Graphene-xerogel-based non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Graphene-xerogel-based Co–N cathode catalyst (Co–N-GX) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was prepared through a simple approach. The Co–N-GX shows a more positive onset potential, higher cathodic density for the ORR in alkaline media than graphene-sheet-based Co–N catalyst (Co–N-GS), highlighting the importance of high specific surface area for improving the ORR performance. The proposed approach makes the Co–N-GX catalyst a non-precious metal cathode catalyst for fuel cells.     

Electrocatalytic activity of non-precious metal catalyst Co-N/C toward oxygen reduction reaction

<正>Metallic cobalt was deposited on acetylene black to synthesize a composite Co/C by chemical reduction method.A platinumfree electrocatalyst Co-N/C(800) for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) was synthesized by mixing the composite Co/C with urea and heat-treating at 800℃.The results from linear sweep voltammograms indicated that the Co-N/C(800) is active to ORR.Theβ-Co and cobalt oxides are not the active site of the catalyst Co-N/C.However,the existence of cobalt facilitated the modification of nitrogen to carbon black and led to the formation of active site of catalyst Co-N/C(800).     

Nanocarbon-based metal-free and non-precious metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions

The oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) are a key electrode process in the development of electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices,such ...     

A non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction prepared by heat-treating a mechanical mixture of carbon black,melamine and cobalt chloride

A non-precious metal catalyst CoMe]C for the oxygen reduction reaction is prepared by heat-treating a mechanical mixture of carbon black, melamine and cobalt chloride at 600 under nitrogen atmosphere for 2 h. The catalytic activity of CoMe/C is characterized by the electrochemical linear sweep voltammetry technique. The onset reduction potential of the catalyst is 0.55 V （vs. SCE） at a scanning rate of 5 mV/s in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution. The formation of the ORR activity sites of CoMe/C is facilitated by metallic β- cobalt.     

Synthesis of dual-doped non-precious metal electrocatalysts and their electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction

The pyrolyzed carbon supported ferrum polypyrrole(Fe-N/C) catalysts are synthesized with or without selected dopants, p-toluenesulfonic acid(TsOH), by a facile thermal annealing approach at desired temperature for optimizing their activity for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) in O2-saturated 0.1 mol/L KOH solution. The electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry(CV) and rotating disk electrode(RDE) are employed with the Koutecky-Levich theory to quantitatively obtain the ORR kinetic constants and the reaction mechanisms. It is found that catalysts doped with TsOH show significantly improved ORR activity relative to the TsOH-free one. The average electron transfer numbers for the catalyzed ORR are determined to be 3.899 and 3.098, respectively, for the catalysts with and without TsOH-doping. The heat-treatment is found to be a necessary step for catalyst activity improvement, and the catalyst pyrolyzed at 600℃ gives the best ORR activity. An onset potential and the potential at the current density of-1.5 mA/cm2 for TsOH-doped catalyst after pyrolysis are 30 mV and 170 mV, which are more positive than those without pyrolized. Furthermore, the catalyst doped with TsOH shows higher tolerance to methanol compared with commercial Pt/C catalyst in 0.1 mol/L KOH. To understand this TsOH doping and pyrolyzed effect, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) are used to characterize these catalysts in terms of their structure and composition. XPS results indicate that the pyrrolic-N groups are the most active sites, a finding that is supported by the correspondence between changes in pyridinic-N content and ORR activity that occur with changing temperature. Sulfur species are also structurally bound to carbon in the forms of C–Sn–C, an additional beneficial factor for the ORR.     

Synthesis of dual-doped non-precious metal electrocatalysts and their electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction

The pyrolyzed carbon supported ferrum polypyrrole(Fe-N/C) catalysts are synthesized with or without selected dopants, p-toluenesulfonic acid(TsOH), by a facile thermal annealing approach at desired temperature for optimizing their activity for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) in O2-saturated 0.1 mol/L KOH solution. The electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry(CV) and rotating disk electrode(RDE) are employed with the Koutecky-Levich theory to quantitatively obtain the ORR kinetic constants and the reaction mechanisms. It is found that catalysts doped with TsOH show significantly improved ORR activity relative to the TsOH-free one. The average electron transfer numbers for the catalyzed ORR are determined to be 3.899 and 3.098, respectively, for the catalysts with and without TsOH-doping. The heat-treatment is found to be a necessary step for catalyst activity improvement, and the catalyst pyrolyzed at 600℃ gives the best ORR activity. An onset potential and the potential at the current density of-1.5 mA/cm2 for TsOH-doped catalyst after pyrolysis are 30 mV and 170 mV, which are more positive than those without pyrolized. Furthermore, the catalyst doped with TsOH shows higher tolerance to methanol compared with commercial Pt/C catalyst in 0.1 mol/L KOH. To understand this TsOH doping and pyrolyzed effect, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) are used to characterize these catalysts in terms of their structure and composition. XPS results indicate that the pyrrolic-N groups are the most active sites, a finding that is supported by the correspondence between changes in pyridinic-N content and ORR activity that occur with changing temperature. Sulfur species are also structurally bound to carbon in the forms of C–Sn–C, an additional beneficial factor for the ORR.     

