Nonlinear effects in optical fiber: Advantages and disadvantages for high capacity all-optical communication application

This paper presents, in the form of a review, some of the results of our study addressing the advantages and disadvantages of the nonlinear effects in optical fibers for their use in high-speed, high capacity, all-optical telecommunication applications. Nonlinear effects that we cover include: self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (CPM), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). We have found that nonlinear effects can play useful and important roles in enhancing the fiber performances and creating new functions by way of fiber lasers, amplifiers, switches, logic devices, demultiplexers, signal format conversion and wavelength conversion devices. But we also have found that they can play degenerative roles limiting the performances of optical fiber communication. Trade-off between the advantages and the disadvantages of the nonlinear effects should be carefully examined in order to utilize their effects to the fullest extent.     

亚微米直径光纤的非线性特性研究

用电磁场的严格解分析了亚微米直径光纤的非线性系数,发现光纤直径在700 nm左右（亚微米量级）非线性系数较大,喇曼阈值较小,喇曼增益谱线较多;受激喇曼散射特性的分析表明,由于直径小,光纤在较小的泵浦光功率作用下能量密度就很大,因此很容易观察到受激喇曼散射.实验结果表明,理论分析与实验结果吻合得很好.     

用于接触式探测的多模光纤探针形状优化

对于进行接触式探测的多模光纤探针,信号光来自于附着于探针表面的待测物。基于几何光学,提出了一个物理模型,用以分析探头形状对所收集的信号光强度的影响。采用此模型,对抛物线型探头进行了仿真,给出了最优形状参数,并采用表面增强拉曼探针进行了初步实验验证。此分析可用于指导各种光纤传感器的设计,以确定其最佳的形状参数,适用于荧光传感器、表面等离子体共振传感器、表面增强拉曼传感器等。     

基于光子晶体光纤和拉锥式单模光纤的超连续光谱产生的实验研究

本文使用重复频率为250 MHz、脉冲宽度为135 fs、最大功率为2.2 W的锁模掺镱光纤激光作为种子源,利用光子晶体光纤和自制的拉锥式单模光纤两种高非线性光纤研究了超连续光谱的产生特性,通过对比两种光纤的结构、色散等特性,分析了拉曼孤子、色散波及其他非线性效应对产生的超连续谱形状的影响,并均得到了大于一个倍频程的超连续光谱,特别是拉锥式单模光纤产生的超连续光谱,耦合效率达到60%,这为众多研究领域,尤其是光学频率梳的建立提供了实用的超连续光源.     

光导纤维拉曼光谱技术及其在化学中的应用

本文综述了光导纤维拉曼光谱法的研究近况,主要介绍其实验技术及其应用于化学中常规拉曼光谱、表面增强拉曼光谱和近红外富里叶变换拉曼光谱等领域的工作,讨论了该领域存在问题和应用前景.     

光纤拉曼放大器中增益的偏振相关特性研究

提出了一种改进的、可用于计算偏振相关拉曼增益的光纤拉曼放大器的非线性耦合波方程。建立了单模双折射光纤拉曼增益的数学模型,分析了线偏振抽运光以与光纤快轴成45°激励的单模双折射光纤拉曼放大器模型与实际具有随机双折射的光纤拉曼放大器的拉曼增益偏振相关特性的等价性。基于上述模型,提出了一个可定量表征单模光纤偏振模色散统计特性的拉曼增益偏振相关因子,用以替代常规的光纤拉曼放大器非线性耦合波方程中的偏振相关因子。计算结果与已报道文献的实验数据非常吻合。同时对抽运增益在同向和反向抽运方式下截然不同的增益偏振相关特性给出了合理的解释。     

