode (60 mm dia × 220 mm long) coated with 250 μ thick alumina (97%) + titania (3%). In view of potential applications in neutron-sensitive ion chambers used in reactor control instrumentation, studies were carried out on alumina 100 μ to 500 μ thick coatings on copper, aluminium and SS components. The electrical insulation varied from 10⁸ ohms to 10¹² ohms for coating thicknesses above 200 μ. The porosity in the coating resulted in some fall in electrical insulation due to moisture absorption. An improvement could be achieved by providing the ceramic surface with moisture-repellent silicone oil coating. Irradiation at Apsara reactor core location showed that the coating on aluminium was found to be unaffected after exposure to 10¹⁷ nvt fluence.     

平面冲击波压缩下氧化铝陶瓷的动态强度

 简述了一维应变压缩条件下的材料动态强度表征,指出了静水压力和高应变率效应的强度影响。基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则,提出了Hugoniot弹性极限表征的修正形式。进行了氧化铝陶瓷平板撞击实验,采用VISAR测试了氧化铝陶瓷样品的自由面质点速度历程,讨论了氧化铝陶瓷动态压缩强度的测定和存在的问题,对实验现象进行了一定的探讨。结果表明,材料动态强度的表征与实验测定之间存在相当大的差距。     

Femtosecond laser drilling of alumina ceramic substrates

In the paper, the result on femtosecond laser drilling of alumina ceramic substrate was reported. The effects of various laser parameters such as different focus position, traverse speed, drilling pattern, pausing time, etc. on the drilled hole quality in terms of surface finish, heat affected zone (HAZ), hole circularity, debris, microcracks were studied. The quality of laser-drilled holes on alumina ceramic substrates was evaluated with optical microscope, SEM/EDX, and X-ray μ-CT analysis. The optimum drilling conditions were identified. High-quality laser-drilled holes on alumina ceramic substrates were demonstrated. The developed process has potential application in manufacturing of alumina substrate based electronic devices.     

Vacuum vapour deposition of phenylphosphonic acid on amorphous alumina

A study of the growth of phenylphosphonic acid (PPOA) on amorphous alumina thin films on top of polycrystalline aluminium foil is presented. The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of the acid was grown in ultra high vacuum via vapour phase deposition, which allows us to investigate the molecular growth process in situ by photoelectron spectroscopy. The acid adlayer was deposited on the alumina surface at 300 K from an evaporator consisting of a ceramic tube heated by a tungsten wire. On adsorption of the PPOA acid on the alumina surface the anchoring properties of the phosphonic group lead to the formation of an ordered layer with an outward phenyl ring group and a phosphonate interface. The C 1s, P 2s, P 2p, Al 2p and O 1s core level spectra were analysed as a function of the deposition time. The acid adsorption occurs in two ranges: formation of an initial monolayer phase, followed by saturation coverage where the P 2s peak intensity is constant with deposition time. It was confirmed that the phenylphosphonic acid molecules react with the alumina surface forming P-O-Al bonds. It was shown that the SAM formation is driven by the evolution of acid molecular coverage on the alumina surface. The results on the vapour deposited PPOA SAM monolayer on the amorphous alumina surface are consistent with previous findings for a number of phosphonic acids SAMs prepared through immersion of the alumina surfaces in an acid solution.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the drilling of alumina ceramic using Nd:YAG pulsed laser

Alumina ceramics have found wide range of applications from semiconductors, communication technologies, medical devices, automotive to aerospace industries. Processing of alumina ceramics is rather difficult due to its high degree of brittleness, hardness, low thermal diffusivity and conductivity. Rapid improvements in laser technologies in recent years make the laser among the most convenient processing tools for difficult-to-machine materials such as hardened metals, ceramics and composites. This is particularly evident as lasers have become an inexpensive and controllable alternative to conventional hole drilling methods. This paper reports theoretical and experimental results of drilling the alumina ceramic with thicknesses of 5 mm and 10.5 mm using milisecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Effects of the laser peak power, pulse duration, repetition rate and focal plane position have been determined using optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images taken from cross-sections of the drilled alumina ceramic samples. In addition to dimensional analysis of the samples, microstructural investigations have also been examined. It has been observed that, the depth of the crater can be controlled as a function of the peak power and the pulse duration for a single laser pulse application without any defect. Crater depth can be increased by increasing the number of laser pulses with some defects. In addition to experimental work, conditions have been simulated using ANYS FLUENT package providing results, which are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

