Obtaining strong magnetic fields with magnetocumulative generators based on a porous material

Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics -     

Use of magnetocumulative generators in experiments on current disruption of shaped-charge jets

Results of experiments on disruption of shaped-charge jets by a pulsed current are reported. An industrially produced helical-coaxial magnetocumulative K-80 generator with transformer energy output was used as a source of energy. The operation of the generator in the experiments performed and the effect of the current-pulse parameters on jet disruption and depth of penetration of a shaped-charge jet into a target are discussed. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 30–35, May–June, 1998.     

Hardware implementation of pseudo-random number generators based on chaotic maps

We show the usefulness of bifurcation diagrams to implement a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) based on chaotic maps. We provide details on the selection of the best parameter values to obtain high entropy and positive Lyapunov exponent from the bifurcation diagram of four chaotic maps, namely: Bernoulli shift map, tent, zigzag, and Borujeni maps. The binary sequences obtained from these maps are analyzed to implement a PRNG both in software and in hardware. The software implementation is realized using 32 and 64 bits microprocessor architectures, and with floating point and fixed point computer arithmetic. The hardware implementation is done by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture. We developed a serial communication interface between the PRNG on the FPGA and a personal computer to obtain the generated sequences. We validate the randomness of the generated binary sequences with the NIST test suite 800-22-a both in floating point and fixed point arithmetic. At the end, we show that those chaotic maps are suitable to implement a PRNG but according to the hardware resources, the one based on the Bernoulli shift map is better. In addition, another advantage is that the required initial value for the sequences can be within the whole interval \([-1,1]\), including its bounds.     

Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of wave energy converters based on dielectric elastomer generators

Dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs) are soft electrostatic generators based on low-cost electroactive polymer materials. These devices have attracted the attention of the marine energy community as a promising solution to implement economically viable wave energy converters (WECs). This paper introduces a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation framework for a class of WECs that combines the concept of the oscillating water columns (OWCs) with the DEGs. The proposed HIL system replicates in a laboratory environment the realistic operating conditions of an OWC/DEG plant, while drastically reducing the experimental burden compared to wave tank or sea tests. The HIL simulator is driven by a closed-loop real-time hydrodynamic model that is based on a novel coupling criterion which allows rendering a realistic dynamic response for a diversity of scenarios, including large scale DEG plants, whose dimensions and topologies are largely different from those available in the HIL setup. A case study is also introduced, which simulates the application of DEGs on an OWC plant installed in a mild real sea laboratory test-site. Comparisons with available real sea-test data demonstrated the ability of the HIL setup to effectively replicate a realistic operating scenario. The insights gathered on the promising performance of the analysed OWC/DEG systems pave the way to pursue further sea trials in the future.

     

Nonlinear theory of the propagation of pulses of electromagnetic waves through a plasma boundary

A solution is obtained for the problem of the propagation of electromagnetic waves of arbitrary form through a plasma boundary on condition that the length of the wave train is much greater than the wave length. A solution is found both for the case of a wide spectrum of width much greater than the plasma frequency ₀, as well as for a narrow spectrum. The results obtained enable us to draw conclusions about the time and space variation of the shape of electromagnetic pulses in a plasma.The passage of high frequency electromagnetic waves through a plasma is similar to that of a beam of charged particles [1, 2]. This is associated with the fact that decay processes are similar to Cerenkov radiation effects. The dynamics of the development of transverse wave instabilities in a uniform Isotropic plasma were studied in [2] assuming that the wave phase behaves stochastically. It was calculated here that instabilities develop quite differently in the case of a wide frequency spectrum than in the case of a narrow monochromatic spectrum. If we can speak of transverse quanta diffusion effects in the field of the generated longitudinal quanta in the first case, and if the resulting effects are closely similar to the nonlinear effects arising when beam instability develops [3, 4], then the development of instabilities in the case of a narrow spectrum leads to the appearance of red satellites in the transverse wave spectrum differing from the basic frequency by a quantity ₀ (=1, 2, 3,...). In this case the development of the instability corresponds to a tendency for a plateau over the satellites to appear.Attention should however be drawn to the fact that the dynamics of instability development in a semibounded plasma may be quite different. This is associated first with the different values of group velocities of transverse and longitudinal waves, and what is also important, with the effect of longitudinal wave accumulation in the boundary region if the length of the wave train is sufficiently large. The treatment of a similar problem for beam instabilities in paper [5] showed that a narrow transition layer may arise with a transverse wave energy density greatly in excess of the energy density of the injected beam. In what follows we examine the part played by boundary effects in the passage of pulses of electromagnetic waves through the boundary of the plasma. The cases of both narrow and wide spectra are considered. We note that in the case of narrow spectra the wave train must necessarily be greatly in excess of ^–1, and the effects of the accumulation of oscillations will be appreciable.The phases of both transverse waves, and also generated longitudinal waves are assumed to be stochastic quantities. The boundary effects which have been treated may be applied both in the generation of longitudinal waves necessary for the effective acceleration of particles in a plasma as well as in the modulation and alteration of the initial transverse wave spectrum. It should also be stressed that these effects which have been considered could be applied for turbulent plasma diagnostics, as has already been pointed out in [2].The authors are grateful to Ya. B. Fainberg, M. S. Rabinovich, I. S. Danilkin, and M. D. Raizer for their interest in the paper and for valuable criticisms.     

