甲基葡萄糖苷硬脂酸酯及其聚氧丙烯醚的合成

以α-甲基葡萄糖苷和硬脂酸甲酯为原料,在碱性催化剂K2CO3和相转移催化剂四丁基氯化铵(TBAC)共同作用下,无溶剂法合成了甲基葡萄糖苷硬脂酸酯(SS),再与环氧丙烷反应,合成了甲基葡萄糖苷硬脂酸酯聚氧丙烯醚(SSP),并对产品进行了IR表征.探讨了相转移催化酯交换反应机理.研究了原料配比、催化剂种类及用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对SS收率的影响,得到了合成SS的适宜工艺条件:n(甲基葡萄糖苷)∶ n(硬脂酸甲酯)=0.71∶ 1,w(K2CO3)∶ w(硬脂酸酸甲酯)=0.04∶ 1,w(TBAC)∶ w(硬脂酸甲酯)=0.05∶ 1,反应温度145℃,时间4.5h,压力6kPa.上述条件下,SS收率可达92%,产品质量较好.     

利用硅基迁移反应简便合成选择性苄基保护的糖类衍生物

羟基保护是糖化学合成的重要组成部分,羟基选择性部分保护的糖类衍生物中间体的合成往往需要多步反应或使用特殊试剂。本文以不同的甲基O-叔丁基二甲硅基糖苷为起始物,探讨了利用碱性条件下的硅基迁移反应合成选择性保护的糖类衍生物中间体的方法。例如,甲基6-O-叔丁基二甲硅基a-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷在NaH及BnBr 作用下进行苄基化反应,随后在酸性条件下脱去硅基,主要得到6-O→4-O硅基迁移的产物,甲基2,3,6-三-O-苄基a-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。提出了一种简便合成选择性苄基保护的甲基2,3,6-三-O-苄基a-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷的有效方法。     

亚甲基蓝法测试钻井液中膨润土含量实验的改革及实施成效

针对"油田化学基础实验"课程中亚甲基蓝法测试钻井液中膨润土含量实验测试结果的偏差,通过影响因素分析和测试条件优化,改进了亚甲基蓝法测试钻井液膨润土含量实验。并将改进后的方法应用到基础实验教学、开放实验和科学研究中,在石油工程专业大学生动手能力、创新能力、求真精神、工程意识培养及辅助科学研究和指导现场施工等方面取得了成效。     

基于糖苷芳香酸酯的金属有机材料的制备与研究

选用甲基葡萄糖苷和邻苯二甲酸酐为原料,在三乙胺的催化作用下合成了具有配位能力的齿状有机酯配体甲基葡萄糖苷芳香酸酯(MGAE)(C15H18O9,C15H16O8,C22H30O14,C23H22O12,C31H26O15或C39H30O18)配体;然后,将该新型有机酯配体与金属盐溶液在模板剂三乙胺的作用下经配位制备出一系列MGAE金属有机化合物,并采用FT-IR,XRD,TGA,FSEM,EDS和BET等表征手段对所得的MGAE金属有机化合物进行表征。结果表明:配位过程中主要是MGAE中的羰基参与反应,且影响配合物性能的主要是MGAE中的有机配体和金属阳离子。     

基于糖苷芳香酸酯的金属有机材料的制备与研究

选用甲基葡萄糖苷和邻苯二甲酸酐为原料,在三乙胺的催化作用下合成了具有配位能力的齿状有机酯配体甲基葡萄糖苷芳香酸酯（MGAE）（C₁₅H₁₈O₉,C₁₅H₁₆O₈,C₂₂H₃₀O₁₄,C₂₃H₂₂O₁₂,C₃₁H₂₆O₁₅或C₃₉H₃₀O₁₈）配体;然后,将该新型有机酯配体与金属盐溶液在模板剂三乙胺的作用下经配位制备出一系列MGAE金属有机化合物,并采用FT-IR,XRD,TGA,FSEM,EDS和BET等表征手段对所得的MGAE金属有机化合物进行表征。结果表明：配位过程中主要是MGAE中的羰基参与反应,且影响配合物性能的主要是MGAE中的有机配体和金属阳离子。     

高取代度阳离子淀粉的合成及其降滤失性能

高取代度阳离子淀粉的合成及其降滤失性能;环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵;阳离子淀粉;半干法;钻井液;降滤失剂     

2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧自由基/Ca(ClO)2催化氧化甲基葡糖苷制备葡醛酸

