电化学发光-聚合酶链式反应方法检测胰腺癌中K-ras基因点突变

发展了一种可用于快速检测胰腺癌中K-ras癌基因点突变的电化学发光-聚合酶链式反应(ECL-PCR)分析方法。该法采用三联吡啶钌标记的上游引物和生物素标记的下游引物对目的片段进行PCR扩增;再采用限制性内切酶MvaI对扩增产物进行酶切。由于野生型样品和突变型样品间存在酶切位点的变化,其中只有野生型样品能被切断;通过生物素与链霉亲和素包被的磁珠连接,将生物素标记的DNA片段收集到检测池中,进行电化学发光检测。采用该法对13例胰腺癌组织中的K-ras癌基因第12位密码子进行点突变分析,只需要10μL样品、20min孵育时间和30s采集时间,就可得出其中有12例存在点突变,点突变率为92.3%。本方法操作简便、安全、快速、灵敏,可用于检测任何一种导致限制性内切酶位点改变的基因点突变。     

实时荧光等位基因特异性扩增法快速检测K-ras癌基因点突变

将荧光定量PCR技术与等位基因特异性扩增(Allele specific amplification, ASA)方法相结合, 发展了一种可以快速检测基因点突变的实时荧光等位基因特异性扩增(Real-time ASA)方法. 将该法用于检测K-ras癌基因第12位密码子发生的点突变, 分别采用针对其不同点突变方式(GAT, GTT, CGT)设计的突变型引物对待测样品进行ASA, 只有突变型样品能被顺利扩增出双链DNA产物, 该产物才能与双链DNA染料SYBR Green Ⅰ结合, 发出荧光信号从而被检测到. 用该法检测31例结肠癌组织中的K-ras癌基因点突变, 其中有15例样品检出为突变型. Real-time ASA法可检测到样品中含量为1/1000的突变型基因, 具有灵敏、快速、简便、安全、高通量和低成本等优点, 可望用于大量临床样本的点突变筛查.     

CdSe量子点修饰电极电化学发光法测定叶酸

制备了水溶性的CdSe量子点,用紫外光谱和荧光光谱对其进行了表征.并将其修饰到金电极的表面,得到了CdSe量子点修饰电极(CdSe/GE),研究了其电化学发光性质.结果表明:在强碱介质中,CdSe/GE对鲁米诺电化学发光具有增敏作用,在此发光体系中加入叶酸后,会产生进一步增强的电化学发光信号,由此建立了电化学发光检测叶酸的新方法.考察了缓冲溶液pH值、鲁米诺的浓度和扫速等条件对电化学发光强度的影响.在优化的实验条件下,叶酸在1×10~(-13)~1.1×10~(-4) mol/L浓度范围内与相对发光强度(ΔI)呈现良好的线性关系,检测限为6.0×10~(-14) mol/L(S/N=3),并用于市售叶酸片剂中叶酸的测定,得到令人满意的实验结果.     

量子点电化学发光研究进展及展望

电化学发光因具有低背景、高灵敏度的优势已成为当前最先进的体外诊断技术之一.以三联吡啶钌为代表的分子型电化学发光体系虽然实现了商业化应用,但其光学性质已无法满足电化学发光分析的发展需求.量子点作为新一代的理想发光材料在电化学发光领域表现出巨大的应用前景.然而,由于对量子点电化学发光的过程和机理研究尚不充分,目前量子点电化学发光的各项性能均有待提升.本文聚焦于量子点电化学发光领域的关键科学问题,在总结该领域重要研究进展的基础上,指出光谱学、合成化学及电分析化学等多领域学科交叉是未来量子点电化学发光研究的重要发展方向.     