射流侵彻陶瓷力学特性实验研究

 利用闪光X射线摄影技术观察了射流在氧化铝陶瓷靶中的侵彻过程。结果表明，射流在侵彻氧化铝陶瓷过程中，侵彻通道发生了一定程度的倒塌现象，致使后续射流断裂，部分断裂粒子扭曲、偏离侵彻方向，降低了射流侵彻能力。     

低温燃烧合成法制备的氧化铝陶瓷粉体的发光特性

α-Al₂O₃∶C单晶具有优良的热释光特性,被用做热释光剂量计,但α-Al₂O₃∶C晶体剂量计的形状不易加工,生产成本高且碳在晶体中难以掺杂均匀。采用低温燃烧合成法以无水乙醇为溶剂,尿素为染料,硝酸铝为反应物制备少团簇、分散均匀的片状α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体。探讨不同点火温度和不同退火温度对其光致发光特性的影响,不同退火温度对热释光特性的影响以及热释光与辐射剂量(90Sr β)的关系。通过分析α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的光致发光光谱得出：α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的发射波长在395 nm附近,点火温度T≤800℃时,点火温度为500 ℃制备的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的光致发光强度最强;在相同点火温度T=500 ℃下,经不同温度退火制备α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体,点火温度为500 ℃制备的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体经1 000 ℃退火后光致发光强度最强。通过分析α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的热释光曲线得出：退火后的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体在200 ℃左右的热释光峰值占主导,900 ℃退火的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体在200 ℃附近的热释光峰值最强;通过峰高法对900 ℃高温退火处理后的α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体位于200 ℃左右的热释光峰做剂量响应曲线,可以看出,在1～50 Gy剂量范围内具有良好的热释光剂量线性响应关系,在50～200 Gy剂量范围内出现超线性响应关系。与α-Al₂O₃∶C晶体(1～10 Gy)和多孔Al₂O₃∶C薄膜(1～10 Gy)相比,α-Al₂O₃∶C陶瓷粉体的线性剂量响应范围明显扩大。此研究可为提高氧化铝陶瓷粉体的热释光性能提供思路。     

Investigations on composition and morphology of electrochemical alumina and alumina–yttria stabilised zirconia deposits

Conversion coatings modified by deposits of electrolytic alumina added or not with yttria and/or zirconia, have been studied which are well known for their resistance to chemical attack and high temperature. Conversion coating, characterised by a particular morphology and strong interfacial adhesion with the substrate, facilitate the electrochemical deposition of ceramic layers and enhance their adhesion to the substrate. Zirconia–alumina coating behaviour at 1000°C is similar to that of alumina coating; from 800°C, the chromium diffuses from the stainless steel through the electrolytic refractory coating up to the external interface, provokes discontinuities and can modify its protective character. Yttrium stabilises the cubic and the tetragonal form of the zirconia; so, during cooling, the phase transformation near 1000°C of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic form cannot take place.     

Growth process and wear resistance for ceramic coatings formed on Al-Cu-Mg alloy by micro-arc oxidation

The growth process, distribution of chemical elements, phase constitutions and relative wear resistance of the ceramic coatings formed on Al-Cu-Mg alloy by ac micro-arc oxidation are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reciprocating friction and wear tests. The results indicate that there are three stages with the formation of the ceramic coatings: (1) the formation of ceramic particles, (2) sintering growth in sawtooth structure, (3) the increase of thickness by remolting and sintering. The ceramic coatings are made up of a mixture of α-alumina, γ-alumina and amorphous alumina, whose relative contents varied with the position in the ceramic coatings, respectively. The chemical elements altered in ceramic coatings produced in different electrolytes and varied along the depth in ceramic coatings obtained in phosphate electrolyte. Meanwhile, the results of friction and wear tests against Gr15 after 16 h indicate that the weight loss of ceramic coatings became almost unchanged.