新疆萨吾尔地区两类花岗岩稀土元素特征

研究萨吾尔地区两类花岗岩（A型、 I型）的稀土元素特征. 两类花岗岩的稀土元素地球化学特征明显不同, 这与其所处的不同后碰撞构造演化阶段密切相关. 森塔斯岩体和沃肯萨拉岩体为形成于后碰撞阶段晚期挤压-拉张转换体制下的I型花岗岩, 稀土元素特征显示其岩浆演化过程中分离结晶作用不发育, 具幔源特征. 阔依塔斯岩体和恰其海岩体为形成于后碰撞结束阶段拉张体制下的A型花岗岩, 稀土元素特征显示其岩浆演化过程中分离结晶作用发育, 其稀土元素显示的一定的壳源特征应为幔源岩浆受地壳物质混染所致.     

WAVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUSTAL TECTONICS IN CONTINENTAL MARGINS

Continental margins are the transitional zone between continents and oceans. The tectonic deformation of crust in continental margins is very complex. This paper deals with the complex crust tectonics of continental margins in terms of the basic principle that elastic waves travel through semi-infinlte medium and the wave theory of crust. The continental margin off the North American coasts of the Atlantic used to be the active Pacifictype margin. At present, the crust movement in this margin tends to be stable; therefore it becomes the Atlantic type.     

The Discovery and Geological Feature of Kyanite-Topazite in High-Pressure Belt From Central China

For the first time, we find kyanite-topazite which is similar to the white schist from abroad, in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan of China. Because of intercontinental obduction and collision, the kyanite-topazite is formed from the superhigh-pressure metamorphism of sedimentary rock in continental crust, at the depth of mantle. Kyanite-topazite runs parallel to blue schist, eclogite and constitutes the high-pressure metamorphic belt in Central China. Its original rocks are a set of sedimentary rock series which is mainly composed of marginal shallow marine facies to continental facies pelitic to magnesium carbonatite, both rocks exist in Precambrian Middle-Upper Proterozoic metamorphic strata.     

江南隆起带皖赣相邻区燕山期岩浆岩稀土对比研究

对比研究了江南隆起带皖南地区与赣东北地区燕山期岩浆岩的稀土元素地球化学特征，稀土元素特征反映出，皖南地区燕山期岩浆岩属于典型的壳源岩浆岩，而赣东北地区燕山期岩浆岩则具有幔源特征，这是赣东北地区燕山期与岩浆岩有关的多金属矿床发育、而皖南地区不发育的重要原因。稀土元素的研究结果同时得到地球物理、成岩构造背景、稳定同位素等研究的证实，也表明稀土元素在岩浆岩成岩物质来源方面有很好的示踪作用。     

TRACE ELEMENTS GEOCHEMISTRY OF GRANITOID IN PANXI AREA

A lot of granitoid rocks occur in Panxi area, SW China, which were formed during Jinningnian-Chengjiangnian, Hercynian-Indosinian and Yenshanian. According to their trace elements geochemical and petrochemical characteristics, they can be divided into calc-alkaline and alkaline granites. The petrogenesis and magma sources of these granitoid rocks are different. The Jinningnian-Chengjiangnian granitoid rocks include Mopanshan granite body, Moshaying granite body and Lugu granite body. The Mopanshan body might be formed by partial melting of the lower crust and due to refusion of basic volcanic rocks. The magma source of the Moshaying and the Lugu bodies might be formed by partial melting of the upper crust. The Hongge-Ailanghe granites belonging to the Hercynian-Indosinian may be products of complex melting from the crust-mantle materials caused by the increase of temperature during rifting stage in the area. The Cida and Taihe alkaline granites belonging to the Hercynian-Indosinian might be derived from     

苏丹哈佳吉金矿床成矿物质来源的微量元素地球化学特征

通过对主要微量元素数据的多元统计分析,探讨了该地区金矿的成矿物质来源.结果表明,成矿物质主要来源于洋壳向陆壳俯冲时产生的增生楔,地幔主要提供热源,并有少量物质参与;有效区分了不同类型的矿石和围岩,并分辨出了具过渡性质的蚀变围岩;对稀土元素的分析表明,除氧化矿石外,其它矿石的成矿物质来源应该是一致的.     

