q\bar q pair creation in a flux tube with confinement

We calculate the effect of radial confinement on the Schwinger pair production rate by solving the Dirac equation in a flux-tube cylinder containing a constant chromoelectric field in the longitudinal direction. We show how the Dirac equation separates into radial and longitudinal equations for a mass term which has an arbitrary radial dependence and introduce radial confinement by having a finite mass inside the cylinder and an infinitely large mass outside. The resulting boundary conditions are equivalent to the MIT boundary condition. The equations are solved analytically for a constant quark mass inside the flux-tube, which acts like a waveguide. The discretization of the transverse wave vector which has a continuous spectrum in the non-confined case leads to a large suppression of the Schwinger pair-production rate for small radii. The minimal radius where pairs are created decreases with increasing field strength. The suppression turns out to be larger for heavier quarks than for light quarks.     

A new approach for a multistage depressed collector for gyrotrons

A feasibility study for a two-stage depressed gyrotron collector has been performed. A new approach for an adiabatic magnetic decompression of the hollow electron beam has been used. It permits control of the radius of the constant magnetic flux surface, which determines the radial extension of the electron beam. Independent of the value of the magnetic field around the beam. For this purpose, either solenoidal coils or a ferromagnetic insert can be placed inside the hollow electron beam. Thus, the radial dimensions of a multistage depressed collector of a high-power high-frequency gyrotron can be kept within limits given by technological constraints. The energy sorting of the electron beam is improved by using electrodes inside the hollow electron beam for controlling the potential distribution. The additional control electrodes make it possible to eliminate almost all of the effect of secondary electrons on the operation of the collector. In order to demonstrate the proposed approach, a compact two-stage depressed collector has been designed for a 1.5-MW coaxial cavity gyrotron operating at 165 GHz in the transverse electric (TE)_31,17 mode, which is under development at FZK, Karlsruhe, Germany. Including the effect due to secondary electrons, a collector efficiency of 73% has been calculated with an average and peak heat dissipation density of about 240 W/cm² and 500 W/cm², respectively. This results in an increase of the output gyrotron efficiency from 36.5% to 62.6% when internal radio frequency (RF)-losses inside the gyrotron tube of 15% are taken into account     

相干结构Blob在HT-7托卡马克边界的传播

相干结构Blob的间歇爆发清晰地反映在HT-7托卡马克边界探针的离子饱和流信号中,Blob 的径向传播在近刮削层堆积出一个温度和密度的平台区,使密度和温度分布偏离了指数分布.条件平均方法提示了间歇脉冲结构空间分布的均匀性,Blob内部等离子体参数远高于背景等离子体参数,并且呈现出涡旋的形态.最后闭合磁面附近的数据显示,...     

Numerical Investigation and Wind Tunnel Validation on Near-Wake Vortical Structures of Wind Turbine Blades

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used by numerous researchers for the simulation of flows around wind turbines. Since the 2000s, the experiments of NREL phase VI blades for blind comparison have been a de-facto standard for numerical software on the prediction of full scale horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) performance. However, the characteristics of vortex structures in the wake, whether for modeling the wake or for understanding the aerodynamic mechanisms inside, are still not thoroughly investigated. In the present study, the flow around NREL phase VI blades was numerically simulated, and the results of the wake field were compared with the experimental ones of a one-to-eight scaled model in a low-speed wind tunnel. A good agreement between simulation and experimental results was achieved for the evaluation of overall performances. The simulation captured the complete formation procedure of tip vortex structure from the blade. Quantitative analysis showed the streamwise translation movement of vortex cores. Both the initial formation and the damping of vorticity in near wake field were predicted. These numerical results showed good agreements with the measurements. Moreover, wind tunnel wall effects were also investigated on these vortex structures, and it revealed further radial expansion of the helical vortical structures in comparison with the free-stream case.     

