离子液体双水相技术萃取头孢呋辛酯及其机理探究

通过研究离子液体四氟硼酸1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑( [Bmim]BF4)-Na2-CO3双水相体系对头孢呋辛酯的萃取性能,建立了萃取环境水样中头孢呋辛酯的双水相法.考察了双水相体系组成及相关条件对萃取率的影响,并对其萃取作用力及萃取机制进行了探索.结果表明,Na2CO3用量为0.8～2.0 9,[Bmim]BF4用量为1～2 mL时,随着二者用量的增加,萃取率有所增加.与[Bmim]C1/Na2CO3双水相体系相比,[Bmim]BF4/Na2CO3双水相体系更适于萃取头孢呋辛酯.热力学参数AG°T＜0,AH°r＞0,△S°T＞0,说明萃取过程的主要推动力为疏水性相互作用.在最佳萃取条件下,用此方法萃取环境水样中的头孢呋辛酯,二次萃取率大于93％,重现性好.整个萃取过程快速、高效且无乳化现象.     

乙醇-K2HPO4-H2O双水相萃取体系结合GC-MS检测白酒中的邻苯二甲酸酯

本文直接以白酒中的乙醇为萃取剂,通过双水相萃取技术结合气相色谱质谱联用法,建立了一种测定白酒中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的方法.实验对双水相体系的形成条件进行了研究,并探讨了双水相体系对邻苯二甲酸酯类的萃取效率.实验结果表明:乙醇-磷酸氢二钾-水双水相体系对邻苯二甲酸酯类物质有较高的萃取效率,在上相萃取液中加入无水MgSO4...     

离子液体双水相萃取山楂黄酮和多糖的相行为研究

用分光度法研究了[Bmim]BF4/(NH4)2SO4双水相体系萃取山楂黄酮和多糖的相行为,考察了同时提取这两种组分时[Bmim]BF4的浓度、(NH4)2SO4的浓度、山楂的用量、超声萃取时间等因素对双水相的上下相体积以及分配系数的影响。结果表明:(1)离子液体浓度的增加,双水相的上、下相体积分别明显增大和减小。但黄酮和多糖在双水相中的分配系数仅有波动,均小于5%;(2)硫酸铵浓度的增加,双水相的上下相体积分别明显减小和增大。同时黄酮和多糖的分配系数均有较明显先降低后升高的趋势;(3)山楂质量的增减,不影响双水相的形成,但存在一个实验条件下的溶出饱和值,该值为0.15g,此时黄酮和多糖的分配系数最大;(4)超声萃取时间的延长或缩短,同样不影响双水相的形成,但存在对山楂有效成分达到饱和溶出的阈值,对于黄酮为25min,多糖为20min。     

反气相色谱法表征离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐的溶解度参数（英文）

采用反气相色谱法(IGC)表征了离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4)在333~373 K温度范围内的热力学参数。使用两组不同化学结构和性质的探针分子测定了[BMIM]BF4与溶剂之间的相互作用力。根据探针分子的保留时间计算得到探针分子与[BMIM]BF4之间的摩尔吸附焓、质量分数活度系数、Flory-Huggins相互作用参数和[BMIM]BF4的溶解度参数。结果表明,所选溶剂中n-C10、n-C11、n-C12、四氯化碳,环己烷和甲苯为[BMIM]BF4的不良溶剂;二氯甲烷、丙酮、氯仿、乙酸甲酯、乙醇、甲醇为[BMIM]BF4的良溶剂。运用外推法得到了[HMIM]BF4在室温(298.15K)时的溶解度参数为23.39(J/cm3)0.5。实验结果证明IGC法是一种简便准确的获得离子液体热力学参数的方法。本研究为离子液体的应用及相关工作提供了理论参考。     

醇与离子液体二元双水相体系萃取盐酸多西环素

基于小分子醇双水相体系和离子液体双水相体系,建立了正丙醇与亲水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸[Bmim]BF4和(NH4)2SO4形成的二元双水相体系萃取盐酸多西环素的新方法。考察了(NH4)2SO4含量、正丙醇用量、pH值、离子液体含量以及盐酸多西环素含量对盐酸多西环素分配行为的影响。结果表明:当醇和离子液体二元双水相体系的pH值在4.0～5.0范围内,(NH4)2SO4含量为34%,且盐酸多西环素的质量浓度在25～95 mg/L之间时,该体系对盐酸多西环素的萃取率可达90.26%～95.71%,分配系数可达62.452～149.401。     