郯庐断裂带南段走滑期同构造岩体的稀土元素对比研究

张八岭隆起岩体与大别山东缘岩体同属于郯庐断裂带南段走滑期同构造岩体，但稀土元素地球化学特征却反映出，张八岭隆起地区岩体具有地幔来源特征，而大别山东缘岩体则属于典型的壳源岩体，这是张八岭隆起地区与侵入岩有关的金矿发育而大别山地区不发育的重要原因。稀土元素研究的结果与现代地球物理、成岩构造背景、稳定同位素等研究相吻合，表明稀土元素在岩浆岩成岩物质来源方面有很好的示踪作用。     

稻秆焦炭热解和CO2气化过程中碱金属和碱土金属的迁移

研究了稻秆焦炭中碱金属与碱土金属（AAEMs）在N₂热解和CO₂气化气氛下的迁移过程。通过对不同热处理时间的固相样品分析,得到了两种气氛下AAEMs的迁移规律,并讨论了CO₂气化气氛对AAEMs迁移的影响机理。在两种气氛下,K的释放比例都随热处理时间延长先快速增加,然后缓慢增加,而Ca和Mg的释放比例都很低。气化前期K的释放比例高于热解,气化后期K的释放比例与热解几乎相同。热解时,焦炭中酸溶K和Ca的比例先降低然后维持稳定,而酸溶Mg的比例几乎不变。气化时,酸溶K的比例先缓慢降低,然后迅速降低;酸溶Ca和Mg的比例则先增加后迅速降低。气化前期,酸溶AAEMs的比例要高于热解相同时间的焦炭样品;气化后期,酸溶AAEMs的比例则明显低于热解焦炭样品。CO₂通过与焦炭有机结构反应,促进了char-K的释放,提高了K的释放比例,也促进了难溶的有机结合的AAEMs分解为酸溶AAEMs;在焦炭气化后期,焦炭中的Si会与AAEMs反应生成难溶硅酸盐。     

烟煤-稻草混合焦样共气化过程协同行为机理研究

基于热重分析仪考察了神府烟煤焦、稻草焦和神府烟煤-稻草混合焦样气化反应活性及共气化过程协同行为。并借助电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪联用装置探讨了共气化过程活性矿物组分的迁移转化特性,以关联解释共气化协同行为演变。结果表明,与煤焦单独气化相比,稻草焦掺混有利于提高煤焦整体气化反应活性。混合焦样共气化过程协同行为随碳转化率的提高呈先逐渐减弱的抑制作用,达到某一碳转化率(记为转折碳转化率)后呈不断增强的协同促进作用,且转折碳转化率随气化温度升高而提高。神府烟煤-稻草混合焦样共气化过程协同行为演变主要归因于共气化过程活性K和Ca转化特性的共同影响。神府烟煤-稻草混合焦样共气化整体协同行为呈协同促进作用,并随气化温度的升高而减弱。     

Shear-induced structural transformation of pentaethylene glycol <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-dodecyl ether and lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate mixed-surfactant lamellar solution

The viscoelastic behavior of the shear-induced structural transformation from the lamellar phase to multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) of a mixed-surfactant system was investigated. The transformation was divided into two processes on the basis of the strain dependence of the apparent viscosity. The first stage is a lamellar-to-intermediate structure transformation. It was found that a strain, not an applied shear rate, governed this process. The second stage is an intermediate-to-MLV phase transformation, which was not controlled by the strain. These structure developments were found in the shear-thickening viscosity regime. The MLV phase formed by applying shear flow exhibited shear-thinning viscosity behavior and reversible response to shear flow. The viscoelastic properties of the MLV phase were investigated by dynamic viscoelastic measurements. Under oscillating shear deformation, the amplitude dependence of the dynamic modulus indicated that the viscoelasticity of the MLV depended on the initial structure, such as the number of vesicle shells and the size of the MLV, which is governed by the preshear rate.     

Mineralization mechanism of calcium phosphates under three kinds of Langmuir monolayers

Three kinds of Langmuir monolayers formed by dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), arachidic acid (AA), and octadecylamine (ODA) were used as templates to study the initial stage of nucleation and crystallization of calcium phosphates. It was demonstrated that the combination of calcium ions (or phosphates) to the monolayer/subphase interface is a prerequisite for subsequent nucleation. It was found that calcium phosphate dihydrate (DPCD) formed at 25.0 degrees C for 12 h has a biphasic structure containing both amorphous and crystalline phases. These results showed that calcium phosphates were formed through a multistage assembly process, during which an initial amorphous phase DPCD was followed by a phase transformation into a crystalline phase and then the most stable hydroxyapatite (HAp). This provided new insights into the template-biomineral interaction and a mechanism for biomineralization.     

The effect of natural rubber crosslink density on real time birefringence,true stress and true strain behavior

A newly developed real time spectral birefringence technique was implemented to follow the coupled relationships between birefringence, true stress and true strain behavior of varying crosslink density natural rubber vulcanizates at room temperature. It was shown that the stress optical law is valid even at early stages of crystallization during stretching and there exists a critical birefringence beyond which the metastable “near perfect” oriented and highly distorted crystalline regions form and upon retraction this crystalline order disappears at the same critical birefringence level. These crystalline regions exhibit nematic order with significant axial registry distortions at early stages of the formation. They are suggested to form at or near the juncture points of the chemical network formed by crosslinks, and physical network by chain entanglements where the orientability of the chains is the most efficient.     