A broadbanded pressure differential wave energy converter based on dielectric elastomer generators

Nonlinear Dynamics - Dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs) are a promising option for the implementation of affordable and reliable sea wave energy converters (WECs), as they show considerable...     

基于移动窗口的串联增强型轨道炮发射过程电磁场演化模拟分析

简要介绍了Railgun3D程序的主要控制方程,使用Railgun3D程序对串联增强型轨道炮发射过程进行了模拟,详细分析了一复杂构型的电枢在梯形驱动电流加载外轨道/电枢上电磁场的演化过程,对电流涡结构、电流趋肤效应进行了讨论。计算中观察到了不同于普通单轨的现象,由于增强轨道的存在,驱动电流在增强轨道上产生了较大的磁场,由于电磁感应,在内轨道炮口一端上有显著的磁场和电流分布,感应电流的大小依赖于驱动电流的变化率。计算给出了多个时刻电枢附近电流涡结构的演化过程,并在电流下降段,电枢后表面上电流出现反向,指出该效应可能是导致电枢与轨道接触应力不足、甚至出现电枢转捩的重要因素。通过中心对称面上电流密度云图,模拟结果显示出磁扩散与速度趋肤效应在整个过程中的相互竞争决定了电流的分布形态。     

A simple approach to electromagnetic actuator control based on asymptotically exact linearization

This paper deals with system identification and robust control of a nonlinear electromagnetic actuator and proposes a simple, robust, and easy-to-implement compensation law for linearization, known as asymptotically exact linearization. There are many practical applications where this type of electromagnetic actuator is used: electromagnetic valve actuators of combustion engines, artificial heart actuators, electromagnetic brakes, etc. The investigated system is open-loop unstable and nonlinear and has a restricted equilibrium region. System identification experiments are presented with an emphasis on the design procedure of an controller. The experimental results demonstrate that the controller design problem can be successfully handled within the framework of robust control. This paper reflects a rather pragmatic control approach and, although it does not introduce novel control strategies, might be valuable reading for practicing engineers.     

Universal behaviour of a wave chaos based electromagnetic reverberation chamber

In this article, we present a numerical investigation of three-dimensional electromagnetic Sinai-like cavities. We computed around 600 eigenmodes for two different geometries: a parallelepipedic cavity with one half-sphere on one wall and a parallelepipedic cavity with one half-sphere and two spherical caps on three adjacent walls. We show that the statistical requirements of a well operating reverberation chamber are better satisfied in the more complex geometry without a mechanical mode-stirrer/tuner. This is due to the fact that our proposed cavities exhibit spatial and spectral statistical behaviours very close to those predicted by random matrix theory. More specifically, we show that in the range of frequency corresponding to the first few hundred modes, the suppression of non-generic modes (regarding their spatial statistics) can be achieved by reducing drastically the amount of parallel walls. Finally, we compare the influence of losses on the statistical complex response of the field inside a parallelepipedic and a chaotic cavity. We demonstrate that, in a chaotic cavity without any stirring process, the low frequency limit of a well operating reverberation chamber can be significantly reduced below the usual values obtained in mode-stirred reverberation chambers.     