采用2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧自由基/Ca(ClO)2体系选择氧化甲基葡萄糖苷(简称甲苷)合成了葡萄糖甲苷酸盐,再用硫酸酸解葡萄糖甲苷酸盐,得到葡萄糖醛酸和副产物硫酸钙。考察了氧化工艺条件对葡萄糖醛酸收率的影响;用pH计监控反应过程,反应中间体和终产物用UV和HPLC检测。结果表明,该体系对甲苷伯羟基的氧化具有较好的催化活性和反应选择性,葡萄糖醛酸收率达到92%,且金属离子易于去除。和传统的淀粉HNO3氧化法工艺相比,该方法具有资源节约、环境友好的特点。     

含离子液体介质中酶催化糖基化合成4-羟基苯乙基β-D-葡萄糖苷

探讨了β-葡萄糖苷酶在离子液体/有机溶剂/缓冲溶液介质中催化直接糖基化反应合成4-羟基苯乙基β-D-葡萄糖苷.考察了反应体系组成、反应条件等因素对反应的影响.研究结果表明,1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(C4MIm·PF6)/1,4-二氧六环/柠檬酸-磷酸盐缓冲溶液是糖基化反应的合适介质.当三者的体积含量分别为17％...     

钻井液添加剂对形成天然气水合物的影响

针对深水钻井中水基钻井液易形成天然气水合物从而导致钻井作业无法正常进行的问题,利用自行设计研制的气体水合物反应装置,模拟深水钻井温度压力条件,对水基钻井液添加剂进行了天然气水合物形成的实验研究。分析了各实验体系形成水合物的过冷度。以过冷度为评价指标,评价了各种钻井液添加剂在深水钻井水合物形成过程中的作用。结果表明,在钻井液使用的加量范围内,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺CPAM、两性离子聚合物FA367等对天然气水合物的形成有抑制作用,且随着加量的增加抑制作用增强;磺甲基丹宁SMT、木质素磺酸盐FCLS对天然气水合物的形成有微弱的促进作用,但影响不大。聚合物添加剂的离子类型对天然气水合物的形成影响不大。     

血竭提取过程中金属元素的迁移与对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制力的相关性

用有机溶剂提取和水煎提取两种方法得到血竭α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂若干不同部位,测得其对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半抑制量ID50;用火焰原子吸收法对所含五种金属元素进行定量分析。结果表明,在用有机溶剂法提取α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂过程中,金属元素发生明显的规律性迁移;而在水煎过程中钙、镁含量随提取次数的增加而减少;相应的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的活性亦呈规律性变化。     

疏水改性低分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺抑制剂的制备及性能评价

针对现有阳离子类抑制剂与钻井液配伍性、抑制性较差的不足,本文以丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵、丙烯酸十八酯为原料,以乙醇和乙酸丁酯的混合物作溶剂,采用沉淀聚合法,制备出了疏水改性低分子量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺BJX-1页岩抑制剂。通过研究不同反应条件对BJX-1分子量的影响规律,得出溶剂组成对BJX-1分子量影响最大,可通过调节溶剂组成实现BJX-1分子量的控制。当分子量为1.45×10~5g/mol~1.87×10~5g/mol时,BJX-1的抑制性最好,页岩岩屑120℃热滚回收率约为78%;增加BJX-1中疏水结构单元含量至2%~4%时,可进一步提高BJX-1抑制性,使页岩岩屑120℃热滚回收率高于90%;此时的最佳反应条件为:以乙醇和乙酸丁酯按体积比90∶10~100∶0组成的混合物作为溶剂,引发剂质量分数为0.1%,单体质量分数为3%,在80℃下反应7h。通过对比研究发现,当加量为1%时,BJX-1所对应的页岩岩屑120℃热滚回收率分别比常用小分子阳离子化合物JA-1和高分子量阳离子聚合物DY-1高27.85%和50.06%。BJX-1更能提高钻井液的综合流变性能,使钻井液流变性更加稳定,而且具有优良的高温高压降滤失性。     

Viscoelastic and shear viscosity studies of colloidal silica particles dispersed in monoethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and dodecane stabilized by dodecyl hexaethylene glycol monoether (C12E6)

