High-energy-density LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4 nanorods synthesized by microwave-assisted solvothermal method

Microwave-assisted solvothermal method has been developed for synthesizing LiMn_0.7Fe_0.3PO₄ cathode materials with an olivine structure. The obtained LiMn_0.7Fe_0.3PO₄ nanorods were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurements, and electrochemical tests. Electrochemical tests clearly indicate that the as-made LiMn_0.7Fe_0.3PO₄ nanorods exhibit two redox activities of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ and Mn³⁺/Mn²⁺ couple at galvanostatic charge-discharge process, which is due to the coexistence of Mn²⁺ with Fe²⁺ at 4c sites. The as-synthesized materials have high energy density, excellent rate capability and cycling stability.     

正极材料Li_(0.99)Nb_(0.01)Fe_(1-x)Mg_xPO_4/C的制备及电化学性能的研究

采用两步固相反应合成了锂、铁双位掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料Li0.99Nb0.01Fe1-xMgxPO4/C(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及恒电流充放电测试,研究了复合材料的晶体结构、形貌以及电化学性能。实验结果表明,制备的Li0.99Nb0.01Fe1-xMgxPO4/C(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)为纯相,掺杂适量的Nb5+、Mg2+离子可减小材料的晶粒尺寸,当Nb离子掺杂量为1mol%、Mg离子掺杂量为3mol%时,Li0.99Nb0.01Fe0.97Mg0.03PO4/C的电化学性能最佳。室温下,0.2C、1C、2C、4C(1C=170mA·g-1)倍率充放电其首次放电比容量分别为153.7、149.7、144.6、126.4mAh·g-1,即使在8C倍率下放电其放电比容量也有92.2mAh·g-1,并表现出良好的循环性能。     

异质双碳源对LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4复合材料电化学性能的影响

采用水基流变相辅助的固相法,以异质碳蔗糖和石墨为碳源,合成了LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C复合材料,研究了不同石墨加入方式对所制复合材料电化学性能的影响,并对所制备的LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C复合材料进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附-脱附测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征。结果表明,不同石墨包覆工艺对材料结构和电化学性能具有显著影响。前驱体煅烧后再加入石墨获得的样品纯度高,形貌呈均一的椭圆形,在0.1C下的放电比容量为149 mAh·g^-1,达到其理论比容量的87%;在5C下最大的放电比容量为133 mAh·g^-1;在2C倍率下经过300次循环后比容量维持在127 mAh·g^-1,衰减率仅为1.9%,表现出了优良的循环稳定性。     

二价与四价金属离子等摩尔共掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料LiMn1.9Mg0.05Ti0.05O4的制备与表征

以氢氧化锂、乙酸锰、硝酸镁和钛酸丁酯为原料, 以柠檬酸为螯合剂, 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二价镁离子与四价钛离子等摩尔共掺杂的尖晶石型锂离子电池正极材料LiMn_1.9Mg_0.05Ti_0.05O₄. 采用热重分析(TGA), X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和电化学性能测试(包括循环伏安(CV)和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)测试)对所得样品的结构、形貌及电化学性能进行了表征. 结果表明: 780℃下煅烧12 h 得到了颗粒均匀细小的尖晶石型结构的LiMn_1.9Mg_0.05Ti_0.05O₄材料, 该材料具有良好的电化学性能, 在室温下以0.5C倍率充放电, 在4.35-3.30 V电位范围内放电比容量达到126.8 mAh·g^-1, 循环50 次后放电比容量仍为118.5mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率为93.5%. 在55℃高温下循环30次后的放电比容量为111.9 mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率达到91.9%, 远远高于未掺杂的LiMn₂O₄的容量保存率. 二价镁离子与四价钛离子等摩尔共掺杂LiMn₂O₄, 改善了尖晶石锰酸锂的电子导电和离子导电性能, 使其倍率性能和高温性能都得到了明显的提高.     

Synthesis of Fe2+ Substituted High-Performance LiMn1−xFexPO4/C (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries via Sol-Gel Processes

A series of carbon-coated LiMn_1−xFe_xPO₄ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) materials are successfully constructed using glucose as carbon sources via sol-gel processes. The morphology of the synthesized material particles are more regular and particle sizes are more homogeneous. The carbon-coated LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄ material obtains the discharge specific capacity of 152.5 mAh·g⁻¹ at 0.1 C rate and its discharge specific capacity reaches 95.7 mAh·g⁻¹ at 5 C rate. Iron doping offers a viable way to improve the electronic conductivity and lattice defects of materials, as well as improving transmission kinetics, thereby improving the rate performance and cycle performance of materials, which is an effective method to promote the electrical properties.     

