基于ANN的定向井有杆抽油系统悬点示功图特征参数的计算

有杆抽油系统悬点示功图的特征参数是合理选择地面机电设备的主要依据.由于井下工况的复杂性和部分参数难以确定,使得基于求解高维时变非线性方程的传统方法的计算结果存在偏差.本文将传统方法和神经网络相结合,给出了一种能比较精确地确定定向井有杆抽油系统悬点示功图特征参数的方法,避免了建立和求解复杂的非线性动力学方程.首先依据传统方法,计算出简化悬点示功图的特征参数.然后考虑抽油杆柱弹性振动、抽油杆与油管之问的库仑和粘性摩擦、气体和供液能力等因素的影响,利用BP神经网络和RBF神经网络建立了不同工况下悬点示功图特征参数的计算模型.利用现场实测数据对建立的神经网络进行了训练和测试.测试结果表明了本文方法的正确性和有效性.     

《实验力学》第3卷(1988)分类索引

综述实验力学发展前景1,1现代技术中的高级实验力学3,乳7恶劣环境中应变测量的国内外发展综述4,329电阻应变计测盘技术全息千涉术散斑计盆焦散线法声洲坦光弹塑性法有杆抽油泵井下抽油示功图计算机诊断系统2,97非稳态热应力测试及屈服后应力峰值的确定2,130动静态应变测量的采集系统2,173用双电流源的应变测量差值法原理及其联机2,177用数理统计方法评定电田应变计灵敏系数的精度等级4,349夹层全息千论法的残余应力测试1,24用夹层全息干涉法研究物体应变2,190微机计算机对全息位移与应变分析的冲击4,338激光散斑位移测量的可测范围研究1,68…     

分层有杆抽油系统诊断模型的反问题计算法

建立了分层有杆抽油系统的诊断模型 ,研究了在实心抽油杆与空心抽油杆的界面处空心泵对应力波的影响 ,给出了抽油杆柱不同杆段的波动方程的显示差分格式 ,提出了一种诊断模型的反问题计算法。用此算法可在缺少一个边界条件的情况下求解诊断模型 ,获得抽油系统各个工况下抽油杆柱任意截面的受力状态 ,从而可绘制出分层有杆抽油系统的空心泵示功图和管式泵示功图。将此算法与模式识别技术相结合就可对分层有杆抽油系统的故障进行诊断。     

井下管柱力学与控制方法若干研究进展

关于井下管柱力学的研究迄今已有七十多年的历程, 取得了许多重要的研究成果, 并主要在油气井工程中获应用实效. 然而, 由于井眼约束和作业工况的复杂性, 目前仍未能够全面而准确地揭示井下管柱在狭长井眼内的复杂力学行为, 导致相关工程设计控制方法难以解决好实际遇到的许多复杂问题. 本文回顾了井下管柱力学的整体发展脉络, 重点讨论井下管柱的静力学变形控制方程, 然后针对井下管柱力学中的几个重要科学问题, 包括井下管柱屈曲、井下管柱摩阻磨损、井下管柱安全作业极限和底部钻具组合力学特性及其相应的设计控制方法等, 分别简要介绍了相关研究进展、最新研究成果及存在的一些问题等, 并在一定程度上进行了总结与展望, 以期为井下管柱力学与控制方法的创新发展并促进油气井工程技术进步提供有益参考.      

探地雷达方法应用于煤矿井下断层探测

通过煤矿井下的工程探测实例 ,论证了探地雷达方法作为当前国际上最为先进的地球物理勘探手段之一应用于煤矿井下断层探测的可行性。     

起下钻时的钻柱和液柱系统纵向振动过程分析

本文建立了钻柱、钻柱内液柱和环空液柱的系统纵向振动方程，分析了起下钻时波动压力和反压差的影响因素，阐明了井下钻柱所受载荷的变化与大钩载荷的变化具有相同规律，为井下工况的预测、井下事故原因分析及井眼轨道控制系统控制信号的确定提供理论依据。     

定向井有杆抽油系统动态性能分析方法

由于杆管间库仑摩擦的影响,定向井有杆泵抽油系统动态参数预测模型是一个非线性的偏微分方程,求解复杂。鉴于此,提出了一种新的分析方法。该方法以定向井有杆抽油系统中的抽油杆柱作为研究对象,根据三次样条插值模拟得到的定向井的井眼轨迹,利用静力有限元法计算出了油管对抽油杆柱的支反力,进而得出了杆柱与油管之间的库仑摩擦力;给出了杆柱单元的受力分析;建立了有限元形式的杆柱系统动力学方程并利用状态空间法对其进行了数值求解,获得了悬点示功图。文末给出了两口油井的预测实例,并将预测结果与实测结果进行了对比。对比结果表明本文所提的分析方法是正确和有效的。     