High-performance hydrogen fuel cell using nitrate reduction reaction on a non-precious catalyst

The H(2)-NO(3)(-) electrochemical cell using nitrate reduction on a non-precious cathode catalyst shows much improved efficiency despite ～75% reduction of Pt metal loading as compared to typical PEMFCs using typical ORR on precious catalysts.     

铜基非贵金属异相催化剂在环境修复中的应用（英文）

近年来,全球经济和工业高速发展带来的环境问题,不仅严重影响着经济社会的可持续发展,更极大地危害着人类健康.石油化工、医药生产和交通运输等过程产生的气、液、固相污染物可直接或间接造成臭氧层空洞、光化学烟雾及水体污染等重大环境问题.气相污染物中,CO和可挥发性有机物(VOCs)不仅具有生物毒性,更是形成光化学烟雾等大气污染的主要前驱体.NO_x和SO2会造成酸雨的形成,极大地破坏生态系统.工业废水中难分解的有机污染物可对环境造成持续性破坏.而不完全燃烧产生的碳烟颗粒物不仅影响气候和大气环境,同时可导致心血管疾病高发,危害人体健康.源头控制是环境污染治理的关键,而催化净化是当前污染物源头控制最有效的技术之一.因此,设计和开发稳定、高效的环境修复催化剂是科学家们面临的一个关键问题.传统贵金属(Pt,Rh,Pd)催化剂虽然催化活性高,但是存在价格昂贵且易中毒等不足.而过渡金属及其氧化物因具有高活性、价格低廉和高储量等特点有望成为贵金属的替代催化剂.铜是具有3d轨道的过渡金属,有活泼的物理化学性质,是工业中大量应用的有色金属.铜基氧化物因高氧化还原电势和低环境危害被广泛应用于热催化、电催化和光催化.基于文献报道,铜基催化剂主要分为三类:铜氧化物(CuO_x),负载型铜氧化物(CuO_x/support)和固溶体铜氧化物(CuO_x-X).本篇综述首先探讨了铜氧化物的价态、晶体结构、形貌、暴露晶面以及载体与催化剂活性之间的内在联系,阐明铜基催化剂结构与性能的构效关系及高效催化剂的设计原则;继而全面总结了近年来不同类型的铜基材料在催化净化环境污染物中的应用,主要介绍了以下5类反应:CO的催化氧化,NO_x的选择性催化还原(SCR),VOCs的完全燃烧,废水中有机污染物降解,以及碳烟颗粒物催化燃烧.我们深入阐述铜氧化物的催化活性位点和催化机制;分析负载型铜基催化剂的比表面积、分散度、协同作用和界面作用对催化剂的活性和稳定性的影响;阐明固溶体催化剂的独特原子组成设计与性能关系,为高效催化剂设计提供思路.此外,本综述对铜基催化剂在环境催化中的研究现状以及尚未解决的问题进行了剖析与展望.通过铜氧化物表面调控,复合催化剂的界面调控,具有更高稳定性和抗中毒性的高效催化剂有望开发成功,而团簇及单原子铜催化剂也有望在此领域有所突破.     

非贵金属Co-N-C/MgO高效催化糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯

设计开发绿色、可持续的生物质资源高效转化制化学品催化过程具有重要的科学与应用研究价值.生物质基平台分子糠醛在分子氧存在下与甲醇发生氧化酯化,提供了一条糠酸甲酯的"非石油基"合成新路线.该反应采用贵金属/非贵金属催化体系,目前通常需要引入K2CO3或CH3ONa等碱性添加剂,以提高催化氧化酯化反应活性和选择性;但是存在活性组分流失、生成副产物及污染环境等问题,阻碍了其进一步应用.探索高性能非贵金属催化剂,实现无碱条件下糠醛高效氧化酯化,对于提高该生物质路线竞争力与推动工业化进程具有重要意义.     

Advanced non-precious electrocatalyst of the mixed valence CoO_x nanocrystals supported on N-doped carbon nanocages for oxygen reduction

Taking advantage of the nitrogen(N)-participation and large surface area of N-doped carbon nanocages(NCNCs),the Co Ox nanocrystals are conveniently immobilized onto the NCNCs with high dispersion.The Co Ox/NCNCs hybrid exists in the mixed valence with predominant Co O over Co3O4 and demonstrates superb oxygen reduction reaction activity and stability remaining~94%current density even after operation over 100 h.These results suggest a promising strategy to develop advanced electrocatalysts with the novel NCNCs or even beyond.     

