具有高光催化活性的两亲性TiO_2 Janus粒子的制备（英文）

随着工业技术和社会经济的快速发展,水污染问题日益严重.尤其是化工原料和产品在生产、储存和运输过程中发生的事故,造成大量有机物进入水体,对自然环境造成极大危害.特别是在海洋中发生大规模的泄漏事故时,通过简单的物理方法如吸附、萃取等能够回收大部分资源,但在水体中仍有高浓度的污染物以油滴的形式存在,难以进一步去除.二氧化钛光催化技术在处理高浓度、难降解有机废水方面具有独特优势,但由于其强亲水性导致与污染物接触面积受限,降解效率不高.Pickering乳液是一种界面催化新技术,是由具有两亲性的胶体粒子代替传统表面活性剂形成的油水分散体系,固体粒子吸附在油/水界面,提高了固液接触面积,由此构成了无数个强化反应的微反应器.本文将光催化技术与Pickering乳液优势结合,实现催化剂与有机物界面面积的最大化,从而提高降解效率.首先采用拓扑选择表面改性法用硬脂酸改性二氧化钛制备Janus粒子,在此基础上用制得的二氧化钛Janus粒子构筑Pickering乳液光催化降解体系,研究其对有机废水的降解效率.FM和HRTEM表征结果显示,硬脂酸均匀分布在TiO_2的一侧,符合Janus粒子的结构特征.与纯TiO_2相比,TiO_2 Janus粒子的接触角从14.6°增大到72.9°,具备一定的亲水亲油性,可以有效润湿油性有机物,说明TiO_2 Janus粒子可以构筑稳定的Pickering乳液光催化体系.乳液稳定性实验表明,以TiO_2 Janus粒子为乳化剂的乳液稳定时间长达15 d,明显优于TiO_2和STA-TiO_2.降解高浓度煤油废水和硝基苯废水的实验表明,与纯TiO_2和STA-TiO_2相比,TiO_2 Janus粒子的光催化效率有明显提高,紫外灯辐照120 min后,硝基苯的降解率达到98.9%,约是纯TiO_2的2倍,STA-TiO_2的1.3倍,煤油的降解率也达到89%.采用叔丁醇、对苯醌、乙二胺四乙酸二钠和过硫酸钾作为捕获剂对TiO_2 Janus粒子的光催化机理进行了研究.结果表明,羟基自由基在硝基苯降解过程中起主要作用,光生空穴和超氧自由基起次要作用.TiO_2 Janus粒子能够高效降解有机物归因于粒子的亲油性提高,增大了催化剂粒子与有机污染物的界面接触面积,强化了羟基自由基迁移到有机污染物表面的速率,从而显著提高了光催化效率.     

非对称性Janus粒子的制备与可控组装

古罗马的双面神(Janus)常被用来描述具有两种不同化学结构或性质的不对称粒子, Janus粒子由于自身的特殊性能在药物载体、电子器件和乳液稳定等方面表现出良好的发展势头, 其应用前景日益受到人们的重视. 目前, Janus 粒子作为基本的组装基元受到越来越多的关注, 相关组装方法也被广泛地研究, 包括本体组装、界面组装和外界驱动力调控等, 特别是Janus 粒子的双亲修饰与功能化. 本文综述了现今Janus 粒子制备方法及对其进行修饰组装的最新研究进展, 详细讨论比较了一步合成法、聚合物自组装法和晶种直接生长等方法的特点及差异, 并对一些新型功能Janus粒子的设计及潜在的应用前景进行了展望.     