适配体电化学发光传感器用于灵敏检测氯霉素

利用带正电的聚（二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵）（PDDA）和带负电的硫化镉量子点（CdSQDs）依次吸附在氧化石墨烯（GO）表面制备氧化石墨烯-PDDA-量子点复合物,并将此复合物修饰到电极表面,通过酰胺键将DNA（cDNA）组装在量子点表面,氯霉素适配体（Apt）与cDNA杂交结合构建了传感界面。最后利用嵌入DNA链中的氯化血红素催化氧化H₂O₂,使共反应剂H₂O₂被消耗,量子点发光强度降低。当氯霉素（CAP）存在时,AptDNA会与CAP结合,脱离电极表面,导致量子点的发光强度增大,从而实现灵敏、特异性检测。在CAP浓度为1.0×10^-10~1.0×10^-6mol/L范围内,该传感器具有良好的检测信号,电化学发光（ECL）强度与CAP浓度的对数呈线性相关,检出限可达3×10^-11mol/L,且传感器具有优异的重复性、稳定性和特异性。将传感器用于牛奶实际样品中CAP的测定,测试结果满意。快速、简便的氯霉素传感检测技术将在食品安全和环境监测等领域具有较好的应用前景。     

电化学发光法检测鲎素

基于鲎素(TCP)能强烈抑制钌联吡啶/N,N-二丁基乙醇胺(Ru(bpy)32+/DBAE)体系的电化学发光(ECL)信号,建立了检测鲎素的方法。在最优实验条件下,Ru(bpy)32+/DBAE体系的ECL淬灭值△IECL与TCP质量浓度的对数logρ呈良好的线性关系,线性范围为3.0×10-10~1.5×10-8g/mL,检出限达50 pg/mL(S/N=3)。方法用于鲎试剂样品分析,鲎素的加标回收率为93.0%~107.6%。     

微流控芯片电化学与电化学发光检测的某些进展

近年来,微全分析系统(μTAS)发展很快^[1~3],已有多种检测器被应用.电化学检测法具有微型和原位的特点,可为微环境提供高灵敏度的检测效果.     

基于氮掺杂石墨烯量子点/硫化镉纳米晶电化学发光传感器检测硫化氢

以柠檬酸和氨水为原料,用水热法制备了氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(NGQDs),与硫化镉纳米晶(CdS NCs)复合,构建了固态电化学发光(ECL)传感器,用于硫化氢(H₂S)的检测。采用紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱对NGQDs和CdS NCs进行了表征,同时对传感器的ECL和电化学行为进行了系统研究。结果表明,以H₂O₂为CdS NCs的共反应试剂时,NGQDs可增强CdS NCs的ECL信号,并且NGQDs/CdS NCs的稳定性增加。H₂S存在下,S^2-与过量的Cd²⁺发生键合作用,ECL值降低。在最优条件下, ECL变化值与H₂S浓度(2.0×10^-10～2.0×10^-5 mol/L)的对数呈良好的线性关系,检出限为6.7×10^-11 mol/L。采用本传感器测定血清中H₂S浓度,加标回收率为92.7%～103.8%。     

基于DNA电化学发光传感器研究金纳米颗粒对量子点的电化学发光影响

纳米金颗粒具有高的消光系数和良好的表面等离子体共振特性, 其等离子体共振特性受纳米金颗粒的尺寸和周围环境等因素的影响. 本文基于半导体纳米晶电化学发光信号对金纳米颗粒的距离依赖性制备了DNA电化学发光传感器. 首先利用循环伏安法(CV)在玻碳电极(GCE)表面原位沉积金纳米颗粒(AuNPs), 巯基丙酸包裹的CdS量子点(QDs)与氨基修饰的双链DNA (dsDNA)通过酰胺键缩合, 形成量子点修饰的双链DNA(QDs-dsDNA). 最后将QDs-dsDNA 通过dsDNA 另一端的巯基组装到纳米金表面, 得到CdS QDs-DNA/AuNPs/GCE电化学发光传感器. 在优化电极表面QDs-dsDNA密度、金纳米颗粒沉积方法等实验条件的基础上, 对不同传感器的表面性质进行了表征, 如形貌和电化学阻抗等. 进一步通过控制纳米金和CdS QDs之间的DNA研究了纳米金对CdS QDs发光信号的影响作用. 结果显示DNA链的长度和类型对发光信号有着重要的影响. 最后将此传感器用于环境污染物的DNA损伤检测, 显示出很好的灵敏响应.     