Electrochemical studies of LiCr x Fe x Mn2?2x O4 in an aqueous electrolyte

In this paper, LiCr _x Fe _x Mn_2−2x O₄ (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) electrode materials were prepared by sol–gel technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy or high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. XRD results reveal that the Cr–Fe-co-doped LiCr _x Fe _x Mn_2−2x O₄ materials are phase-pure spinels. The electrochemical properties of the LiMn₂O₄, LiCr_0.05Fe_0.05Mn_1.9O₄, and LiCr_0.1Fe_0.1Mn_1.8O₄ electrodes in 5 M LiNO₃ aqueous electrolyte were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance, and galvanostatic charge/discharge methods. In the current range of 0.5–2 A g⁻¹, the specific capacity of the LiCr_0.05Fe_0.05Mn_1.9O₄ electrode is close to that of the LiMn₂O₄ electrode, but the specific capacity of the LiCr_0.1Fe_0.1Mn_1.8O₄ electrode is obviously lower than that of the LiMn₂O₄ electrode. When the electrodes are charge/discharge-cycled at the high current rate of 2 A g⁻¹, the LiCr_0.05Fe_0.05Mn_1.9O₄ electrode exhibits an initial specific capacity close to that of the LiMn₂O₄ electrode, but its cycling stability is obviously prior to that of the LiMn₂O₄ electrode.     

高能量密度LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/C的制备及其电化学性能

以Mn(NO_3)_2、Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O、NH_4H_2PO_4、LiOH·H_2O为原材料,采用改进的溶胶凝胶法制备了具有高能量密度的Li Mn_(0.6)Fe_(0.4)PO_4/C材料。该方法通过金属和多种配体配位构筑的框架,把得到的一次纳米颗粒构筑为类球形的二次颗粒,即发挥了纳米材料优异的电化学性能,又提高了材料的压实密度,电池的能量密度可提升约30%。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、交流阻抗谱(EIS)、振实密度、粒度以及电化学测试等表征手段对材料的晶体结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了较系统的研究,结果表明此方法制备的LiMn_(0.6)Fe_(0.4)PO_4/C材料不仅具有较高的振实密度和电压平台,还具有优异的电化学性能:振实密度为1.3 g·cm~(-3),且在1C倍率下,放电中值电压为3.85 V,100次循环后,比容量仍有142.3 mAh·g~(-1),容量保持率为99.4%。     

Characteristics of nanosized LiNi x Fe1−x PO4/C (x = 0.00–0.20) composite material prepared via sol–gel-assisted carbothermal reduction method

Pure LiFePO₄ and LiNi _x Fe_1?x PO₄/C (x?=?0.00–0.20) nanocomposite cathode materials have been synthesized by cheap and convenient sol–gel-assisted carbothermal reduction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma have been used to study the phase, morphology, and chemical composition of un-doped and Ni-doped materials. XRD patterns display the slight shrinkage in crystal lattice of LiFePO₄ after Ni²⁺ doping. The SEM images have revealed that Ni-doped particles are not agglomerated and the particle sizes are practically homogeneously distributed. The particle size is found between 50 and 100 nm for LiNi_0.20Fe_0.80PO₄/C sample. The discharge capacity at 0.2 C rate has increased up to 155 mAh g^?1 for the LiNi_0.05Fe_0.95PO₄/C sample and good capacity retention of 99.1 % over 100 cycles, while that of the unsubstituted LiFePO₄/C and pure LiFePO₄ has showed only 122 and 89 mAh g^?1, respectively. Doping with Ni has a noticeable effect on improving its electrical conductivity. However, serious electrochemical declension will occur when its doping density is beyond 0.05 mol LiNi_0.20Fe_0.80PO₄/C electrode shows only 118 mAh g^?1, which is less than un-doped LiFePO₄/C sample at 0.2 C. The cycling voltammogram demonstrates that Ni-doped LiNi_0.05Fe_0.95PO₄/C electrode has more stable lattice structure, enhanced conductivity, and diffusion coefficient of Li⁺ ions, in which Ni²⁺ is regarded to act as a column in crystal lattice structure to prevent the collapse during cycling process.     