Janus颗粒表面活性剂的研究进展

Janus颗粒（JPs）是一类新型的具有微米或纳米尺寸、2个半球具有不同化学特性的胶体粒子。 其中,两亲性JPs在其2个半球上分别表现出亲水和疏水的特性,作为一种新型表面活性剂受到广泛的关注。 本文综述了近几年来两亲性JPs的制备方法、表面活性理论、两亲性表征方法及其在乳液聚合中的应用,并探讨了今后的研究方向。     

Janus粒子制备研究*

具有不对称双面结构的Janus粒子以其独特性能,在乳液稳定、光学、生物传感、药物输送、电子学等领域具有潜在的应用前景。本文就近年来Janus粒子制备技术的研究进展进行了总结,详细地介绍了Janus粒子主要制备方法,包括微流体合成、拓扑选择表面改性、模板导向自组装、可控相分离及可控表面成核,并指出了各种Janus粒子制备技术存在的问题及其发展方向,认为基于可控相分离及表面成核的合成方法成本较低,产率较大,有可能得到更为广泛的应用。     

两亲性Janus粒子在蜂窝状多孔聚合物膜上的自组装性能

采用具有两亲性的两面体(Janus)粒子实现稳定的粒子界面组装与水滴模板法自组装过程相结合的方法获得了粒子在蜂窝状多孔聚合物薄膜内壁的高效定向修饰.通过与均质粒子组装形貌的对比,证明了Janus粒子因其特殊的界面自组装活性,可以获得高粒子加量条件下的规则多孔结构,解决了使用均质粒子时存在的结构有序性和粒子修饰密度之间的矛盾.而在较低粒子加量的条件下,Janus粒子也展示出与均质粒子极为不同的组装形貌.这一方法的建立,为新型表面功能化材料的制备提供了一个新的思路.     

颗粒乳化剂的研究及应用

近年来,颗粒乳化剂因其在食品、采油、化妆品、医药、催化以及功能纳米材料制备等领域具有潜在应用前景而备受关注。本文综述了近来颗粒乳化剂的研究进展,归纳了颗粒乳化剂的种类,包括:无机纳米粒子、表面改性或杂化的无机粒子、有机纳米粒子以及特殊的颗粒乳化剂Janus粒子;并对颗粒乳化剂能够在油水界面稳定吸附的热力学机理和动力学行为进行了阐述,颗粒乳化剂在油水界面接触角以及粒径大小是其在界面稳定吸附的关键参数,而颗粒在油水界面的排布方式则主要受粒子之间相互作用的影响。重点介绍了颗粒乳化剂的热点应用,包括:(1)利用颗粒乳化剂制备Pickering乳液,以及通过对颗粒乳化剂的功能化,使得Pickering乳液具备环境响应性(即pH、盐浓度、温度、紫外光、磁场敏感响应性);(2)以颗粒乳化剂为构筑基元、以Pickering乳液为模板制备Janus颗粒、Colloidosome、具有多级结构的粒子或膜,以及多孔结构材料;(3) Janus粒子在催化领域的应用。     

Pickering乳液模板法制备Janus粒子

本文以SiO₂粒子稳定的水包油(O/W)型Pickering乳液作为模板, 在乳液连续相进行SI-ATRP, 将聚合物刷接枝到SiO₂粒子外半表面, 破乳得到半修饰的Janus粒子.     

Janus纳米金稳定的Pickering乳液界面催化氧化性能

Janus纳米粒子的结构设计和简易合成是Pickering乳液界面催化的关键. 本文通过在Pickering乳液保护法中操纵共轭亚油酸的自组装、 自交联性和弱还原性, 合成了Janus型自交联吸附胶束修饰的纳米Fe₃O₄ (SCA-Fe₃O₄), 并在其表面原位还原金后, 合成了Janus型催化剂Au-SCA-Fe₃O₄, 考察其同时作为乳化剂和催化剂在乳液界面催化苯甲醇氧化生成苯甲醛的性能. 结果表明, 该Janus纳米粒子的金修饰量(质量分数)仅为0.66%, 兼具乳化性、 催化性和磁响应性. Au-SCA-Fe₃O₄可制备外观稳定(100 μm)和热稳定(90 ℃)的苯甲醇/水型Pickering乳液, 可显著提高互不相溶反应物与催化剂间的接触面积, 使其催化活性达到均匀纳米催化剂的2倍和非乳液催化时的3倍, 其在界面的不可转动性使苯甲醛的选择性高于99.9%, 避免了苯甲醛被过度氧化成苯甲酸.     