双折射光纤受激拉曼散射偏光特性的实验研究

对椭圆芯光纤受激拉曼散射偏光特性进行了系统的实验研究。实验巾观察到8级斯托克斯线和2级反斯托克斯线,对不同偏振态的抽运光激励下各级斯托克斯线的偏振特性、拉曼频移等参量进行了分析,并给出了经验公式。其结果与实验数据符合良好。实验表明,双折射光纤受激拉曼谱的各级斯托克斯线的偏振状态不但与拉曼介质有关还与抽运光的偏振态有关,入射抽运光偏振态对低阶次的斯托克斯线拉曼频移的影响较小,而对高级斯托克斯线拉曼频移影响较大。     

多路干涉对光纤拉曼放大器噪声因数的影响

考虑了多路干涉与拉曼自发辐射噪声具有不同的谱分布特性，推导出信号的背向瑞利散射导致的多路干涉对光纤拉曼放大器噪声因数影响的解析表达式，给出了考虑多路干涉后光纤拉曼放大器的噪声因数的光学测量方法。分析了不同开关增益、不同输入信号功率、不同增益光纤背向瑞利散射情况下多路干涉对光纤拉曼放大器噪声因数的劣化程度。随着拉曼增益的增加，输入信号功率越大、背向瑞利散射越大，多路干涉的影响越大。     

Multifiber optical catheter with bending control of distal end: Applications of Raman biospectroscopy

This work demonstrates a multifiber optical catheter with bending control of the distal end, whose main use is to collect Raman signal for biospectroscopy. Also, a method for fiber background subtraction is presented, allowing removal of fiber emission peaks from gross Raman spectrum. The fiber optic catheter with seven fiber optics wrapped up in a resin and a biocompatible flexible teflon tube has been modified to incorporate a mechanical device with gauntlet, which allows bending of the distal extremity to access a desired location obeying the anatomy of the organ. The mechanical device (gauntlet) was built halfway from the catheter proximal excitation tip, allowing the bending of the distal end of about 38 mm diameter. Dispersive Raman spectra at 785 nm excitation wavelength from samples were measured without and with bending (from 120 mm decreasing to 14 mm) of the distal end of the catheter. An optical catheter without the gauntlet was used as a reference. Results demonstrated that both catheters (with bending mechanism and standard one) had about the same Raman signal when the device was bent semicircularly to 38 mm diameter (bending limit for the mechanism), with negligible implication to the Raman signal-to-noise relation (SNR) from sample. When both catheters were bent in a full turn, the Raman signal decreased to about 40% when bending reached 14 mm diameter, mainly due to losses introduced by changes in the fiber total internal reflection. The background removal was efficient, with minimum residual from fiber peaks. This optical catherer could be very useful in laser diagnosis and clinical applications, introducing a way to control the fiber tip position and angle on the tissue or organ. Published in Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 97–102, January–February, 2007.     

Extension of sensing distance in a ROTDR with an optimized fiber

A sensing fiber, with a gradually increasing Raman-gain-coefficient (g_R/A_eff)along the fiber length, and which can keep the received Raman Stokes power constant in a distributed Raman-based Fiber-optic temperature Sensor, is proposed. This method can be an additional and easy way to further extend the sensing distance of the distributed Raman Fiber-optic temperature Sensor.     

用于光纤拉曼放大器抽运源的单级光纤拉曼激光器

抽运光源是光纤拉曼放大器应用于密集波分复用系统的关键技术,设计了一种紧凑型的808nm激光二极管抽运的基于钒酸钇（Nd^3＋：YVO4）晶体1342nm固体激光器模块,提出利用上述1342nm固体激光器抽运基于光纤光栅的单级全光纤型拉曼谐振器获得1．4μm激光输出的光纤拉曼激光器,分析了固体激光器的阈值特性、性能优化方法和单级光纤拉曼谐振器的设计方法。上述1342nm固体激光器模块在抽运功率2W时获得了最大655mW的激光输出功率和42．6％的斜率效率,单级拉曼谐振器的1342nm到1．4μm光功率转换斜率效率达75％,在1425nm、1438nm、1455nm和1490nm处的输出功率达到300mW以上。最后给出基于1．4μm光纤拉曼激光器抽运的宽带平坦放大的光纤拉曼放大器的结构参量和性能测试结果。     