镁二次电池正极材料纳米Fe3S4的电化学性能研究

首次将尖晶石相的纳米Fe₃S₄材料用作镁二次电池的正极材料。采用水热法一步合成了具有纳米结构的Fe₃S₄材料, 并采用XRD、SEM测试手段对产物的物相、形貌进行了表征。实验结果表明, 在160 ℃能够合成纯相的Fe₃S₄材料, 该材料具有银耳状纳米结构。电化学测试结果显示, 水热法合成的纳米Fe₃S₄材料能够在镁二次电池体系中进行有效的可逆充放电, 放电平台电压为0.9 V, 首次放电容量高达267 mAh· g^-1, 50次循环后衰减至110 mAh· g^-1。电化学交流阻抗测试结果表明镁离子能够在Fe₃S₄晶格中扩散。     

Ge4+、Sn4+掺杂尖晶石LiMn2O4的合成与电化学表征

使用Ge⁴⁺、Sn⁴⁺作为掺杂离子, 通过高温固相法制备四价阳离子掺杂改性的尖晶石LiMn₂O₄材料. X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明, Ge⁴⁺离子取代尖晶石中Mn⁴⁺离子形成了LiMn_2-xGe_xO₄ (x=0.02,0.04, 0.06)固溶体; 而Sn⁴⁺离子则以SnO₂的形式存在于尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的颗粒表面. Ge⁴⁺离子掺入到尖晶石LiMn₂O₄材料中, 抑制了锂离子在尖晶石中的有序化排列, 提高了尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的结构稳定性; 而在尖晶石颗粒表面的SnO₂可以减少电解液中酸的含量, 抑制酸对LiMn₂O₄活性材料的侵蚀. 恒电流充放电测试表明, 两种离子改性后材料的容量保持率均有较大幅度的提升, 有利于促进尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄锂离子电池正极材料的商业化生产.     

Correlation between the O 2p Orbital and Redox Reaction in LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 Nanowires Studied by Soft X‐ray Absorption

The changes in the electronic structure of LiMn_0.6Fe_0.4PO₄ nanowires during discharge processes were investigated by using ex situ soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The Fe L ‐edge X‐ray absorption spectrum attributes the potential plateau at 3.45 V versus Li/Li⁺ of the discharge curve to a reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. The Mn L ‐edge X‐ray absorption spectra exhibit the Mn²⁺ multiplet structure throughout the discharge process, and the crystal‐field splitting was slightly enhanced upon full discharge. The configuration‐interaction full‐multiplet calculation for the X‐ray absorption spectra reveals that the charge‐transfer effect from O 2p to Mn 3d orbitals should be considerably small, unlike that from the O 2p to Fe 3d orbitals. Instead, the O K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectrum shows a clear spectral change during the discharge process, suggesting that the hybridization of O 2p orbitals with Fe 3d orbitals contributes essentially to the reduction.     

Effect of Li excess content and Ti dopants on electrochemical properties of LiFePO<Subscript>4</Subscript> prepared by thermal reduction method

Carbon coated Li_{1 + x} FePO₄ (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04) and doped compositions Li_1.03Fe_0.99Ti_0.01PO₄ have been synthesized by thermal reduction method in this paper. The results showed that increasing the content in Li_{1 + x} FePO₄ result in better electrochemical properties and cyclic performances until x = 0.03, which had similar change law with the particle size of samples; and the initial discharge capacity and cycle life of Li_1.03Fe_0.9Ti_0.01PO₄ was better than other samples under 1 C rate. When the Li_1.03Fe_0.99Ti_0.01PO₄/C sample cycled before 60 times, this sample exhibited a trend of increased capacity, and reached the highest discharging rate capacity of 156 mA h g⁻¹ at 60 cycles. The electrochemical performances of LiFePO₄ compositions synthesized by thermal reduction method, to some extent, can be improved by Li excess content and Ti doping.     