Silica dispersions stabilized by a nonionic surfactant, dodecyl hexaethylene glycol monoether (C 12E 6), were studied using rheological measurements. The viscosity-shear rate flow behavior of silica in monoethylene glycol (MEG) is shear thinning at low shear rates, leading to a Newtonian plateau at high shear rates for all dispersions studied. All rheological properties showed an increase above a critical surfactant concentration. The dispersions were stable at low levels of C 12E 6 concentrations because of electrostatic repulsions as deduced from the zeta potentials of silica that were on the order of about -30 to -65 mV in monoethylene glycol (MEG). Instability on further addition of C 12E 6 to the silica particles, a phenomenon normally obtained with high-molecular-weight polymers, was observed in MEG. Viscoelatic measurements of silica in monoethylene glycol at various surfactant concentrations showed a predominantly viscous response at low frequency and a predominantly elastic response at high frequencies, indicative of weak flocculation. Instability is explained in terms of hydrophobic and bridging interactions. Restabilization observed at high surfactant concentration was due to the steric repulsion of ethoxy groups of micellar aggregates adsorbed on silica particles. The study also revealed that the presence of trace water introduced charge repulsion that moderated rheological measurements in glycol media and introduced the charge reversal of silica particles in dodecane.     

Experimental Investigation of the Rheological Behavior of an Oil-Based Drilling Fluid with Rheology Modifier and Oil Wetter Additives

Drilling issues such as shale hydration, high-temperature tolerance, torque and drag are often resolved by applying an appropriate drilling fluid formulation. Oil-based drilling fluid (OBDF) formulations are usually composed of emulsifiers, lime, brine, viscosifier, fluid loss controller and weighting agent. These additives sometimes outperform in extended exposure to high pressure high temperature (HPHT) conditions encountered in deep wells, resulting in weighting material segregation, high fluid loss, poor rheology and poor emulsion stability. In this study, two additives, oil wetter and rheology modifier were incorporated into the OBDF and their performance was investigated by conducting rheology, fluid loss, zeta potential and emulsion stability tests before and after hot rolling at 16 h and 32 h. Extending the hot rolling period beyond what is commonly used in this type of experiment is necessary to ensure the fluid’s stability. It was found that HPHT hot rolling affected the properties of drilling fluids by decreasing the rheology parameters and emulsion stability with the increase in the hot rolling time to 32 h. Also, the fluid loss additive’s performance degraded as rolling temperature and time increased. Adding oil wetter and rheology modifier additives resulted in a slight loss of rheological profile after 32 h and maintained flat rheology profile. The emulsion stability was slightly decreased and stayed close to the recommended value (400 V). The fluid loss was controlled by optimizing the concentration of fluid loss additive and oil wetter. The presence of oil wetter improved the carrying capacity of drilling fluids and prevented the barite sag problem. The zeta potential test confirmed that the oil wetter converted the surface of barite from water to oil and improved its dispersion in the oil.     

Fe3O4/poly (acrylic acid) nanoparticles as modifiers for improving rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluids

Drilling fluid is a vital element and is often regarded as the “blood” in the oil industry. Although traditional oil-based drilling fluids have advantages in some harsh cases, the high cost and environmental pollution faced with them limit its application. Water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) with environmental friendly, low cost, and high performance are important for drilling engineering to solve the problems of low efficiency and wellbore instability caused by poor rheological properties and large filtration loss in drilling operations. In this paper, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles modified by poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) through 3-(trimethoxysilyl) proryl methacrylate (TMSPMA) were introduced into WBDFs for enhancing their rheological and plugging performance. Rheological tests indicated that the consistency coefficient (K) of the Fe₃O₄/PAA nanoparticles/WBDFs decreased at a higher concentration. Incorporated nanoparticles with a concentration of 0.05?wt %, the WBDFs will exhibit good shear-thinning behavior. The results showed that the best performance for Fe₃O₄/PAA nanoparticles being as a filtration additive in WBDFs was achieved at concentration as low as 0.1?wt %. These results demonstrated that Fe₃O₄/PAA nanoparticles are effective additives for WBDFs.     

Preparation and application of a glucose graft copolyammonium as shale inhibitor

In the paper, a shale inhibitor, glucose graft copolyammonium (GGPA), was prepared and evaluated by bentonite linear expansion test, anti-swelling experiments, mud ball experiments. The drilling fluid properties were evaluated. Anti-swelling results shows that anti-swelling rate of 0.8% GGPA reaches up to 94.5%. Mud ball experiment and drilling fluid evaluation showed that GGPA has strong inhibitive capability to bentonite hydration swelling. GGPA can control the particle size of bentonite. The inhibition mechanism of the polyamine salt was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope. The results demonstrate that the GGPA can be adsorbed on clay surface through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds by an anchoring effect and a hydrophobic effect.     