连续油管井下力学行为模拟实验研究

连续油管作业系统在井下受力复杂,借助相关实验研究可为连续油管实际入井深度、连续油管屈曲、锁死及解除锁死等问题提供解决思路. 根据相关理论计算结果确定了合适的实验系统几何参数. 设计了实验台架,进行了不同规格模拟连续油管和不同弯曲段长度实验. 分析了屈曲、螺旋屈曲锁死、首端屈服等实验现象,提出了螺旋屈曲锁死的条件. 实验结果与理论计算结果吻合较好. 该实验为连续油管井下力学行为分析提供了依据.     

基于双层神经网络模型参数辨识的变结构多模型自主导航方法

在卫星拒止环境下,井下采煤机定位方式通常采用惯导/里程计的组合导航方式。但在采煤机开采过程中产生的复杂振动会引起传感器时变和非线性的器件误差,导致传统卡尔曼滤波精度下降。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于双层神经网络模型参数辨识的改进变结构多模型导航算法(TVSMM)。设计了一种基于支持向量机(SVM)和极限学习机(ELM)相结合的双层神经网络对系统噪声变化特性进行训练和辨识,实现快速、准确地辨识导航系统模型参数。仿真结果表明,通过双层神经网络模型参数辨识相较于单层神经网络的模型参数辨识精度提高12%。基于TVSMM的井下惯导/里程计组合导航算法可有效抑制振动噪声带来的航向角发散,航向精度提升42%,水平定位精度提升43%,对井下复杂环境中的自主导航定位具有较好的参考应用价值。     

变刚度梁柱理论及其应用

为解决井斜控制实践中存在的不等截面尺寸梁柱问题, 讨论了典型的变刚度纵横弯曲梁力学 模型. 根据变刚度梁柱变形的挠曲线微分方程和边界条件及连续条件, 得到了梁柱变形和端 部转角的解析计算式, 进而应用梁柱理论叠加原理可解决有集中力作用下的井下控制工具和 带变径稳定器的底部钻具组合(BHA)受力分析问题. 变刚度梁柱理论在BHA力学分析中得到了 成功应用, 为井下控制工具设计、钻具组合优化及井斜控制提供了理论依据.     

POST-BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF A DOUBLE-HINGED ROD UNDER SELF-WEIGHT

Post-buckling phenomena of slender rods have attracted great attention for both theoretical and engineering aspects. In this study, we explored the post-buckling behavior of a slender rod with two hinged ends under its self-weight. We first established the potential energy functional of the system, and then derived the governing differential equations according to the principle of least potential energy. We further addressed the physical meaning of the Lagrange multiplier by analyzing the force equilibrium. A computer code of shooting method was developed by using the commercial software MathCAD, which has proved efficient in computing the post-buckling configurations of the rod. We finally discussed the buckling of an oil sucker rod adopting our numerical results, which will be beneficial to the engineering design.     

Wave-based defect detection and interwire friction modeling for overhead transmission lines

In this study, the feasibility of continuous, online monitoring of power lines using ultrasonic waves is considered. Local and global wave-based approaches for wire break detection in overhead transmission lines are presented. Both methods use a sending/receiving transducer to generate an ultrasonic, longitudinal, elastic wave in the cable. Defects in the cable cause a portion of the incident ultrasonic wave to be reflected back to the transducer, which when received, can be used to identify the presence of the defect. Although the transducers can only be attached to the surface of the cable, subsurface wires can also be interrogated since elastic energy spreads to these wires through friction contact. This study also explores how the elastic energy of a propagating wave becomes distributed among contacting rods via friction contact. This work focuses specifically on a two-rod system in which the wave energy from an excited “active” rod is transmitted to a neighboring “passive” rod through friction contact. An energy-based model is used to approximate the time average elastic wave power in the two rods as a function of propagation distance. Power predictions from the energy-based model compare well with experimental measurements and finite element simulations.     