富镉离子CdS量子点电化学发光法检测L-半脐氨酸

采用一锅法,通过控制镉硫比合成了表面富镉离子的硫化镉量子点,利用L-半胱氨酸可与量子点表面Cd2+结合,使量子点表面钝化,从而增强其电化学发光信号的性质,实现了对L-半胱氨酸的选择性检测.对合成的量子点进行了表征,优化了检测条件.在优化的条件下,L-半胱氨酸在5.0×10-9~1.0×10-5 mol/L浓度范围内与ECL信号呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.2×10-9 mol/L(S/N=3).本方法对L-半胱氨酸具有良好的选择性,用于实际样品中L-半胱氨酸的测定,结果令人满意.     

Highly sensitive ECL-PCR method for detection of K-ras point mutation

A highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence-polymerase chain reaction (ECL-PCR) method for K-ras point mutation detection is developed. Briefly, K-ras oncogene was amplified by a Ru(bpy)32 (TBR)-labeled forward and a biotin-labeled reverse primer, and followed by digestion with MvaI restriction enzyme, which only cut the wild-type amplicon containing its cutting site. The digested product was then adsorbed to the streptavidin-coated microbead through the biotin label and detected by ECL assay. The experiment results showed that the different genotypes can be clearly discriminated by ECL-PCR method. It is useful in point mutation detection, due to its sensitivity, safety, and simplicity.     

毛细管电泳-限制性片段长度多态性分析检测胃癌H-ras基因点突变

建立一种毛细管电泳快速高效检测限制性内切酶酶切产物的方法, 使其更好地用于基因诊断. 以甲基纤维素(Methyl cellulose, MC)为筛分介质, 用pUC19 DNA/Msp I (Hpa II) Marker标准DNA片段为实验对象, 通过考察筛分介质的浓度、pH值、毛细管的温度和运行电压优化出分离小于600 bp的双链DNA片段的最适条件, 并将此方法应用于临床59例胃癌患者肿瘤组织H-ras基因12位密码子点突变情况的检测. MC是一种良好的筛分介质, 运用其进行毛细管电泳对于遗传性疾病的诊断将更加快速、准确、简便、灵敏.     

A Method for Detection of Point Mutation Combined by Mutagenically Separated PCR with High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A method for detecting a known point mutation has been developed by combining mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction with high performance liquid chromatography. C677T mutation from methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) was chosen as model samples to assess the feasibility of this method. The annealing temperature for MS-PCR and gradient conditions for HPLC were systematically optimized. Under the optimized conditions, three genotypes of wild type, homozygous mutant and heterozygote (C677C, T677T, C677T) were clearly distinguished, and the data are identical to those obtained from capillary electrophoresis (CE) and from denaturing HPLC (DHPLC). The relative standard deviation (RSD) of this method calculated on the basis of retention times is ± 0.13% (n=7). Our preliminary results demonstrate that MS-PCR combined with HPLC is a simple, effective and highly reproducible technique for known point mutation detection, and may have potential applications in large-scale clinical diagnosis.     

Label‐Free Bioelectronic Detection of Point Mutation by Using Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes

An electrochemical hybridization biosensor based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes with a label‐free protocol is described. The detection of PNA‐DNA and DNA‐DNA hybridizations were accomplished based on the oxidation signal of guanine by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at carbon paste electrode (CPE). It was observed that the oxidation signals of guanine obtained from the PNA and DNA probe modified CPEs were higher than those obtained from the PNA‐DNA and DNA‐DNA hybrid modified CPEs due to the accessible unbound guanine bases. The detection of hybridization between PNA probe and point mutation containing DNA target sequences was clearly observed due to the difference of the oxidation signals of guanine bases, because the point mutation was guanine nearly at the middle of the sequence. The effect of the DNA target concentration on the hybridization signal was also observed. The PNA probe was also challenged with excessive and equal amount of noncomplementary DNA and also mixtures of point mutation and target DNA.     