钐钴合金等温时效过程中胞状组织结构的透射电镜表征

SmCo高温永磁体的磁性能与其特有的胞状组织结构密切相关,等温时效过程是胞状组织结构形成的主要阶段.采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对2∶17型SmCo合金等温时效过程中的物相结构进行了表征,阐述了胞状组织结构的TEM测试方法.结果表明,通过特定晶带轴的选取,借助选区电子衍射和暗场像,可以对固溶体中的纳米尺度短程有序化微区和时效初期的胞状组织结构胚芽进行精确表征.结合高分辨分析,可以进一步对2∶17R相的有序化转变和胞状组织结构的生长进行分析,并证明时效保温阶段结束时已形成1∶5H、2∶17R、1∶3R三相共存的胞状组织结构.     

葡聚糖分子对氢氧化铁矿化结晶的调制作用

通过对比五种不同葡聚糖浓度的Fe3＋/葡聚糖矿化作用体系中Fe(OH)3凝胶在早期矿化阶段的成核和相变过程来研究葡聚糖对铁矿物的结晶与转化的调控作用. 运用ICP-AES(等离子发射光谱仪)观察各个矿化体系中上清液的[Fe3＋]浓度及相应pH的变化, 矿化产物运用FTIR、XRD进行表征. 结果发现, 上清液中[Fe3＋]经历了两次下降过程, 在陈化的第三天突然回增. 与不含葡聚糖的矿化作用体系很快形成结晶良好的α-FeOOH不同, 在含有葡聚糖的矿化作用体系中最初形成的物相主要为β-FeOOH. 葡聚糖分子通过与Fe3＋配位吸附在铁氧化物颗粒的表面促进了β-FeOOH转化为α-Fe2O3. 相变是经过溶解-再结晶机制进行的. [Fe3＋]第二次下降正是由于β-FeOOH转化为α-Fe2O3引起的. 葡聚糖浓度适当增大, β-FeOOH溶解加快, 有利于相变的进行. 因此葡聚糖的存在能显著影响在氢氧化铁凝胶中形成晶核的结构类型及其相变历程.     

Computational simulation of polymerization-induced phase separation under a temperature gradient

Polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) via spinodal decomposition (SD) under a temperature gradient for the case of a monomer polymerizing in the presence of a non-reactive polymer is studied using high performance computational methods. An initial polymer (A)/monomer (B) one-phase mixture, which has an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) and is maintained under a temperature gradient, phase-separates and evolves to form spatially inhomogeneous microstructures. The space-dependence of the phase-separated structures under the temperature gradient field is determined and characterized using quantitative visualization methods. It is found that a droplet-type phase-separated structure is formed in the high-temperature region, corresponding to the intermediate stage of SD. On the other hand, lamella or interconnected cylinder type of phase-separated structure is observed in the low-temperature region, corresponding to the early stage of SD structure, in the large or small temperature gradient field, respectively. The kinetics of the morphological evolution depends on the magnitude of the temperature gradient field. The non-uniform morphology induced by the temperature gradient is characterized using novel morphological techniques, such as the intensity and scale of segregation. It is found that significant non-uniform structures are formed in a temperature gradient in contrast to the uniform morphology formed under constant temperature.     

Aggregation of ionic surfactants to block copolymer assemblies: a simple fluorescence spectral study

A simple and elegant method based on steady-state fluorescence spectral measurement is demonstrated to study the interaction mechanism of copolymers and ionic surfactants with a suitable selection of fluorescent probe and also its general applicability in studying other systems. Three different concentration regions have been indicated from the changes in full width at half-maximum of the emission spectra and fluorescence intensity of coumarin 153 with the molar ratio of ionic surfactant to triblock copolymer (n). At low n values, copolymer-surfactant complexes are basically copolymer-rich micelles with few surfactant molecules, and at very high n values, copolymer-rich micelles are destroyed and surfactant-rich micelles with free copolymer monomers are formed. It has been observed that, in the intermediate surfactant concentration region, the transformation of a dominantly copolymer-rich complex to a mainly surfactant-rich complex can be either gradual incorporation of surfactants into the copolymer-rich micelles with freeing of copolymer units until surfactant-rich micelles are formed (type I) or simultaneous buildup of surfactant-rich micelles together with the destruction of copolymer-rich micelles (type II). The interaction mechanism for nonionic copolymers (P123 and F127) with ionic surfactants (SDS and CTAC) is mainly type II, but at higher copolymer concentrations interaction via the type I mechanism also operates. However, it is dominantly the type I mechanism that operates for common nonionic (TX100) and ionic surfactants.     

