几种太阳能光伏发电方案的热力分析与比较

本文建立了平板固定式、数倍聚光式、抛物槽一次反射聚光式、碟式反射聚光分频式和菲涅尔透镜聚光式等五种光伏发电方式的光学系统和辐射能量转换器的热物理模型,进行了能量效率和有效能利用率分析,介绍了与太阳不处于热平衡态的地面太阳光谱辐射能的计算式,分析表明在光电池许可的温度下适当提高聚光比可大幅减少光电池使用面积.     

电弧加热发动机羽流的非平衡态光谱诊断

电弧加热发动机是一种为航天器提供机动和控制推力的装置。为了研究电弧加热发动机的工作机理,本文讨论了电弧加热发动机羽流的光谱诊断方法并设计了一套光谱诊断系统。在此系统上,以氩气为工作气体,设定氩气流量和电流,在模拟空间环境下对电弧加热发动机羽流进行了光谱诊断。利用采集到的光谱信号,分别用谱线的绝对强度法和波尔兹曼图法得到了羽流温度的径向分布。测量结果表明本文工况下羽流处在热力学非平衡态下。此外,本文还对测量进行了初步的误差分析。     

不同激发能的208Pb核的非平衡态的概率分布与熵

本文对²⁰⁸Pb核不同激发能情况下的概率分布与熵进行了计算,并对不同能量的概率分布和熵随时间变化作了比较.由此得到激发能高低与激发态寿命的相关关系等有意义的结果.从而表明,我们以前对非平衡态核所导出的计算方法是合理的.     

O2非平衡态等离子体中电子平均能量的谱线监测

采用蒙特卡罗方法,模拟了O2非平衡态直流放电等离子体过程。计算了不同E/N条件下电子在氧气中的漂移速度,结果与实验数据符合得很好。模拟了电子平均能量和电子激发态粒子数随E/N的变化关系。提出了一种通过监测两条紫外谱线202.6和280nm强度之比来监测电子平均能量的方法。该方法对于非平衡态气体放电等离子体在材料制备、激光应用及微电子技术等领域中的应用具有重要意义。     

非平衡态气体内迁的热导率计算

计算了处于非平衡态的惰性气体在不同温度下内部迁移的热导率的理论值,并将计算结果与J．Kestin等人所拟合的最佳值进行了比较,结果符合得较好．     

非平衡态对高温超导体光场致发射的影响

由于外加电场的作用 ,高温超导体材料体内电子平衡态的化学势偏移导致出现非平衡状态 ,这种非平衡状态将影响高温超导体光场致发射的性质。文中对高温超导体的光场致发射受非平衡态的影响进行了研究。     

格子Boltzmann守恒型非平衡态的外推边界

针对非平衡态外推边界处理方法在某些条件下发生质量泄漏的问题,结合质量守恒定律对其进行修正,建立一种新的质量守恒型的边界处理格式.其基本思想是在边界处定义一个虚拟密度来修正平衡态分布函数,使得系统质量守恒.以重力作用下的密度场及磁流体模拟问题为例,利用该格式进行分析,讨论质量泄露问题的本质及各种因素的影响.通过对三种典型的流动:二维Poiseuille流、Couette流、Womersley流的模拟,验证该边界格式的计算精度和稳定性.     

非平衡态对高温超导体场致发射电子能谱的影响

高温超导体场致发射时伴随体内正常态部分空穴的产生 ,引起高温超导体内电子平衡态的化学势偏移导致出现非平衡状态 ,将影响高温超导体场致发射的性质。文中对高温超导体非平衡态场致发射的电子能谱进行了研究     

湿蒸汽非平衡态凝结流动的数值方法研究

在欧拉-欧拉、非结构有限体积框架下发展了湿蒸汽非平衡态凝结流动的数值方法。推导了基于真实物性,密度、内能和湿度全耦合的Roe通量。提出了适用于欧拉-欧拉法的三自由度TTSE水蒸气表。使用矩方法(MOM)和积分矩方法(QMOM)模拟水珠半径分布,并就时间推进时QMOM方法的不稳定现象给出了修正方法。通过两个无黏喷管和一个湍流平面叶栅算例进行了验证,表明本文的数值方法能比较准确地捕捉非平衡态凝结现象。     

辐射热力学中光量子的熵和光子气的熵

本文根据已证明了的光谱等效温度Tλ方程和光量子能量,首次导出了光量子熵常数sλ为3.72680×10-23 J.K-1,并证明通过sλ算出的黑体等效温度等于黑体辐射温度,验证了光量子熵常数结论的正确性;此外,给出了闭口系平衡态空腔辐射场光子气的熵和熵变方程,首次提出开口系辐射流的熵,接收器的净辐射熵差的计算式.本文的结果,为非平衡态辐射热力学体系提供了新的理论基础,对研究辐射能与其它能量转化中不可逆损失将提供有益帮助.     

晶体摆动场的辐射衰减与能量增益

由于晶体弯曲、电子多重散射和晶格热振动引起的粒子退道,辐射同原子相互作用引起的电离损失,以及系统非线性引起的全局分叉与混沌行为等,晶体摆动场辐射面临的问题比自由电子激光要复杂得多。首先,引入晶体摆动场自发辐射谱分布,并在简谐近似下讨论了运动方程、系统增益和能量衰减。结果表明:一般情况下辐射谱只有少数几条谱线,而在简谐近似下,谱线只有一条。其次,指出了辐射能量比较高时,衰减是主要的,选择的晶体长度必须小于衰减长度,且可选择正电子或质子作炮弹;当辐射能量比较低时,退道是主要的,选择的晶体长度必须小于退道长度,且可选择重离子作炮弹。     

Energy Radiation of the Active Galactic Nuclei

In the Hellings-Nordtvedt theory, we obtain some expressions of energyradiation and mass defect effect for a kind of the active galactic nuclei,which is meaningful to calculating the energy radiation in the procession offorming this kind of celestial bodies. This calculation can give someinterpretation for energy source of the jet from the active galactic nuclei.     