Transition metal coordinated framework porphyrin for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction

A series of transition metal coordinated framework porphyrin was evaluated regarding the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reactivity for an optimized selection of the coordinated metal ion.     

In situ constructing of ultrastable ceramic@graphene core-shell architectures as advanced metal catalyst supports toward oxygen reduction

The changeable structure of 2 D graphene nanosheets makes the Pt-based nanoparticles(NPs) possess a low efficiency toward oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and a short lifetime for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Thus, a unique Ti C@graphene core-shell structure material with low surface energy is designed and prepared by an in situ forming strategy, and firstly applied as a stable support of Pt NPs.The as-prepared Pt/GNS@Ti C catalyst presents a high activity. Especially, its ORR stability is remarkably improved. Even after 15000 potential cycles, the half-wave potential and mass activity toward ORR have almost no change. This can be attributed to that the graphene nanosheet existing in a sphere shape effectively avoids the restacking or folding caused by the giant surface tension in 2 D graphene nanosheets,impeding the decrease of the triple-phase boundary on Pt NPs. Significantly, the power density of fuel cells with our novel catalyst reaches 853 m V cm~(–2) under a low Pt loading(0.25 mg Pt cm~(–2)) and H_2/Air conditions. These indicate the new ceramic@graphene core-shell nanocomposite is a promising application in fuel cells and other fields.     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel binuclear iron phthalocyanine/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for non-precious electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction

Binuclear iron phthalocyanine/reduced graphene oxide(bi-Fe Pc/RGO) nanocomposite with good electrocatalytic activity for ORR in alkaline medium was prepared in one step. High angle annular dark field image scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy element mapping results show bi-Fe Pc was uniformly distributed on RGO. An obvious cathodic peak located at about-0.23 V(vs. SCE) in CV and an onset potential of-0.004 V(vs. SCE) in LSV indicate the as-prepared bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite possesses high activity which is closed to Pt/C for ORR. The ORR on bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite follows four-electron transfer pathway in alkaline medium. Compared with Pt/C, there is only a slight decrease(about 0.02 V vs. SCE) for bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite when the methanol exists. The excellent activity and methanol tolerance in alkaline solutions proves that bi-Fe Pc/RGO nanocomposite could be considered as a promising cathode catalyst for alkaline fuel cells.     

Cobalt sulfides as efficient catalyst towards oxygen reduction reactions

Developing low-cost and high performance catalysts to replace precious metal based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) is one of the most feasible ways to promote the commercial application of fuel cells.In this work,flower-like CoS and octahedral CoS_2 are synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method without any adjunction of surfactants or follow-up thermolysis,their catalytic performance towards ORR in alkaline electrolyte are comparatively investigated.The results reveal that CoS_2 outperforms CoS owing to the higher electron density around S-S bond of S_2^2- in the crystal structure,which promotes the adsorption of oxygen on catalyst surface and facilitates the breakage of O-O bond in oxygen,leading to direct 4-electron transfer ORR.When CoS_2 particles are dispersed on the surface of rGO with large surface area,their ORR performance could be further improved.     

SO_2-tolerant Pt-MoO_3/C catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

A Pt-MoO_3/C catalyst,aimed to eliminate the harmful effect of sulfur dioxide(SCb) on the performance of Pt nanoparticles(NPs) for catalysis of oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFC),is developed and characterized by TEM,XRD and XPS.The results reveal that Pt-MoO_3/C catalyst exhibits not only a higher catalytic activity,but also a better SO_2 poisoning resistance and a better recovery performance than the commercial Pt/C catalyst does.     

FePt nanoparticles assembled on graphene as enhanced catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Seven-nanometer FePt nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and assembled on graphene (G) by a solution-phase self-assembly method. These G/FePt NPs were a more active and durable catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.1 M HClO(4) than the same NPs or commercial Pt NPs deposited on conventional carbon support. The G/FePt NPs annealed at 100 °C for 1 h under Ar + 5% H(2) exhibited specific ORR activities of 1.6 mA/cm(2) at 0.512 V and 0.616 mA/cm(2) at 0.557 V (vs Ag/AgCl). As a comparison, the commercial Pt NPs (2-3 nm) had specific activities of 0.271 and 0.07 mA/cm(2) at the same potentials. The G/FePt NPs were also much more stable in the ORR condition and showed nearly no activity change after 10?000 potential sweeps. The work demonstrates that G is indeed a promising support to improve NP activity and durability for practical catalytic applications.