异质双碳源对LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4复合材料电化学性能的影响

采用水基流变相辅助的固相法,以异质碳蔗糖和石墨为碳源,合成了LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C复合材料,研究了不同石墨加入方式对所制复合材料电化学性能的影响,并对所制备的LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C复合材料进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征。结果表明,不同石墨包覆工艺对材料结构和电化学性能具有显著影响。前驱体煅烧后再加入石墨获得的样品纯度高,形貌呈均一的椭圆形,在0.1C下的放电比容量为149 mAh·g^-1,达到其理论比容量的 87%;在 5C 下最大的放电比容量为 133 mAh·g^-1;在 2C 倍率下经过 300 次循环后比容量维持在 127 mAh·g^-1,衰减率仅为1.9%,表现出了优良的循环稳定性。     

The phase transition behaviors of Li1−xMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 during lithium extraction studied by in situ X-ray absorption and diffraction techniques

How the structural changes take place in LiMn_yFe_1−yPO₄-type cathode materials during lithium extraction/insertion is an important issue, especially on if they go through the single-phase reaction (i.e., solid solution reaction) or the two-phase reaction regions. Here we report the studies on the phase transition behaviors of a carbon coated Li_1−xMn_0.5Fe_0.5PO₄ (CLi₁₋xMn_0.5Fe0_.5PO₄, 0.0  x  1.0) sample during the first charge using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The combination of in situ XAS and XRD results clearly identify two two-phase coexistence regions at two voltage plateaus of 3.6 (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) and 4.2 V (Mn²⁺/Mn³⁺) and a narrow intermediate region which proceeds via single-phase reaction in between two two-phase regions. In addition, simultaneous redox reactions of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺/Mn³⁺ in the narrow single-phase region are reported and discussed for the first time.     

A Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral laueite

A laueite mineral sample from Lavra Da Ilha, Minas Gerais, Brazil has been studied by vibrational spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with EDX. Chemical formula calculated on the basis of semi-quantitative chemical analysis can be expressed as (Mn²⁺_0.85,Fe²⁺_0.10Mg_0.05)_∑1.00(Fe³⁺_1.90,Al_0.10)_∑2.00(PO₄)₂(OH)₂·8H₂O.The laueite structure is based on an infinite chains of vertex-linked oxygen octahedra, with Fe³⁺ occupying the octahedral centers, the chain oriented parallel to the c-axis and linked by PO₄ groups. Consequentially not all phosphate units are identical. Two intense Raman bands observed at 980 and 1045 cm⁻¹ are assigned to the ν₁ PO₄³⁻ symmetric stretching mode. Intense Raman bands are observed at 525 and 551 cm⁻¹ with a shoulder at 542 cm⁻¹ are assigned to the ν₄ out of plane bending modes of the PO₄³⁻. The observation of multiple bands supports the concept of non-equivalent phosphate units in the structure. Intense Raman bands are observed at 3379 and 3478 cm⁻¹ and are attributed to the OH stretching vibrations of the hydroxyl units. Intense broad infrared bands are observed. Vibrational spectroscopy enables subtle details of the molecular structure of laueite to be determined.     

Synthesis of high-purity LiMn2O4 with enhanced electrical properties from electrolytic manganese dioxide treated by sulfuric acid-assisted hydrothermal method

Using sulfuric acid-assisted hydrothermal treatment, β-MnO₂ particles were obtained from the electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). Via high-temperature solid-phase reactions, spinel lithium manganese oxides (LiMn₂O₄) were produced using the obtained β-MnO₂ particles as precursor mixed with LiOH·H₂O for the lithium-ion battery cathodes. Atomic absorption (AAS) shows that after the hydrothermal treatment, the contents of impurity ions, such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺, caused by the limitation of preparation technology of EMD are greatly reduced. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that β-MnO₂ is highly alloyed consisting of nano sticks. Spinel lithium manganese (LiMn₂O₄) synthesized by the β-MnO₂ precursor has high crystallinity with a well 111 face grow and presents a regular and micron-sized octagonal crystal. When used as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, LiMn₂O₄ synthesized by the β-MnO₂ precursor has greater discharge capacity, better cycle performance, and better high-rate capability when compared with LiMn₂O₄ synthesized by the EMD precursor. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicate that LiMn₂O₄ synthesized by the β-MnO₂ precursor has better electrochemical reaction reversibility, greater peak current, higher lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, and lower electrochemical impedance.     

