港池环境近水面水下爆炸特性及其毁伤效应

为研究港池环境近水面水下爆炸载荷及其对码头结构的损伤特性,设计了一种典型码头结构,并构建港池环境,运用LS-DYNA程序开展水下爆炸数值模拟研究,对爆炸现象、荷载特性、结构动态响应和能量吸收特性4个方面进行了详细研究,分析了边界、比例爆距等参数的影响规律。结果表明:爆炸气泡脉动主要受到码头结构边界和水面的影响,水底和有限港池内的流体运动对其亦有一定影响;冲击波荷载以比例爆深为中心呈垂向对称分布,气泡脉动荷载主要分布于比例爆深以下位置;结构变形和毁伤主要在冲击波传播阶段形成,气泡脉动和射流的二次毁伤效果较弱;混凝土和沉箱内填土是主要能量吸收部分。     

基于有效冲量的水下爆炸冲击波对平板结构的毁伤准则

为了准确评估水下爆炸冲击波对平板结构造成的毁伤效果,提出以有效冲量作为毁伤准则的威力参量类别,并给出了考虑球面波斜入射效应的平板结构有效冲量计算方法。新准则通过动量守恒方程计算得到的平板结构实际获得冲量对比毁伤效果,表现为冲击波峰压、时间常数以及板结构特征参数的联合形式。借助数值模拟与文献数据,对比分析了准则的准确度和适用性。结果表明：相对于冲击波峰压、比冲量、能流密度等单一威力参量,新毁伤准则在评估平板结构的毁伤程度时误差更小;在对比不同炸药毁伤威力以及预估未知工况毁伤效果两种应用场景中,新准则的相对误差均在10%以内。新提出的毁伤准则用于对比和评估水下爆炸冲击波对板结构的毁伤效果时具有良好的通用性。     

时频分布重排方法在水下目标回声识别中的应用

特征提取是目标识别的关键技术,本文提出了一种基于时频分布重排的Wigner-Ville分布(WD)特征提取方法。选择WD作为研究问题的切入点,使用核函数方法,通过平滑伪Wigner-Ville分布(SPWD)抑制交叉项;为解决引入核函数导致信号时频聚集性下降问题,我们采用时频重排方法来增强目标的时频聚集性,最后用海上实验数据对本文方法进行了有效性检验。实验结果表明,本文提出的SPWD时频重排特征提取方法具有:(1)可有效抑制WD固有的交叉项;(2)增强目标回声信号时频聚集性;(3)可明显地提高水下目标识别率。该方法具有一定的应用推广价值,为解决水下目标识别问题提供了很好的思路。     

多次水下爆炸中船体梁的累积毁伤效应

针对在多次水下爆炸中船体梁的累积毁伤问题,采用AUTODYN软件与试验相结合的方法,分析了炸药当量、爆距、爆炸次数等因素对船体梁累积毁伤效应的影响。结果表明:在水下爆炸加载作用下,船体梁会发生中部凹陷局部塑性变形和整体中拱塑性弯曲变形。在一定冲击因子作用下,其挠度与水下爆炸加载次数呈线性关系,且药量越大,挠度越大。爆距相同时,同等当量炸药对船体梁进行单次和均分连续3次水下爆炸加载,其最终塑性变形挠度不同,均分连续3次爆炸作用下船体梁的塑性变形挠度更小。     

基于数值仿真船体结构毁伤测点布设方法研究

为有效测量水下爆炸作用下船体结构的毁伤程度,优化测点布设,建立了典型舰船有限元模型,运用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS提供的声固耦合方法,对船体结构在爆炸载荷作用下的冲击响应进行仿真。依据数值仿真结果,分析船体结构薄弱环节,并将这些薄弱环节作为重点测量部位,结合工程实践和海上试验经验,在准确测量结构毁伤的基础上,合理布设传感器测点,研究设计了水下爆炸作用下船体结构毁伤测点布设方法。经海上爆炸试验验证,数值仿真结果与试验测试结果吻合良好,该毁伤测点布设方法设计合理。     