Quantitative Detection of Gene Methylated Level of Stool Samples Based on Invader Assay Coupled with Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Its Application in Non-invasive Screening of Colorectal Cancer

Methylation of bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3) in stool DNA is an effective biomarker for non-invasive screening of colorectal cancer. However, a highly sensitive and specific detection method is required. Here, a quantification method for BMP3 methylation was developed by combining real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with invader assay using Beta-actin (ACTB) as a reference. Amplification efficiencies of BMP3 and ACTB were close to 100% after optimizing the concentration of detection probes, FEN1 enzyme and Taq polymerase, and the relative quantification of BMP3 methylation was achieved accurately by ΔCT algorithms. Ten copies and 0.01% of BMP3 methylation level could be successfully detected and non-specific signal was generated from non-methylated template, indicating that the method was highly sensitive and specific. The method was successfully applied to detect BMP3 methylation in fecal DNA from 16 colorectal cancer patients, 7 adenoma patients and 19 healthy volunteers. The results indicated that BMP3 methylation occurred in 5 of 16 cancer patients and 2 of 7 adenoma patients, but was not observed in 19 of healthy volunteers. Therefore, this method could be used to quantify methylation of gene in stool samples, providing an effective technique for non-invasive screening of colorectal cancer.     

一种用于核酸绝对定量检测的高鲁棒性液滴式数字PCR芯片

为满足液滴式数字聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对扩增反应过程中稳定保存液滴以及反应后高效检测的核心需求,构建了一种具有过滤气泡和增强荧光信号功能的液滴式数字聚合酶链式反应芯片.该芯片可在10 min内产生20多万个半径约为21μm的液滴.利用"玻璃天花板"的方式构建了独立于芯片主体材料的液滴收集腔,为液滴提供稳定的保存与反应环境;还构建了过滤结构,可有效过滤混入液相中的空气,提高芯片鲁棒性.同时,在液滴收集腔中引入反射层,增强荧光信号,使单个视野荧光成像时间缩短约40%,提高了检测效率.利用该芯片定量检测EGFR基因第21号外显子,检测信号与DNA浓度在10¹～10⁵copies/μL范围内呈现良好的线性关系(R²=0.998).该方案在载玻片大小的芯片上实现了液滴产生、PCR扩增和荧光信号读取,并具有较高的鲁棒性与检测效率,在核酸检测等方面具有应用潜力.     

未修饰的纳米金结合等位特异性扩增来检测K-ras基因点突变

将等位基因特异性扩增的特异性与纳米金特殊的光学性质相结合, 发展了一种新的基因点突变检测方法. 以肿瘤中常见的K-ras癌基因第12位密码子作为点突变检测对象, 采用突变型引物对待测序列进行等位特异性扩增. 突变型样品扩增产物中大部分是双链DNA; 而野生型样品由于不能被顺利扩增, 产物中大部分是单链DNA. 以纳米金颗粒作为报告基团, 向两种不同基因型扩增产物中依次加入纳米金胶和盐溶液, 野生型基因扩增产物中的单链引物被吸附到纳米金颗粒表面, 使得纳米金在适宜浓度的盐溶液中不发生聚集; 突变型样品扩增产物中的双链DNA由于与纳米金颗粒间存在静电斥力而不能被吸附到纳米金颗粒表面, 纳米金在该浓度的盐溶液中发生聚集, 导致两种基因型的混合液在吸收光谱和颜色方面均存在显著差异, 从而实现了检测基因点突变的目的. 该检测方法直观、快速、简便, 实验成本低, 能够检测到pmol量级的样品, 为点突变检测提供了一种实用的新方法.     

Procaine Inhibiting Human Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inducing Apoptosis and Demethylating APAF1 CpG Island Hypermethylated

Studies have shown that aberrant DNA methylation of apoptotic protease activating factor-1(APAF1) is an important epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation in the progression of bladder cancer. In this article, we have proved that procaine, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases, could inhibit the proliferation of T24 and 5637 human bladder cancer cells by inducing their apoptosis. The mechanism studies reveal that procaine could induce demethylation of APAF1 gene in T24 or 5637 cells, subsequently activating caspase-3/9. It was also shown that the serum soluble fas ligand(sFasL) was activated, and the expression of matrix metallopeptidase 9(MMP-9) was down-regulated. Procaine seems to induce cell death by different pathways, and it might be used as a potential agent for bladder cancer treatment.