Effects of Fe doping on the electrochemical performance of LiCoPO4/C composites for high power-density cathode materials

LiCo_1?xFe_xPO₄/C composites with various amounts of Fe (x = 0, 0.05 and 0.1) were synthesized by vibrant type ball-milling coupled with microwave heating to investigate the role of doped Fe²⁺ in LiCo_1?xFe_xPO₄/C composites. The initial charge–discharge curves and cyclic voltammetry profiles of LiCo_1?xFe_xPO₄/C composites apparently featured an improved kinetic property compared to LiCoPO₄. It was observed that the initial discharge capacity (120 mA hg^?1) of LiCo_0.95Fe_0.05PO₄ is higher than that (108 mA hg^?1) of LiCoPO₄ and the difference between the oxidation–reduction peaks is getting smaller with the increase of Fe doping. The electrochemical improvement in LiCo_1?xFe_xPO₄/C composites could be attributed to the enhanced Li⁺ diffusivity induced by the enlargement of 1D channel in polyanion structure of LiCoPO₄.     

Thermodynamics Analysis and Removal of P in a P-(M)-H2O System

In order to efficiently remove phosphorus, thermodynamic equilibrium diagrams of the P-H₂O system and P-M-H₂O system (M stands for Fe, Al, Ca, Mg) were analyzed by software from Visual MINTEQ to identify the existence of phosphorus ions and metal ions as pH ranged from 1 to 14. The results showed that the phosphorus ions existed in the form of H₃PO₄, H₂PO₄⁻, HPO₄²⁻, and PO₄³⁻. Among them, H₂PO₄⁻ and HPO₄²⁻ were the main species in the acidic medium (99% at pH = 5) and alkaline medium (97.9% at pH = 10). In the P-Fe-H₂O system ((P) = 0.01 mol/L, (Fe³⁺) = 0.01 mol/L), H₂PO₄⁻ was transformed to FeHPO₄⁺ at pH = 0–7 due to the existence of Fe³⁺ and then transformed to HPO₄²⁻ at pH > 6 as the Fe³⁺ was mostly precipitated. In the P-Ca-H₂O system ((P) = 0.01 mol/L, (Ca²⁺) = 0.015 mol/L), the main species in the acidic medium was CaH₂PO₄⁺ and HPO₄²⁻, and then transformed to CaPO₄⁻ at pH > 7. In the P-Mg-H₂O system ((P) = 0.01 mol/L, (Mg²⁺) = 0.015 mol/L), the main species in the acidic medium was H₂PO₄⁻ and then transformed to MgHPO₄ at pH = 5–10, and finally transformed to MgPO₄⁻ as pH increased. The verification experiments (precipitation experiments) with single metal ions confirmed that the theoretical analysis could be used to guide the actual experiments.     

Fe6.67(PO4)5.35(HPO4)0.65 and Fe6.23(PO4)4.45(HPO4)1.55: two new mixed‐valence iron phosphates

Two new mixed‐valence iron phosphates, namely heptairon pentaphosphate hydrogen phosphate, Fe_6.67(PO₄)_5.35(HPO₄)_0.65, and heptairon tetraphosphate bis(hydrogen phosphate), Fe_6.23(PO₄)_4.45(HPO₄)_1.55, have been synthesized hydrothermally at 973 K and 0.1 GPa. The structures are similar to that of Fe^II₃Fe^III₄(PO₄)₆ and are characterized by infinite chains of Fe polyhedra parallel to the [101] direction. These chains are formed by the Fe1O₆ and Fe2O₆ octahedra, alternating with the Fe4O₅ distorted pentagonal bipyramids, according to the stacking sequence ...Fe1–Fe1–Fe4–Fe2–Fe2.... The Fe3O₆ octahedra and PO₄ tetrahedra connect the chains together. Fe^II is localized on the Fe3 and Fe4 sites, whereas Fe^III is found in the Fe1 and Fe2 sites, according to bond‐valence calculations. Refined site occupancies indicate the presence of vacancies on the Fe4 site, explained by the substitution mechanism Fe^II + 2(PO₄³⁻) = vacancies + 2(HPO₄²⁻).     

Application du modèle de chaînes de spins alternés sur le composé α Fe2PO5

In α Fe₂PO₅ the octahedrons containing the Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions share a common face. These octahedrons form zig-zag chains of alternating spin parallel to the b axis. Exchange interactions between Fe₂₊ and Fe³⁺ are ferromagnetic: this is confirmed by neutron diffraction. The alternating spin chain model, ignoring interactions between chains, was used. Our results show that αFe₂PO₅ exhibits ferromagnetic behavior.