正负离子表面活性剂/离子液体双水相性质研究

本文把短链离子液体(IL)四氟硼酸1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓[C2mim]BF4引入正负离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)双水相体系(SDS/DTAB/H2O)中,研究了IL对双水相相图及相分离体系性质的影响。结果表明,[C2mim]BF4的阳离子性质是影响阴离子表面活性剂过量区域性质的主要因素,IL通过静电作用、氢键作用等改变体系中聚集体的形貌,最终导致阴离子双水相(ATPSa)的消失。IL的阴离子对阳离子双水相(ATPSc)区域性质起着决定作用;IL的盐效应引起的对表面活性剂混合胶束扩散双电层的压缩作用,不但促进胶团的形成,缩短了形成稳定胶团所需要的时间,加快了双水相的相分离速度,而且也造成了形成ATPSc所需DTAB含量的提高。IL的引入改变了ATPSc上、下相表面活性剂的组成及含量,使富含表面活性剂的上相中阳离子表面活性剂含量更高,进而提高了双水相的萃取性能,其上相对甲基橙的萃取效率可高达96.67%。     

咪唑类离子液体中合成β-烯胺酮的研究

本文通过修饰阴阳离子合成了一系列咪唑型离子液体,以β-烯胺酮的合成为反应探针,考察离子液体结构和活性之间的关系。结果表明:阴阳离子对离子液体的活性都有显著的影响。阴离子为BF4-时,阳离子活性顺序为[Hmim]+[bmim]+,[emim]+[bmmim]+,其中[Hmim]BF4作反应介质,反应时间为10min,产率可达96%。当阳离子为[Hmim]+时,阴离子BF4-,Tsa-,Br-和NO3-活性均较高,产率达到93%以上,但阴离子HSO4-显著降低离子液体的活性,反应30min,产物收率仅有60%;阳离子为[bmim]+时,[bmim]Br[bmim]PF6[bmim]BF4,产率达到85%以上;而阴离子为HSO4-和H2PO4-时,离子液体活性变差,收率低于70%。离子液体[Hmim]BF4重复使用5次,β-烯胺酮产率基本不变,反应10min后,仍达89%。     

乙醇-硫酸铵双水相萃取镉-碘化钾-罗丹明B离子缔合物

研究了在(NH4)2SO4存在下,碘化钾-罗丹明B-乙醇体系萃取Cd(Ⅱ)的行为及最佳分相条件。实验表明,在pH 1～3时,乙醇-(NH4)2SO4双水相体系对[CdI4]2-络阴离子的萃取率只有35.5%;加入罗丹明B后,该体系能完全萃取镉-碘化钾-罗丹明B形成的离子缔合物,而干扰离子Zn2+、Fe3+、Co2+、Cu2+、Ni2+不被萃取,实现Cd2+与上述离子的分离。     

离子液体双水相萃取分离苋菜红的研究

建立了由亲水性离子液体四氟硼酸1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]BF4)和NaH2PO4形成的双水相体系萃取分离苋菜红的新方法.研究了盐的浓度、离子液体浓度、溶液酸度、其它共存物质对苋菜红萃取率的影响.结果表明,NaH2PO4加入量在2～2.5 g,离子液量在1.0～2.0 mL,苋菜红溶液量在1.5 mL,溶液酸度在pH 4～6范围,离子液体双水相体系对苋菜红有较高的萃取率(E%＞90).用加入无机离子、不同类型表面活性剂和吸收光谱探讨了离子液体与苋菜红之间的作用.     

离子液体双水相体系萃取分离牛血清白蛋白

建立了由亲水性离子液体四氟硼酸1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑([Bmim]BF4)和KH2PO4形成的双水相体系萃取分离牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的新方法。研究了不同盐及盐的浓度、离子液体浓度以及蛋白质用量、溶液酸度、其它共存物质对双水相成相及BSA萃取率的影响,结果表明,磷酸二氢钾盐浓度为80g/L,离子液体浓度在160~240mL/L,BSA的浓度为30~50mg/L,溶液酸度在pH4~8范围,离子液体双水相体系对BSA有较高的萃取率。用加入不同类型表面活性剂探讨了离子液体与蛋白质之间的作用。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。