基于不对称星形聚合物制备Janus杂化金纳米粒子

利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和叠氮-炔基点击化学反应,对β-环糊精(β-CD)进行不对称改性,在其宽截面一侧聚合得到14条亲水性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)链,在其窄截面一侧偶联7个硫辛酸(LA)基元,得到不对称星形聚合物(LA)7-CD-(PNIPAM46)14,采用配体交换法以此聚合物对金纳米粒子进行表面修饰,得到表面具有不对称化学组成和亲疏水性的Janus杂化金纳米粒子(Au3.1-CD-(PNIPAM46)14),该两亲性Janus杂化金纳米粒子可以在选择性溶剂水中组装形成类似于胶束结构的球状组装体。     

含Janus粒子组装体的构筑、调控及功能的模拟与理论分析

Janus粒子由于其表面性质与形状特征的不对称性而展现出独特的力学、光学、电学、磁学和表面两亲性能,在构筑复杂组装结构及设计新型功能材料方面有着广阔的应用前景.本文主要从计算机模拟与理论分析的角度,结合相关实验体系,系统地总结了目前对含Janus粒子组装体的体系构筑、结构调控及材料功能等的相关研究进展.从Janus粒子自组装结构的精确构筑与动态响应性、界面结构的熵驱调控、非平衡组装动力学及含Janus粒子组装体功能的模拟与预报等4个方面,详细阐述了Janus粒子的复杂多级组装结构及其背后蕴含的热力学与动力学的机理,并介绍了一系列基于含Janus粒子组装体的聚合物基复合材料独特的功能及其潜在应用.在此基础上,指出合理设计Janus粒子的非对称性质以及巧妙调控组装体内的熵、焓平衡,是控制其多级组装结构,进而开发相应新型功能材料的关键,并对Janus粒子未来的理论和模拟研究趋势进行了展望.     

Study of emulsion polymerization stabilized by amphiphilic polymer nanoparticles

Submicron-sized polystyrene (PS) microspheres with a relatively narrow particle size distribution can be easily produced through emulsion polymerization induced by γ-ray at room temperature using a new type of amphiphilic cross-linked poly(stearyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) particles as stabilizer. The properties of these amphiphilic particles were described, including morphology, size, ζ potential, and contact angles. The effect of the pH value and the content of amphiphilic particles on the formation and stability of emulsions were also investigated. Meanwhile, the obtained PS microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, through observing the morphology and size of emulsion droplets at different times under an optical microscope, we found it is interesting that Pickering emulsions formed initially disappeared gradually, which is different from the common Pickering emulsions stabilized by inorganic particles. Thus, the mechanism was further discussed.     

纳米玉米醇溶蛋白微球稳定的O/W型Pickering乳液

利用相分离工艺制备玉米醇溶蛋白(zein)纳米微球,微球粒径可控制在40 nm左右;经旋转蒸发制得zein溶胶体系,zein溶胶具有明显的丁达尔现象,静置数月不聚沉,Zeta电位法测得zein微球在pH值为4.0时分散性能最佳。 以纳米zein微球为固相稳定剂制备O/W型Pickering乳液,考察了zein胶体加入量、油水体积比等因素对乳液稳定性的影响。 实验结果表明,zein胶体加入量的质量分数控制为0.4%,高油水体积比将有利于Pickering乳液的长时间稳定。 基于zein分子的两亲结构和界面组装特点,提出了zein微球稳定Pickering乳液的作用机制。     

A novel formulation of the pickering emulsion stabilized with silica nanoparticles and its thermal resistance at high temperatures

Stabilization of emulsions with solid particles can be used in several fields of oil and gas industry because of their higher stability. Solid particles should be amphiphilic to be able to make Pickering emulsions. This goal is achieved by using surfactants at low concentrations. Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions are usually stabilized by surfactant but show poor thermal stability. This problem limits their applications at high-temperature conditions. In this study, a novel formulation for o/w stabilized emulsion by using silica nanoparticles and the nonionic surfactant is investigated for the formulation of thermally stable Pickering emulsion. The experiments performed on this Pickering emulsion formula showed higher thermal stability than conventional emulsions. The optimum wettability was found for DME surfactant and silica nanoparticles, consequently, in that region; Pickering emulsion showed the highest stability. Rheological changes were evaluated versus variation in surfactant concentration, silica concentration and pH. Scanning electron microscopy images approved the existence of a rigid layer of nanoparticle at the oil-water interface. Finally, the results show this type of emulsion remains stable in harsh conditions and allows the system to reach its optimum rheology without adding any further additives.     