Experimental observations of a flexible slider crank mechanism at very high speeds

A slider crank mechanism has been constructed and operated for the purpose of investigating steady state rod bending vibration induced by a very high speed crank. Features include a combination flywheel and adjustable length crank, a thin aluminum connecting rod, and a piston sliding on steel rod slide axes. A strain gage on the rod and magnetic pickup on the crank sensed rod strain and crank speed, respectively.For this system configuration, experimental results are categorized as small, intermediate and large crank length response. Small and intermediate cranks response was amplified due to a large superharmonic component of twice the crank speed frequency and at crank speeds near 1/2 the first natural frequency of the rod. Beyond that speed, period doubling occurred over a range of speeds for intermediate length cranks. The occurrence of period doubling was experimentally sudden and audibly noticeable, and characterized by the onset of frequency components of 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, and 7/2 times the crank speed. For large crank sizes of 0.5, 1, and 2 inches an amplified response also appeared in each at a certain speed, but at speeds lower than in the small and intermediate crank cases. Larger cranks required more frequency components to describe the response than smaller cranks. Experimental responses were correlated with computer simulations of a one mode nonlinear ordinary differential equation model, and over a wide range of speeds and for a representative of a small, intermediate, and large crank length.     

Free vibrations of a thin elastica by normal modes

In this work we investigate the existence, stability and bifurcation of periodic motions in an unforced conservative two degree of freedom system. The system models the nonlinear vibrations of an elastic rod which can undergo both torsional and bending modes. Using a variety of perturbation techniques in conjunction with the computer algebra system MACSYMA, we obtain approximate expressions for a diversity of periodic motions, including nonlinear normal modes, elliptic orbits and non-local modes. The latter motions, which involve both bending and torsional motions in a 2:1 ratio, correspond to behavior previously observed in experiments by Cusumano.     

Thermocapillary flow and natural convection in a melt column with an unknown melt/solid interface

A vertical melt column set up between an upper heating rod and a lower sample rod, i.e. the so-called halfzone system, is a convenient experimental tool for studying convection in the melt in floating-zone crystal growth. In order to help understand the convection observed in the melt column, a computer model has been developed to describe steady state, axisymmetrical thermocapillary flow and natural convection in the melt. The governing equations and boundary conditions are expressed in general non-orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates in order to accurately treat the unknown melt/solid interface as well as all other physical boundaries in the system. The effects of key dimensionless variables on the following items are discussed: (1)convection and temperature distribution in the melt; (2) the shape of the melt/solid interface; (3) the height of the melt column. These dimensionless variables are the Grashof, Marangoni and Prandtl numbers.     

Buckling of a twisted and compressed rod supported by Cardan joints

We consider the problem of determining the stability boundary of an elastic rod supported by Cardan joints at both ends. The rod is loaded by a compressive force and a couple. The constitutive equations of the rod take into account the compressibility of the rod axis. The stability boundary is determined by the bifurcation points of a system of eight nonlinear first order differential equations obtained by using suitable dependent variables. The type of bifurcation is examined depending on the compressibility. By numerical integration of a system of ten nonlinear first order differential equations the post-critical shape of the rod is determined.     

In-plane and out-of-plane free vibration and stability of a curved rod in flow

This paper investigates the free vibration and stability of a curved rod in flow. The equations of the three-dimensional motions of the rod are derived by the Newtonian approach. The differential quadrature method (DQM) is introduced to formulate the discrete forms of the governing equations of the inextensible rod with clamped–clamped supports. Based on numerical calculations, the effects of several system parameters, especially the flow velocity, on the natural frequencies and stability of the system are discussed. Buckling and flutter instability are detected as the flow velocity is varied in a certain range. Moreover, a derivation of the generalized slender-body theory for such a deformable curved rod is given in Appendix A.     

Swing-up and positioning control of an inverted wheeled cart pendulum system with chaotic balancing motions

This paper explores the problem of swinging-up an inverted pendulum formed by a rod attached to a wheeled cart with a hanging bob at its opposite end. The system is driven by the wheeled cart platform system, which is formed by a cart, wheels with counterbalance and connecting-rods. The model of the system is initially obtained under the assumption of rolling without slipping of the wheels, which is then verified by computing the reaction forces. The motion of the wheeled cart is initially oscillating, whereas the rod can move freely giving rise to an under-actuated mechanical system. From the harmonic prescribed motion for the wheeled cart, necessary conditions for chaotic rod motion are deduced by means of the Melnikov function. Once the chaotic oscillation has been reached and the rod is close to the upright position, the force over the wheeled cart is commutated to a control law based on the pole-placement plus integrator technique. This procedure allows driving the rod and the wheeled cart system to the upright position and to a prescribed set point respectively. The onset of strange attractors is crucial in the design of the control law, whose performance to obtain rolling without slipping is researched by means of sensitive dependence, power spectral density, Lyapunov exponents and reaction forces. The results of the analytical calculations are verified by full numerical simulations.