Limiter Biasing Experiments on the Tokamak ISTTOK

The influence of the polarization of a localized limiter on the global and edge parameters is described. In particular, the effect of varying the limiter position and the bias voltage is investigated. Improvement in confinement has been obtained for both positive and negative limiter bias as a result of the creation of large radial electric fields in the region just inside the fixed limiter. Furthermore, it has been observed that the modification in the floating potential due to limiter biasing is proportional to the collected current.     

Self-trapping of electrons in vortex rings in liquid helium

A model according to which “fast” and “exotic” negative ions in superfluid helium are the localized states of electrons in vortex rings has been presented. The quantization of radial and longitudinal motions of electrons inside the vortex core and the quantization of the vortex motion of liquid helium lead to the existence of a whole family of excited states of electron vortices, in qualitative agreement with the experiments on the mobility of exotic ions. The possibility of the verification of conclusions of the model in optical experiments has been considered.     

Liquid crystal alignment in cylindrical microcapillaries

A variety of alignment configurations of liquid crystals (LCs) inside the glassy cylindrical capillaries is realized by using alignment materials providing different anchoring. The radial configuration with central disclination line is obtained for homeotropic boundary conditions. In turn, the axial, transversal and tilted alignment structures are realized by using materials for planar anchoring. The uniformity and controlling of the latter structures were provided by photoalignment method. This approach can be further used to control LC alignment in the photonic crystal fibers recognized as advanced elements for different optical devices.     

不同电极结构下大气压Ar等离子体射流的流体模拟研究

采用二维轴对称流体模型对比研究了3种不同电极结构下大气压Ar等离子体射流的基本特性。第一种是带绝缘介质的针电极结构（电场方向和气体流方向平行）,第二种是在第一种电极结构的介质管外增加一个垂直气流方向的接地环电极,第三种是不带绝缘介质的裸针电极结构。研究结果表明,接地环电极的引入对介质管内外的射流传播影响不同。在介质管内,接地环电极使管内表面附近的径向电场增加,电子密度升高,射流传播速度加快,但对中心轴附近的电场和电子密度影响很小;然而在介质管外,接地环电极的引入导致轴向和径向电场均减小,从而引起射流的传播长度减小,射流通道径向收缩。通过带绝缘介质的针电极和裸针电极结构的对比研究发现,保持其他条件不变,去掉包裹在针电极上的介质后,由于等离子体电势升高,电场增加,射流的传播长度几乎增加一倍,峰值电子密度增加近一个数量级,而且在整个射流通道内电子密度都保持相对高的值。此外,对3种电极结构下的主要活性粒子的产生和输运进行了比较研究。     

Effect of electric field on the spectrum and the persistent current of a quantum ring with two electrons （II） additional effect of a charged impurity

This paper studies the effect of a charged impurity together with or without an external homogeneous electric field on a quantum ring threaded by a magnetic field B and containing two electrons. The potential caused by the impurity has been plotted which is helpful to the understanding of the electronic structures inside the ring. The deep valley appearing in the potential curve is the source of localization, which affects seriously the Aharonov-Bohm oscillation （ABO） of the energy and persistent current. It also causes the fluctuation of the total orbital angular momentum L of the pair of electrons. It is found that the appearance of the impurity reduces the domain of the fractional ABO. During the increase of B, the domain of the integral ABO may appear earlier when B is even quite small. The transition from the localized states to extended states has also been studied. Furthermore, it has deduced a set of related formulae for a transformation, by which an impurity with a charge ep placed at an arbitrary point Rp is equivalent to an impurity with a revised charge ep placed at the X-axis with a revised radial distance Rp. This transformation facilitates the calculation and make the analysis of the physical result clearer.     