Surfactant-induced formation of honeycomb pattern on micropipette with curvature gradient

Breath figure (BF) process is a facile method to prepare honeycomb structures by dynamic movements of condensed micrometer-sized water droplets at the interface of volatile fluid. Here, we aim to find answers to understand how the BF process occurs on micropipettes with curvature gradient and to understand the role of the surfactant in obtaining honeycomb patterns. Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) chloroform solution with dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) as surfactant was utilized. It is found that the honeycomb structure formed on the micropipettes changes remarkably with the gradually increased surface curvature. The variation trends of the arrangement and diameter of pores on the micropipettes with the increasing curvature are similar to the different time stages of BF process: smaller and sparse pores formed at higher curvature are similar to those formed at early stage of BF; regular honeycomb patterns formed at lower curvature are similar to those formed at the late stage of BF. Especially, the "semi-coalescence" hemispherical pores strings are found at high curvatures on PLLA-DOPE films, indicating the surfactant-induced coalescence of water droplets in BF process. The differences of drying speed of polymer solvent on micropipette with gradually increased curvatures make the printing of the pores at different BF stages on polymer film possible. These findings not only strongly support the mechanism of BF array formation, but also elucidate the surfactant-induced coalescence.     

High-temperature hedritic crystallization of the β-modification of isotactic polypropylene

 High-temperature crystallization of the β-modification of polypropylene (β-iPP), induced by an active β-nucleating agent, was studied by polarizing light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was established that, in the early stage of crystallization of β-iPP, hedrites were formed as precursors of the spherulitic crystallization. Hedrites seen flat-on are characteristic hexagonal formations (hexagonites) with low birefringence. The central core of hedrites had positive birefringence. Hedrites seen edge-on were rod-like formations with strong negative birefringence which would transform into a radially symmetric spherulitic form through sheaf-like and then oval (ovalite) arrangements. According to the SEM micrographs, hedrites are clusters of multilayer lamellar crystallites. On the surfaces of lamellae hexagonal etch pits appear referring to screw dislocations. They are responsible for branching and proliferation of lamellae. Hedrites may reach considerable sizes (several hundred micrometres) presumably due to a coordinated cooperative growth of lamellae. There is an unequivocal correlation between the character of birefringence and the morphological structure shown by SEM of hexagonites, rods, ovalites and spherulites. It was demonstrated that, at temperatures of isothermal crystallization higher than the critical T(βα) , mixed polymorphic structures of α- and β-modifications were formed. Received: 15 August 1996 Accepted: 10 January 1997     

有机高性能纤维材料的轴向压缩变形行为

介绍了利用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及Ｘ射线衍射等方法研究具有伸直链结构的有机高性能纤维及膜材料的轴向压缩变形行为。在初级变形阶段，因晶面滑移形成与纤维轴呈一定角度并较有规则的变形带。变形带内大分子受剪切作用发生挫屈或折断。随变形程度增加，变形带堆积厚度以及分布密度增大。如果继续增大变形程度，微原纤维间的相对滑移使材料大分子发生剧烈的侧向位移、高度取向和结晶材料所特有的结构各向异性同性化，试样轴向长度明显缩短，最终导致破坏。     

Comparison of Aluminium Nanostructures Created by Discharges in Various Dielectric Liquids

Synthesis of aluminium-containing nanoparticles (NPs) by electrical discharges was performed in three dielectric liquids (heptane, liquid nitrogen and water) with aluminium electrodes. The nature of the liquid plays an essential role in the synthesis yield and in the structural properties of NPs. Time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy of selected emission lines emitted during the discharge and its time afterglow was used to observe the chemical changes occurring in the gas phase. It turns out that in heptane and liquid nitrogen, crystalline metallic NPs (from 5 to 10 nm in diameter) are synthesized and oxidized next into amorphous alumina when they are in contact with air, once the liquid is evaporated. In heptane, the transformation of the liquid itself into hydrogenated amorphous carbon creates a kind a matrix in which the aluminium NPs are embedded. Sometimes, a protective graphite shell grows around the NPs and protects them from any further oxidation. In water, these crystalline metallic NPs are synthesized during the first 800 ns of the discharge process, when oxidation is limited by the outward flux of the metallic vapour. They are oxidized next in water. A second type of alumina NPs (several 10 s of nm in diameter) are produced from 800 ns on. They are likely formed from AlO molecules and no longer from aluminium atoms. In every liquid, sub-micrometric particles are also found due to droplet emission from the liquid well created during impacts of spark discharges on electrodes.