微腔型银修饰光纤SERS探针的制备及性能研究

提出了一种基于银修饰的微腔型光纤表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）探针,采用湿法检测,将光纤SERS探针直接放入待测溶液中,以罗丹明6G（R6G）溶液为探针分子,对所制备的光纤SERS探针进行远端实验性能研究。利用氢氟酸化学腐蚀的方法制备了一种微腔型光纤结构,通过控制氢氟酸的腐蚀时间得到了一系列不同腐蚀时间、不同微腔长度的光纤结构。实验研究了光纤结构的微腔长度对光纤SERS探针性能的影响,以浓度为10-3 mol·L-1的R6G溶液为探针分子,通过不断地优化纳米银溶胶与R6G溶液的混合顺序及比例,采用裸光纤微腔结构对混合溶液进行拉曼检测,发现当混合溶液的混合顺序及比例为先后混合等体积的纳米银溶胶和R6G溶液时,此时得到的混合溶液的拉曼信号增强性能最佳。利用得到的混合溶液去寻找拉曼信号增强效果最高时光纤微腔结构的结构参数,实验结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,当光纤放入氢氟酸中腐蚀时间为5 min时,此时光纤微腔结构的拉曼信号增强效果最佳。在显微镜下测量的多组腐蚀时间为5 min的光纤,其微腔长度平均约为81 μm。对得到的光纤微腔结构,采用制备过程可控的磁控溅射技术制备了一系列银纳米薄膜/多模光纤（Ag/MMF）的复合材料。当磁控溅射时间为10 min时,获得了光纤SERS探针（Ag/MMF-10）。实验以去离子水配制了不同浓度的R6G溶液,以不同浓度的R6G溶液为探针分子,Ag/MMF-10探针的远端检测限（LOD）低至10-7 mol·L-1。该光纤SERS探针拉曼信号的再现性光谱检测中显示各个特征峰的相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于10%。同时,该光纤SERS探针对浓度为10-6 mol·L-1的R6G溶液的增强因子（AEF）可高达2.64×106。实验结果表明所制备的银修饰的光纤SERS基底具有较高的灵敏度和良好的再现性。因此,该光纤SERS探针在生物医学检测、农残化学分析等痕量检测方面有潜在的应用价值。     

激光泵浦碲化物产生中红外超连续谱数值模拟

对2 m波段脉冲激光泵浦碲化物光子晶体光纤产生中红外超连续谱进行了数值研究。通过材料的拉曼增益谱间接求得了对应的拉曼响应函数;由光子晶体光纤的材料折射率和波导结构,通过COMSOL软件获得了碲化物光子晶体光纤中基模等效折射率,计算了相应的色散曲线和限制损耗 ;利用自适应的分步傅里叶算法,模拟了中心波长为1.96m、峰值功率为20 kW的50 fs脉冲光泵浦碲化物光子晶体光纤时超连续谱的产生,当光纤长度为6 cm时,产生的中红外超连续谱波长范围为1.0~4.5 m。     

基于单模光纤的分布式温度传感器研制

在对光纤背向喇曼散射温度效应理论分析的基础上,研制了基于单模光纤的5km分布式温度传感器。实验比较了温度传感解调方法,选择反斯托克斯(Anti-Stokes)和斯托克斯(Stokes)背向喇曼散射光强度比值进行解调。介绍了系统的硬件组成和软件实现。实验表明,系统能精确地进行分布式测温,温度分辨率为1℃,空间分辨率为2m。     

Evolution of modes in double-clad Raman fiber amplifier

Stimulated Raman scattering in a double cladding optical fiber is studied with a continuous wave laser used as a pump source. Under various launch conditions, pump modes are differently excited. Considering the mode coupling effect among the pump modes, the evolution of the power in the Stokes modes is studied. The results show that the scattered waves （the Stokes waves） in the fiber core with 9%tm diameter and 0.14 NA could propagate predominantly in the fundamental mode of the fiber by carefully adjusting the pump light launching conditions.     