直流式旋风除尘器流动特性及性能的试验研究

1前言近几十年来一些特殊场合的净化除尘问题显得尤为突出，如沙漠地带运行的汽车、坦克和直升机的发动机沙粒磨损所导致的进气中沙粒分离问题，一些电站和锅炉的引风机的固粒磨也会降低其效率和使用寿命，尽管电站一般使用了大型静电除尘装置，但由于烟气的温度较高，使除尘器中电极产生固粒积污现象，降低了其除尘效率。在发动机与风机前装设气固分离装置可降低叶轮机械的磨损，但这要求分离装置必须容积小、压降低及除尘效率高，现有的离心式气固分离设备还不能满足这些要求。本文提出研究发展轴向直流式旋风除尘装置来解决这种除尘问题…     

Dust Self‐Organized Structures II. Solutions of Master Equations for Small Diffusion

Master equations for spherical dust structures are solved numerically using the asymptotic solutions at the center of the structures for the case of absence of external ionization and small diffusions. The structures are determined by a single parameter, the external plasma flux at the surface of the structure. The equilibrium states that are possible in a limited range of this parameter are investigated numerically. It is demonstrated that in the range of existence of equilibria the structures are changing their shapes and type of distributions inside the structures. For large external fluxes the ion and dust distributions can have peaks inside the structures while for low external fluxes the dust distribution has a single maximum at the structure center. The lower is the external flux supporting the structure the larger is its size. An increase of the external flux decreases the accumulation of dust and ions at the center. The total number of dust confined by the structure is larger for larger size structures. Estimates of dust crystallization inside structures are given. The role of diffusion is calculated by perturbations and is shown to be small in all structure regions except the structure edges. In the perturbation theory we use the exact expressions of the diffusion coefficients calculated previously numerically. The regions with dust density peaks inside the structures have been calculated with two order of magnitude larger precision that allows to resolve the structure parameter dependencies inside the peaks. It is shown that although in peaks the gradients of all parameters are increased the diffusion flux is still small and that the continuity and hydrodynamic approach are applicable within an accuracy about several %‐s (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

含周期性空腔结构吸声机理的研究

为了研究水下含周期性空腔结构的吸声机理,建立并验证了含轴对称空腔周期性结构吸声特性计算的简化有限元仿真方法,用简化的有限元模型结合遗传算法对水下环境含周期性圆柱空腔结构的吸声性能进行了优化设计.从能量耗散、变形和模态的角度分析了含周期性空腔结构的吸声机理.空腔结构谐振包括表层的弯曲振动和空腔附近的径向变形,且径向运动也...     

碳纳米管-硅纳米线复合结构的形成和热稳定性

通过分子动力学方法模拟了在碳纳米管内填充一定数目的半导体元素硅形成碳纳米管-硅纳米线复合结构的过程,并采用Lindemann指数研究了这种复合结构的热稳定性．计算结果表明,当考虑碳纳米管和硅纳米线轴向方向的周期性边界条件之后,在C（13,0）和C （14,0）碳纳米管内能够形成亚稳结构的硅纳米线Si₁₆NW和Si₂₀NW,从而获得一种碳纳米管-硅纳米线的新型复合结构．通过计算这种复合结构的Lindemann指数,可以看到由于碳纳米管的保护作用,碳纳米管包裹的硅纳 关键词： 复合结构 纳米线 碳纳米管 分子动力学     

一种准二维柱面爆炸波加载装置的设计与验证

基于竖直爆轰管和径向Hele-Shaw Cell,设计并搭建了一套准二维柱面爆炸波加载装置,可以实现对Hele-Shaw Cell内部材料界面的径向冲击加载.竖直爆轰管内部的预混气体在底部点燃后,形成向上传播的冲击波,冲击波冲破爆轰管开口与Hele-Shaw Cell底板开孔之间的隔膜后,被Hele-Shaw Cell...     