A Study of the Influence of Nanoparticles on the Properties of Drilling Fluids

The effect of nanoparticles with different compositions and sizes on the rheological properties, filtration losses, and lubricating ability of drilling fluids has been experimentally studied. Nanoparticles of silicon, aluminum, and titanium oxides have been examined, while an aqueous bentonite suspension with a solid phase mass fraction of 5% has been used as a basic model of a drilling fluid. The concentrations and sizes of nanoparticles in the drilling fluids have been varied from 0.25 to 2 wt % and from 5 to 100 nm, respectively. It has been shown that the addition of nanoparticles substantially changes the properties of the drilling fluids. In contrast to suspensions of particles with macro- and microscopic sizes, the rheological parameters, filtration losses, and lubricating and sticking abilities of the suspensions containing nanoparticles depend on the size and nature of the latter and vary markedly already at low nanoparticle concentrations.     

Clathrate hydrate equilibria in mixed monoethylene glycol and electrolyte aqueous solutions

Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is commonly added in the formulation of hydraulic and drilling fluids and injected into pipelines to prevent the formation of gas hydrates. It is therefore necessary to establish the effect of a combination of salts and thermodynamic inhibitors on gas hydrate equilibria.In this communication, water activity of five ternary solutions (MEG–H₂O–NaCl, MEG–H₂O–CaCl₂, MEG–H₂O–MgCl₂, MEG–H₂O–KCl and MEG–H₂O–NaBr) and four multicomponent solutions have been measured by a reliable resistive electrolytic humidity sensor. We also report new experimental measurements of the locus of incipient hydrate-liquid water–vapour curve for systems containing methane or natural gas with aqueous solution of ethylene glycol and NaCl over a wide range of concentrations, pressures and temperatures.A thermodynamic approach in which the Cubic-Plus-Association equation of state is combined with a modified Debye Hückel electrostatic term is employed to model the phase equilibria. These new data have been used to optimise binary interaction parameters between salts and MEG implemented in the modified Debye Hückel electrostatic term. The model developed has been evaluated using the new generated hydrate data and literature data. Good agreement between predictions of the modified model and experimental data is observed, supporting the reliability of the developed model.     

The effect of silver doping on photocatalytic properties of titania multilayer membranes

In this investigation an Ag doped titania multilayer membrane is successfully fabricated via the sol–gel processing method. The doped membrane is characterized via X-ray Diffraction and N₂-sorption techniques and the photocatalytic properties of the membrane are investigated via methyl orange degradation. The properties included high surface area (101 m²/g), small pore size (3.1 nm), and active anatase crystal phase. The prepared titania membrane has a high photocatalytic activity and decomposes methyl orange by 50% after 9 h of UV irradiation. The prepared membrane can be applied in the development of efficient photocatalytic systems for the treatment of water. Due to the high photoactivity of the prepared titania membrane, this study reveals the possibility of combining two processes for removal of organic pollutants: the photocatalytic process and the membrane separation process. In the combining process the lifetime of the membrane increases and the quality of water is enhanced.     

Characterization of Colloidal Gas Aphron-Fluids Produced from a New Plant-Based Surfactant

Colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) are gas bubbles with diameters ranging from 10 to 100 microns, generated by intense stirring of a surfactant solution at high speed. The surface activity and aggregation behavior of the surfactant affects the size/size distribution, stability, and other physicochemical properties of generated aphrons. Therefore, selection of a suitable surfactant is important for the generation of microbubbles with the desired properties. The goal of this articleis to investigate the potential use of a new plant-derived surfactant as an aphronizer surfactant in preparation of CGA-based drilling fluids for accomplishing desirable rheological and filtration properties. For this purpose, natural surfactant obtained from leaves of special tree, namely, Zizyphusspina Christi and used for preparation of aphron-based fluids. To achieve the research objectives, laboratory tests of suspension generation, microscopic visualization, initial yield, filtration loss, and rheological characterization with varying concentrations of surfactant and polymer were performed. Experimental results demonstrate that newly proposed biosurfactant has a great potential for application in preparation of CGA-based drilling fluids for implementation in petroleum drilling industry.      

水介质条件下油页岩热解机理研究

利用高压釜反应装置,对柳树河油页岩进行了饱和水和不饱和水介质条件下的热压模拟实验,研究了两种条件下油页岩热解产物(气体、油和热沥青)的生成机理.实验结果表明,在油页岩的热解过程中,同时经历自由基反应和碳正离子反应.水在高温的物化性质较在常温常压时发生了巨大的变化,具有酸催化剂和碱催化剂的作用,促使按碳正离子机理进行反应...