Catalytic gas phase oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde

Two gas-phase catalytic cycles for the two-electron oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols were detected by multistage mass spectrometry experiments. A binuclear dimolybdate center [Mo(2)O(6)(OCHR(2))](-) acts as the catalyst in both these cycles. The first cycle proceeds via three steps: (1) reaction of [Mo(2)O(6)(OH)](-) with alcohol R(2)HCOH and elimination of water to form [Mo(2)O(6)(OCHR(2))](-); (2) oxidation of the alkoxo ligand and its elimination as aldehyde or ketone in the rate-determining step; and (3) regeneration of the catalyst via oxidation by nitromethane. Step 2 does not occur at room temperature and requires the use of collisional activation to proceed. The second cycle is similar but differs in the order of reaction with alcohol and nitromethane. The nature of each of these reactions was probed by kinetic measurements and by variation of the substrate alcohols (structure and isotope labeling). The role of the binuclear molybdenum center was assessed by examination of the relative reactivities of the mononuclear [MO(3)(OH)](-) and binuclear [M(2)O(6)(OH)](-) ions (M = Cr, Mo, W). The molybdenum and tungsten binuclear centers [M(2)O(6)(OH)](-) (M = Mo, W) were reactive toward alcohol but the chromium center [Cr(2)O(6)(OH)](-) was not. This is consistent with the expected order of basicity of the hydroxo ligand in these species. The chromium and molybdenum centers [M(2)O(6)(OCHR(2))](-) (M = Cr, Mo) oxidized the alkoxo ligand to aldehyde, while the tungsten center [W(2)O(6)(OCHR(2))](-) did not, instead preferring the non-redox elimination of alkene. This is consistent with the expected order of oxidizing power of the anions. Each of the mononuclear anions [MO(3)(OH)](-) (M = Cr, Mo, W) was inert to reaction with methanol, highlighting the importance of the second MoO(3) unit in these catalytic cycles. Only the dimolybdate center has the mix of properties that allow it to participate in each of the three steps of the two catalytic cycles. The three reactions of these cycles are equivalent to the three essential steps proposed to occur in the industrial oxidation of gaseous methanol to formaldehyde at 300-400 degrees C over solid-state catalysts based upon molybdenum(VI)-trioxide. The new gas-phase catalytic data is compared with those for the heterogeneous process.     

Selective production of hydrogen from partial oxidation of methanol over silver catalysts at low temperatures

Hydrogen can be effectively and selectively produced from the partial oxidation of methanol over Ag/CeO(2)-ZnO catalyst at low temperatures (T(r) < 200 degree C).     

Recovery of palladium from spent solutions for manufacture of catalysts

Palladium recovery from [Pd(NH₃)₄]Cl₂ solutions (concentration in terms of the metal ∼1 g l⁻¹) with flow-through porous electrodes was studied. The conditions of effective electrochemical recovery of Pd were found. Various porous cathodes were compared.     

Methanol oxidation to formaldehyde on bismuth phosphate-based catalysts

A bismuth (III) phosphate catalyst has been prepared by precipitation and characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy. Its activity and selectivity toward selective methanol oxidation to formaldehyde has been studied by a flow method. A high selectivity has been found, similar to that reported for typical catalysts used for this reaction. The possible importance of the strength and covalency of the P–O bonds is discussed.     

Surface properties of Fe?Mo?O catalysts and their activity in methanol oxidation to formaldehyde

The Fe^III–Mo^VI–O catalyst was prepared from iso-ortho-Fe(OH)₃ and -FeOOH. The catalysts differed markedly in their activity in methanol oxidation depending on the biography of their iron(III) oxide. The catalytic properties were found to depend on the pore structure of the catalyst.

---

Fe(III)–Mo(VI)–O, --Fe(OH)₃ -FeOOH. , . , .

     

Methane partial oxidation to formaldehyde with oxygen over SiO2-supported molybdenum oxide catalysts

The formation rate of formaldehyde increases with increasing surface area of SiO₂ support, but the selectivity does not. From the characterization of catalysts using XRD, SEM and Raman spectroscopy, highly dispersed molybdenum oxide was considered to be much more active for the formation of formaldehyde than crystallite forms of MoO₃.     