高g值加速度发生器中的波形整形技术

以Hopkinson压杆实验装置作为火工品抗过载实验中的高g值加速度发生器,通过数值模拟分析了子弹（形状）、波形整形器（材料、直径、厚度）对加载脉冲的影响规律,并获得了所需的加速度脉冲,实现了有效控制和改善火工品冲击实验中的加载环境。研究结果可为检验火工品在冲击环境下或经冲击后性能可靠度的实验设计、测试等提供依据。     

Calculations and experiments on an optimal adjustment of function generators

Summary Formulae are derived for the approximation of a given arbitrary functionr(x) defined forx ₀xx _n by a broken line consisting ofn linear parts. Numerical data, obtained for any arbitrary value ofn, are important for analogue computer applications involving the use of function generators.Experiments have shown that the determination of an optimal adjustment of a function generator forr(x) is simple and accurate if performed with the aid of an analogue computer.Shell Research N.V.     

Mathematical simulation of hydrodynamic generators of oscillations

Unsteady turbulent swirled water flow in a channel in the presence of cavitation is calculated. It is shown that in the near-axial channel zone a fluctuating vapor region, or cavity, arises and variations in the cavity shape and dimensions lead to the onset of undamped pressure fluctuations. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the oscillations are obtained in different channel cross-sections. The amplitude maximum position in the channel expansion zone is in agreement with the available experimental data. The dynamics of toroidal vortices formed in the hydrodynamic generator channel and in the expansion zone at its exit are established.     

Measurements of stresses,forces and moments on nuclear steam generators

Regulatory demands required that strain-gage measurements be made on a steam drum/steam generator assembly to ensure that ASME code limits would not be exceeded during operation. The major difficulty in the performance of this measurement project was centered primarily on the lack of accurate information on the thermal-expansion behavior of the components to be instrumented. In addition, another difficulty in the performance of the measurements was the effect of unknown through-wall thermally induced stresses on the strain-gage readings. To overcome these significant obstacles, an unconventional measurement approach was developed for the analysis of strain-gage measurements. This approach enabled known information on internal steamgenerator steam pressure to be substituted for the unknown information (as described above) which is usually required for strain-gage analysis. This approach has been successfully verified and may have widespread applicability for other measurement projects which face the same commonly encountered difficulties.     

Method of designing explosive-driven magnetic field generators

A method of designing explosive-driven magnetic field generators that allows us to establish a dependence between the parameters of the generator circuit, in which the greatest energy release occurs under a time-invariant resistive load, is described. The problem of switching two-dimensional generators to a load whose resistance linearly increases with temperature is analytically solved as an example. The theoretical possibility of designing a generator in which the power released under the resistive load R(t) varies in a specified way with time is demonstrated. Types of current pulse, power, and energy released in the load are studied in the case of different generator circuit parameters.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 120–127, January–February, 1976.The author to wxpress his appreciation to E. I. Bichenkov for useful remarks.     

Energy characteristics of harmonic internal wave generators

The propagation of internal waves plays an important role in liquid media with layers that vary according to density (stratified liquids) and are located in a gravitational field, which include the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Highly controlled experiments are essential for investigating efficient generators of internal waves (in particular, harmonic internal waves). Hence, it is important to compare the efficiences of various types of internal wave generators. This problem is considered for the simplest forms of stratification: discontinuous and uniform (with a constant buoyancy frequency N). Although there are very few studies of oscillations in the case of discontinuous stratification, there are even fewer investigations of uniform stratification (e.g., see [1–4]). A comparison of the efficiences of different types of generators has not been made for the latter case. This is done below on the basis of energy estimates for two types of generators: for objects (a sphere or cylinder) that undergo small harmonic oscillations in a liquid and for objects with pulsating volumes.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 53–59, July–August, 1986.     

Numerical analysis of electromagnetic wave scattering and interaction based on frequency-domain integral equation and method of moments techniques

This paper discusses numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave scattering and interaction by general arbitrary-shaped two- and three-dimensional material objects in free space based on the frequency-domain integral equation method. Depending on the type of material object modeled, straightforward electromagnetic boundary value problems can be set up in terms of a set of coupled integro-differential equations with unknown surface equivalent current distributions. These unknown surface equivalent currents are determined by a numerical technique based on the method of moments (MOM) which involves reducing the exact coupled integro-differential equations to a corresponding partitioned dense matrix equation. Various electromagnetic fields (penetrating, near scattered, and far scattered) as well as the radar cross section can be calculated once the unknown surface current distributions are determined.

Canonical two- and three-dimensional scattering and interaction examples are reported which illustrate the capabilities of this method for analyzing arbitrary-shaped objects comprised of conducting, dielectric, and anisotropic materials. For specific geometries, both the induced surface current distribution and the corresponding radar cross section are presented with either analytical or code-to-code validations. The paper concludes with a discussion of means to extend the applicability of the integral equation modeling technique to the case of electrically-large material objects.