Gain characteristics of a 210 km hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplified loop

As an alternative to using gain flattening filters or other optical devices that add attenuation to balance the gain in the optical spectrum, we have studied the effects of combining gain from Raman amplifiers and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in a fiber recirculating loop. We have shown a parameter range for which the gain profile is flat, and have analyzed the variation of the gain tilt as a function of the individual contributions of the Raman and EDFA amplifiers.     

中红外可调谐大能量飞秒脉冲激光产生

可调谐中红外飞秒光纤激光器具有非常普遍的应用,从而引起了人们的广泛关注。目前,非线性光纤中的拉曼孤子自频移效应是实现大范围可调谐飞秒脉冲激光的理想方法之一。然而,非线性光纤中其他高阶非线性效应的产生通常会限制拉曼孤子脉冲的能量提升。本文提出了利用有源掺杂光纤作为非线性介质和增益介质实现可调谐大能量中红外飞秒激光脉冲的方法。在理论上研究了有源掺杂非线性光纤中高阶孤子劈裂和孤子自频移效应的产生,以及线性增益对波长移动拉曼孤子能量、脉宽、光谱的影响。结果表明,通过为波长红移的低能量拉曼孤子提供线性增益,孤子脉冲的能量得到了显著提升且保持了其单脉冲特性,脉冲宽度为45 fs,且孤子脉冲的波长可通过所提供的增益进行大范围调谐。因此,利用有源掺杂光纤作为非线性介质是实现大能量可调谐中红外飞秒脉冲激光的一种有效方法。     

Evolution of first-order sidebands from multiple FWM processes in HiBi optical fibers

The generation of two idler waves inside a high birefringent (HiBi) optical fiber through three four-wave mixing (FWM) processes is studied theoretically. The coupled-equations for the field amplitudes are derived and analytically solved, in the co-polarized and orthogonal polarization schemes. The obtained solutions take into account the delayed Raman response of the medium. The polarization sensitivity of the generation of the idler waves is analyzed. Results show that the stimulated Raman scattering does not change the efficiency of the idler wave generation in the co-polarized scheme, whereas in the orthogonal polarization scheme that nonlinear process decreases the efficiency of the four-wave mixing processes. Results also show that this set of multiple four-wave mixing processes is physically quite different from the typical single or dual pump four-wave mixing configurations. Findings show that the power transfer from the pumps to the idler fields can lead to a monotonous growth, or a periodic evolution of the sidebands along the fiber. Results show that the process efficiency varies greatly with the angle between the two pump polarizations.     

窄线宽纳秒脉冲光纤拉曼放大器的理论模型和数值分析

窄线宽纳秒脉冲光纤拉曼放大器在非线性频率变换、遥感探测和量子信息等领域有广泛的应用前景.综合考虑受激拉曼散射(stimulated Raman scattering,SRS)、受激布里渊散射(stimulated Brillouin scattering,SBS)、自相位调制(self-phase modulation)和交叉相位调制(cross-phase modulation)等非线性效应,建立了窄线宽纳秒脉冲光纤拉曼放大器的非线性动力学模型.仿真分析了放大器中脉冲激光的时频演化特性,对比研究了抽运脉冲宽度、光纤长度和信号光功率等因素对放大器性能的影响.研究发现,上述因素会影响放大器的SRS阈值、SBS阈值、输出激光线宽、激光转换效率等.例如,当脉冲宽度为800 ns时,SBS随着抽运功率的增加而发生,限制了激光功率的提升;减短抽运脉宽可以抑制SBS,但是输出激光的线宽易于展宽到数百MHz以上;增加光纤长度可以获得更低的SRS阈值和更高的转换效率,但是SBS效应和光谱展宽程度也随之增强.系统搭建中需要平衡各非线性效应,选择合适的系统参数.研究内容可以为窄线宽纳秒脉冲光纤拉曼放大器的设计搭建提供参考.