基于激光水下爆炸声源的声探测技术

基于激光水下爆炸的声探测技术,设计了激光声水下目标探测器。对激光水下爆炸声源的产生机理进行研究,并开展水下探测器发射声信号检测的实验。实验结果表明：强脉冲激光聚焦于水介质产生爆炸性球面声源,探测器内部的声反射面将球面声信号转变为高指向性的平面波信号。通过对探测器的发射信号和接收的目标回波信号进行数值计算,得到探测器发射信号具有波束指向性窄、距离分辨力高和探测距离远等特点,满足水下目标探测的应用需求。     

水下运动声源的方位方差检测方法

为了提高对水下运动目标的检测能力,利用水下目标辐射信号与海洋环境噪声在空间分布特性上的差异,提出了一种方位方差检测方法。该方法采用时延估计法估计目标方位,对方位求方差以获得检验统计量。采用奈曼-皮尔逊准则,推导了该方法的检测概率关系式,得出了检测性能与信噪比关系曲线,并与宽带能量检测方法进行了比较,表明该方法的性能远优于宽带能量检测方法。理论分析和海上试验结果都验证了该方法的有效性。     

圆柱形水下爆炸实验容器壁部强度设计研究

 基于薄壁壳理论和水下爆炸理论,对圆柱形水下爆炸实验容器在爆炸冲击波作用下弹性范围内的壁部应变进行了理论分析和实验研究。导出了圆柱形水下爆炸实验容器在爆炸冲击波作用下壁部弹性应变与容器直径、壁厚及内部爆炸药量之间的关系,并对计算结果进行了实验验证。实验表明公式求解结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。     

基于小波变换的激光水下测距

提出一种基于小波变换思想的水下测距方法.根据信号的能量一致性以及小波的带通滤波特性,并以二元样条插值为架构,实现信号的时频结合.该方法先将时域信号进行小波时域分解滤波,获得较为完整的时域有效信息,然后对初步处理的时域信号进行小波频域分解,通过找寻信号时频域对应的能量最值位置锁定目标,实现精确测距目的.进行不同衰减长度水体的连续光水下测距实验,分析该方法对连续光水下探测的影响.经实验验证,该测距方法在输出功率2.3 W内,成功实现对8个衰减长度内目标的准确测量,其测距精度小于1 cm.     

水下爆炸声源辅助声呐系统的目标定位和参数估计

系统阐述了利用水下爆炸声源作为发射声源,辅助声呐系统实现水下目标定位和目标方位、距离参数估计的方法。研究了目标散射信号的窄波束混响模型,以及混响背景下的目标方位参数的估计方法。对目标参数估计误差进行研究,证明方位参数、距离参数的估计误差近似满足高斯分布,并推导了距离参数估计误差方差的表达式。利用仿真实验对目标距离参数估计误差及其标准差进行研究,得出了一系列提高距离参数估计精度的措施。仿真和湖试数据处理结果显示,在存在一定爆炸声源距离误差的条件下,本文方法可实现对远距离水下目标的准确定位。     

基于Hilbert变换的水下多源声信号频率的相干探测

为实现水下中低频声信号的探测识别,通过研究水下多声源相干探测信号的特征,理论上给出了相干探测信号频谱混叠情况下的特征表达式,并提出了一种基于Hilbert变换的信号解调处理方法,实现了水下多声源相干探测信号频谱混叠情况下各声源发声频率的解调.该方法将探测信号经过滤波平滑处理之后进行Hilbert变换,得到信号的解析形式,然后对解析信号模值的平方进行二次滤波平滑等处理,分离混叠在一起的频带,将得到的信号进行频谱分析,根据频移值计算得到水下各个声源的发声频率.在光学暗室下搭建激光相干探测系统,对2~6kHz的水下声信号进行实验,实验结果表明,该方法可以有效分离探测信号中混叠在一起的信号频带,并准确提取各水下声信号的发声频率,频率提取重复性不大于2.5Hz.     