非平衡热力学中传热过程熵产表达式的修正

熵产是非平衡热力学中的核心物理量,传统上表示为广义力(驱动力)与广义流的乘积.这种表达存在两方面缺陷:一是广义力与广义流的拆分具有任意性;更重要的是,以其计算热波传递时熵产可以为负值,从而违反热力学第二定律.本文基于热质理论分析表明,传热过程的熵产实质上是由热质流体的热质能耗散引起的,所以熵产中的力不是驱动力而是阻力,并且具有力的量纲.由此提出的熵产修正表达式,不仅在计算热波传递过程中熵产恒为正值,与扩展不可逆热力学中的熵产表达式一致,而且不存在力和流拆分的任意性.     

Minimum Entropy Production of Neutrino Radiation in the Steady State

A thermodynamic minimum principle valid for photon radiation is shown to hold for arbitrary geometries. It is successfully extended to neutrinos, in the zero mass and chemical potential case, following a parallel development of photon and neutrino statistics. This minimum principle stems more from that of Planck than that of classical Onsager–Prigogine irreversible thermodynamics. Its extension from bosons to fermions suggests that it may have a still wider validity.     

On the Energy Radiation from an Accelerated Charge

In the framework of classical electromagnetism, a charge however accelerated with respect to an inertial frame radiates energy, in any circumstance. Regarding the energy as made of photons, the hypothesis is here introduced that the emission of a photon is only possible as a result of a change of the energy of the charge, which requires an energy-work exchange with the accelerating field. On such an hypothesis an elementary impulsive-dissipative model for the photon emission is constructed, in the framework of special relativity, in which no energy radiation is emitted from a charge in a central Coulomb field uniformly describing a circular orbit.     

辐射扩散计算方法若干研究进展

辐射流体力学研究辐射的传输对流体运动的影响,并在此条件下研究流体的运动规律.实际应用问题中辐射流体力学所描述的是非常复杂的物理过程,数值模拟是主要的研究手段之一.模拟通常采用流体计算和辐射计算分裂求解的方法.讨论求解辐射扩散方程时迫切需要解决的一些计算方法问题,包括大变形网格上扩散计算格式与非线性迭代方法,并简要介绍部分研究进展.     

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Dark Energy on Cosmic Apparent Horizon

In recent several years, some works have been done on cosmic thermodynamics. The apparent horizon was regarded as the key characteristic supersurface where thermodynamics can be built on perfectly. However, if the irreversible process is considered, the proper position for building thermodynamics will not be the apparent horizon anymore. The new position is related to dark energy state equation and the irreversible process parameters.     

腔内混合态原子系统中辐射场的压缩效应

本文应用熵最大原理，假定腔内二能级原子起初就没有关于系统所处态的任何信息，研究了腔内原子与腔场相互作用的压缩行为，得出了原子初始处于任意统计混合态下，当初始激发足够强时，辐射场将产生极其接近于纯态情况在相同激发时的强压缩现象的重要结果，同时还讨论了产生压缩的混态范围。     

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Dark Energy on Cosmic Apparent Horizon

In recent several years, some works have been done on cosmic thermodynamics.The apparent horizon was regarded as the key characteristic supersurface where thermodynamics can be built on perfectly. However, if the irreversible process is considered, the proper position for building thermodynamics will not be the apparent horizon anymore. The new position is related to dark energy state equation and the irreversible process parameters.     

Global Warming by Geothermal Heat from Fracking: Energy Industry’s Enthalpy Footprints

Hypothetical dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) air expansion processes in atmosphere climate models that predict global warming cannot be the causal explanation of the experimentally observed mean lapse rate (approx.−6.5 K/km) in the troposphere. The DALR hypothesis violates the 2nd law of thermodynamics. A corollary of the heat balance revision of climate model predictions is that increasing the atmospheric concentration of a weak molecular transducer, CO₂, could only have a net cooling effect, if any, on the biosphere interface temperatures between the lithosphere and atmosphere. The greenhouse-gas hypothesis, moreover, does not withstand scientific scrutiny against the experimental data. The global map of temperature difference contours is heterogeneous with various hotspots localized within specific land areas. There are regional patches of significant increases in time-average temperature differences, (∆<T>) = 3 K+, in a ring around the arctic circle, with similar hotspots in Brazil, South Africa and Madagascar, a 2–3 K band across central Australia, SE Europe centred in Poland, southern China and the Philippines. These global-warming map hotspots coincide with the locations of the most intensive fracking operational regions of the shale gas industry. Regional global warming is caused by an increase in geothermal conductivity following hydraulic fracture operations. The mean lapse rate (d<T>/dz)_z at the surface of the lithosphere will decrease slightly in the regions where these operations have enhanced heat transfer. Geothermal heat from induced seismic activity has caused an irreversible increase in enthalpy (H) input into the overall energy balance at these locations. Investigating global warming further, we report the energy industry’s enthalpy outputs from the heat generated by all fuel consumption. We also calculate a global electricity usage enthalpy output. The global warming index, <∆T-biosphere> since 1950, presently +0.875 K, first became non-zero in the early 1970’s around the same time as natural gas usage began and has increased linearly by 0.0175 K/year ever since. Le Chatelier’s principle, applied to the dissipation processes of the biosphere’s ΔH-contours and [CO₂] concentrations, helps to explain the global warming statistics.