圆筒电极对离子磁电加热的影响

高效的磁电加热不仅能够提高电子回旋共振(ECR)等离子体的离子温度,还能改善离子的径向和轴向分布,促进ECR等离子体在化学气相沉积金刚石膜刻蚀中的应用.将磁电加热系统中的圆环电极改进为圆筒电极,研究了圆筒电极对离子磁电加热的影响,对比了圆筒和圆环电极加热离子的区别.结果表明:在同一阳极偏压下,圆筒比圆环电极更有利于提高离子温度,圆筒电极加热时各径向位置的离子温度升高的幅度较大,其中圆筒电极内部的离子温度径向分布差异较大,而圆筒下游的离子温度径向分布比较均匀;磁电加热对离子密度的影响很小;采用圆筒电极加热时,有利于离子向轴向下游的输运,改善了离子的轴向均匀性.     

Surface‐Driven Asymmetry and Instability in the Acceleration Region of Hall Thruster

It has been shown experimentally that the channel wall material has a substantial effect on the behaviour of Hall discharges. For this reason, the radial profile inside the Hall thruster SPT‐100 is investigated in detail. This is done by a one‐dimensional fully kinetic self‐consistent Particle‐in‐Cell model between the two walls in the acceleration region of the channel. A detailed Monte Carlo probabilistic model for secondary electron emission is implemented as boundary module. Using the local field approximation, two different operative conditions (axial electric field E_z =100 V/cm and 300 V/cm) have been simulated. For high discharge voltage case, a strong radial asymmetry and a stream instability propagating all along the radial domain are detected, while in the low voltage case a stable classical situation is recovered. The critical parameters for triggering this unstable regime are the electron azimuthal drift energy and the induced secondary electron emission, while the saturation mechanism is the increasing of the temperature of the initially cold secondary‐electrons. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Phonon spectromicroscopy of carbon nanostructures with atomic resolution

The vibrational properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes have been probed locally with atomic-scale resolution by inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The high spatial resolution has allowed the unraveling of changes in the local phonon spectrum related to topological defects. We demonstrated that the radial breathing mode is suppressed within tube segments of lengths below approximately 3 nm, and that in the cap region phonon modes characteristic of the fullerene hemisphere are emerging. Phonon spectromicroscopy should lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms that limit the transport of heat or electrical charge inside nanostructured carbon materials.     

模式转换环形耦合振动超声辐射器

提出了一种新型耦合振动环形超声辐射器,辐射器由纵振换能器及变幅杆激励特定尺寸的金属圆环,使其能有效地将纵向振动转化为圆环的径向轴向耦合振动从而向环的径向、轴向辐射超声波,并且在环的中心形成聚焦声场。推导了该辐射器的等效电路,给出了等效电路法和有限元法优化设计环形超声辐射器的详细过程。研究了耦合振动环形超声辐射器的谐振特性及其辐射声场特性,根据理论计算结果加工了相应的环形超声辐射器,实验测试结果与理论计算结果符合得较好。本文提出的模式转换环形耦合超声辐射器可望在声化学等液体处理领域获得应用。      

Effect of blade wrap angle on efficiency and noise of small radial fan impellers—A computational and experimental study

Radial impellers have several technical applications. Regarding their aerodynamic performance, they are well optimized nowadays, but this is in general not true regarding acoustics. This work was therefore concerned with analyzing the flow structures inside isolated radial impellers together with the far-field sound radiated from them in order to optimize the aerodynamic and acoustic performance. Both numerical and experimental techniques were applied in order to study the effect of varying wrap angle and otherwise identical geometric configuration on aerodynamics and acoustics of the radial impellers. The results give a detailed insight into the processes leading to sound generation in radial impellers. Measurements were performed using laser Doppler anemometry for the flow field and microphone measurements to analyze the radiated noise. In addition, unsteady aerodynamic simulations were carried out to calculate the compressible flow field. An acoustic analogy was employed to compute far-field noise. Finally, the phenomena responsible for tonal noise and the role of the wrap angle could be identified. Using this knowledge, design guidelines are given to optimize the impeller with respect to the radiated noise. This work shows that improved aerodynamic efficiency for isolated impellers does not automatically lead to a smaller flow-induced sound radiation.