Experimental Study of the Impulse Response Function Variability of Underwater Sound Channel in the Sea of Japan Using Pseudorandom Sequences and Its Application to Long-Range Acoustic Navigation

The results of experimental and theoretical studies on the propagation and reception of broadband pulsed signals based on pseudorandom sequences are discussed. The features of impulse response functions for reception of signals with different frequency bands and durations of symbols are investigated. Separation of acoustic energy arrivals in the cross-correlation function of the received and emitted signals is investigated in the framework of the normal mode theory for a deep-sea waveguides. The study concluded that a combination of navigation signals with different symbols duration must be used for solving practical problems of autonomous underwater vehicles positioning.

     

Underwater acoustic localization by principal components analyses based probabilistic approach

In this paper, the underwater localization is given from wireless acoustic communication signals by probabilistic pattern recognition in eigenspace of PCA (principal components analyses). It should be emphasized that our underwater localization is from existing wireless acoustic communication signals, but not from additional localization systems. Our underwater localization scheme is based on fingerprinting and contains two stages, i.e., the off-line (i.e., training) and on-line (i.e., predicting) stages. In general, the received acoustic signals fluctuate seriously in underwater environments. To reduce the complexity and noise effects, all received signals are projected onto the eigenspace of PCA. Each projected feature is assumed to have Gaussian probabilistic distributions. Therefore, the location information can be easily obtained by probabilistic pattern recognition of projected features in PCA space. Note that our underwater localization scheme is not affected by reflected signals. To illustrate such a benefit, experiments were conducted in a bounded water pool where reflected signals exist near the walls. Experimental results show that the proposed underwater localization scheme is efficient and accurate. The proposed localization scheme is useful for underwater acoustic communication networks, and then in underwater technologies.     

虚拟时间反转水声信号检测

针对目标辐射声信号特性未知的情况,在不增加额外水声换能器的条件下,研究提高水听器阵列对水声信号检测性能的方法。首先,按照经典二元检测问题处理方法分析了常规能量检测方法的性能,在此基础上,根据虚拟时间反转处理原理,对处理后的信号构建检测统计量,推导得到了虚拟时间反转检测方法的理论门限和检测性能的表达式,并通过与常规能量检测的对比分析了虚拟时间反转检测的处理增益。使用计算机仿真实验从声源频率、接收阵列阵元数、目标距离与深度等方面分析了两种方法的检测性能。结果表明,所提出的算法相对于常规能量检测算法在性能上有显著优势,且接收阵元数是对算法性能影响最为明显的因素。     

Adaptive Two-Step Bearing-Only Underwater Uncooperative Target Tracking with Uncertain Underwater Disturbances

The bearing-only tracking of an underwater uncooperative target can protect maritime territories and allows for the utilization of sea resources. Considering the influences of an unknown underwater environment, this work aimed to estimate 2-D locations and velocities of an underwater target with uncertain underwater disturbances. In this paper, an adaptive two-step bearing-only underwater uncooperative target tracking filter (ATSF) for uncertain underwater disturbances is proposed. Considering the nonlinearities of the target’s kinematics and the bearing-only measurements, in addition to the uncertain noise caused by an unknown underwater environment, the proposed ATSF consists of two major components, namely, an online noise estimator and a robust extended two-step filter. First, using a modified Sage-Husa online noise estimator, the uncertain process and measurement noise are estimated at each tracking step. Then, by adopting an extended state and by using a robust negative matrix-correcting method in conjunction with a regularized Newton-Gauss iteration scheme, the current state of the underwater uncooperative target is estimated. Finally, the proposed ATSF was tested via simulations of a 2-D underwater uncooperative target tracking scenario. The Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrated the reliability and accuracy of the proposed ATSF in bearing-only underwater uncooperative tracking missions.     