A study of the catalytic behavior of phosphotungstic acid-modified Janus particles in a heterogeneous oil/water pickering emulsion system

An emulsion interface materialization method was used to obtain amphiphilic silica Janus nanoparticles. Reducing the photosynthesis of aquatic organisms after water pollution. PW₁₂O₄₀³⁻ was introduced onto Janus particles by ion exchange, and an amphiphilic particle emulsion catalyst (PWO-J) was prepared. Hydrogen peroxide was used as the oxygen source, and the amphiphilicty of the catalyst was used to assemble the catalyst at the Pickering emulsion interface. The PWO-J catalyst was found to exhibit very high catalytic activity toward the oxidation of oleic acid in water-in-oil systems. The results showed that PWO-J catalysis of oxidation had similar results as CTAB and phosphotungstic acid (control system) under the same conditions. The azelaic acid recovery rate was 86.7%, and PWO-J could be reused 4 times. A reaction mechanism was proposed, and the constructed model was used to calculate a reaction rate constant of 15.32 × 10⁻⁵L•mol⁻¹•s⁻¹ for the PWO-J system. The PWO-J system had a lower activation energy than the control system, showing that the catalytic oxidation of oleic acid into azelaic acid was more likely to occur in the PWO-J system.     

Pickering乳液的制备和应用研究进展

Pickering乳液是一种由固体粒子代替传统有机表面活性剂稳定乳液体系的新型乳液。与传统乳液相比,Pickering乳液具有强界面稳定性、减少泡沫出现、可再生、低毒、低成本等优势,在化妆品、食品、制药、石油和废水处理等行业具有广阔的应用前景,受到越来越多研究者们的关注。本文综述了近年来Pickering乳液的研究进展,先介绍Pickering乳液相对于表面活性剂乳液的特色与优势,然后介绍Pickering乳液的制备研究进展,最后介绍Pickering乳液的应用研究进展。     

Self assembly of Janus ellipsoids

We propose a primitive model of Janus ellipsoids that represents particles with an ellipsoidal core and two semisurfaces coded with dissimilar properties, for example, hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, respectively. We investigate the effects of the aspect ratio on the self-assembly morphology and aggregation processes using Monte Carlo simulations. We also discuss certain differences between our results and those of earlier results for Janus spheres. In particular, we find that the size and structure of the aggregate can be controlled by the aspect ratio.     

Novel Janus Cu2(OH)2CO3/CuS microspheres prepared via a Pickering emulsion route

Janus Cu2(OH)2CO3/CuS microspheres were prepared via a Pickering emulsion route for the first time. By treating the Janus Cu2(OH)2CO3/CuS microspheres with dilute hydrochloric acid, ringent Cu2(OH)2CO3/CuS core/shell microspheres and ringent CuS shells were obtained. The hatch size of the ringent CuS shells increased with the increase of the hydrophobicity of the precursor Cu2(OH)2CO3 microspheres. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersion spectra, and particle size analysis were used to characterize the products thus formed.     

Defining the characteristics of spherical Janus particles by investigating the behavior of their corresponding particles at the oil/water interface in a Pickering emulsion

In this study, a new analytical/experimental method is proposed in order to investigate the adsorption of different-sized spherical silica particles at the oil/water interface in a Pickering emulsion system as a well-known method to produce Janus particles. Accordingly, the characteristic of the produced silica Janus particles was defined based on their penetration depth into dispersed oil droplets. To ensure the accuracy of the method, the penetration depth of silica particles was also measured using field emission scanning electron microscopy images of solidified oil droplets covered with particles. The results revealed that the penetration depth increases with the size of the particles.