强度调制532 nm激光水下测距

激光水下探测在水下目标搜寻、资源勘探等领域具有重要的应用,而散射是激光水下探测面临的主要挑战.载波调制激光雷达具有抗散射、抗干扰的优点,本文利用自行研制的532 nm强度调制激光源,在3 m长的水箱中搭建激光水下探测系统. 532 nm激光源最大输出功率为2.56 W,强度调制范围为10.0 MHz—2.1 GHz,光束发散角约0.5 mrad.通过在水箱中添加氢氧化镁(Mg(OH)_2)粉末,测量了不同浑浊度下水的衰减系数.采用相位测距的方法,目标反射光的调制信号为探测信号,对激光源进行调制的电信号作为参考信号,利用相关运算获得激光的延时时间,进而可以获得水下目标的距离.最大调制频率为500 MHz时,实现了距离为4.3个衰减长度目标的探测,测距误差约12 cm.探测距离越远,测距误差越大,调制频率越高,测距精度越高.     

含空腔的功能梯度声学覆盖层水下吸声特性

针对传统的声学覆盖层吸声频带窄的问题,基于功能梯度材料的特点提出了一种含空腔结构的水下功能梯度声学覆盖层结构,引入梯度有限元法建立了功能梯度型声学覆盖层的水下声学计算模型,研究了功能梯度声学覆盖层结构的水下吸声特性.与传统的功能梯度结构声学建模方法相比,在保证计算精度和计算效率的基础上,文中所建立的功能梯度结构声学计算...     

圆柱壳体瞬态辐射噪声评估算法

通过自身传感器实测振动数据快速评估瞬态辐射噪声,对及时排除故障,保持水下目标隐蔽性具有重要的意义。本文提出一种基于加速度阵列测试数据的圆柱壳体瞬态辐射声场的工程估算方法:借鉴工况传递分析的思路,分析求解瞬态振-声传递率矩阵,将瞬态激励壳体振动的测量数据代入,就可以估算壳体辐射声压级。在振-声传递率求解的过程中引入截断奇异值分解法,改善求逆时的病态矩阵,减少测试中背景干扰带来的估计误差。试验结果证实,该方法可以用来快速评估空气中敲击圆柱壳体所产生的瞬态辐射噪声,大部分频段噪声级估计误差在3 d B以内。本方法可望提供快速估计圆柱形壳体振动水下辐射噪声级借鉴和参考。     

Sample discrimination of frequency differences with distracters

This study examined the effect of the type and frequency range of remote frequency distracters on sample discrimination of frequency differences (SD-F). For baseline SD-F conditions, normal-hearing listeners judged frequency differences between pairs of target tones drawn from Gaussian frequency distributions near 2000 Hz. In experiment 1, the distracters were pairs of random-frequency tones, fixed-frequency tones, or noise bands, with one distracter above and one below the target region. Three frequency separations of targets and distracters were tested, none overlapping the target region. Effects of fixed-frequency or noise-band distracters were small compared to that of random-frequency distracters, which drove performance to near chance. In experiment 2, dominance of the low-frequency distracter was supported by the effects of changing distracter level, by presenting only the higher- or lower-frequency distracter, and by the pattern of weights derived from trial-by-trial responses. Performance recovered only when the lower-frequency distracter was attenuated 40-50 dB relative to the targets. In experiment 3, all stimulus distributions were shifted 2 octaves higher in frequency; the stronger influence of the distracter frequency below the target remained. The results demonstrate the importance of both stimulus variability and frequency relationships in the interaction of targets and distracters for SD-F.     

Experimental Testing of High-Accuracy Underwater Range-Finding Technology

The aim of the study whose results are discussed in this paper was to conduct experimental and numerical research on improving a high-accuracy method, developed by the authors, of positioning underwater objects. For this, experimental testing of an improved range-finding technology was carried out, based on the inclusion into the measuring scheme of a block that can measure and monitor the sound velocity on the shelf area of a track connecting a source of navigation signals and an a receiver system imitator consisting of autonomous underwater apparatus. In addition, under natural conditions, we implemented a scenario in which range-finding data was provided to an autonomous underwater apparatus carrying out a mission in the water area at a distance of 300 km from the source of navigation signals using technical tools for controlling variability of the sound velocity on the shelf. A specific example was used to test the acoustic range-finding technology on a track with complex hydrological and bathymetric conditions, and an estimate was obtained for the accuracy of measuring distances during a 4 h drift of the autonomous underwater apparatus imitator.