Preparation of iron molybdate catalysts for methanol to formaldehyde oxidation based on ammonium molybdoferrate(II) precursor

It was demonstrated that iron molybdate catalysts for methanol oxidation can be prepared using Fe(II) as a precursor instead of Fe(III). This would allow for reduction of acidity of preparation solutions as well as elimination of Fe(III) oxide impurities which are detrimental for the process selectivity. The system containing Fe(II) and Mo(VI) species in aqueous solution was investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that three types of chemical reactions occur in the Fe(II)–Mo(VI) system: (i) formation of complexes between Fe(II) and molybdate(VI) ions, (ii) inner sphere oxidation of coordinated Fe(II) by Mo(VI) and (iii) decomposition of the Fe–Mo complexes to form scarcely soluble Fe(III) molybdate, Mo(VI) hydrous trioxide and molybdenum blue. Solid molybdoferrate(II) prepared by interaction of Fe(II) and Mo(VI) in solution was characterized by EDXA, TGA, DTA and XRD and a scheme of its thermal evolution proposed. The iron molybdate catalyst prepared from Fe(II) precursor was tested in methanol-to-formaldehyde oxidation in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor to show similar activity and selectivity to the conventional catalyst prepared with the use of Fe(III).     

Role of the structural and electronic properties of molybdenum trioxide catalysts on the structure-sensitive oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde

Summary As catalysts for selective oxidation, molybdenum trioxide catalysts—prepared by two different methods—have been investigated. The results of vapor-phase oxidation of methanol are discussed on the basis of the acidic property, oxidizing functions, and the crystallographic structure of the catalysts. It was found that the acidic property is not the sole factor deciding the catalytic activity. Electrical conductivity measurements proved that molecular oxygen in the gas feed is necessary for maintaining the catalysts active. The difference in the catalytic activity and selectivity were reasonably interpreted in view of the structure sensitivity of those catalysts. A redox mechanism is also discussed in this paper.

---

Der Einfluß von strukturellen und elektronischen Eigenschaften von Molybdäntrioxidkatalysatoren auf die struktursensitive Oxidation von Methanol zu Formaldehyd

Zusammenfassung Auf zwei verschiedene Arten hergestellte Molybdäntrioxidkatalysatoren wurden für selektive Oxidationen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Dampfphasenoxidation von Methanol werden auf Basis der sauren Eigenschaften, der oxidierenden Funktionen und der kristallographischen Struktur der Katalysatoren diskutiert. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die sauren Eigenschaften zur Erklärung der entscheidenden Wirksamkeit der Katalysatoren nicht alleine verantwortlich sind. Elektrische Leitfähigkeitsmessungen zeigten, daß molekularer Sauerstoff im zugeleiteten Gas zur Erhaltung der katalytischen Aktivität notwendig ist. Die Unterschiede in der Katalysatoraktivität und der Selektivität sind aus der Struktur der Katalysatoren zu erklären. Es wird ein adäquater Redox-Mechanismus diskutiert.

     

Conversion of methanol into formaldehyde on supported molybdenum-containing catalysts

Molybdenum-containing catalysts supported by aluminum and silicon oxides were studied in conversion of methanol.     

Study on the formation process of MoO3/Fe2(MoO4)3 by mechanochemical synthesis and their catalytic performance in methanol to formaldehyde

Mechanochemical method has applied to the green preparation of iron-molybdenum catalyst efficiently, and their catalytic performance was evaluated by the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. In order to investigate the formation process of iron-molybdenum catalyst based on mechanochemical method, various characterization techniques have been employed. Results indicate that iron-molybdenum catalyst could not be generated during ball milling process without calcining, and calcination is crucial step to regulate the ratio of MoO₃ and Fe₂(MoO₄)₃. For the formation of MoO₃ and Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ phase, 180 °C could be the key turning temperature point. Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ and MoO₃ phases are concurrently emerged when Mo/Fe atomic ratio exceeds 1.5. The aggregation of Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ is severe with the increasing calcination temperature. Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ is stable below 600 °C, while MoO₃ phase could be subliming with the increasing temperature. The catalytic performance of iron-molybdenum catalyst has closely correlation with the phase compositions, which can be controlled by synthesis temperature and Mo/Fe molar ratio. The iron-molybdenum catalyst with Mo/Fe atomic ratio of 2.6 calcined at 500 °C for 4 h showed the best methanol conversion (100%) and formaldehyde yield (92.27%).

     

Iron-molybdate deactivation during methanol to formaldehyde oxidation: effect of water

Stoichiometric iron-molybdate has been prepared by coprecipitation and submitted to a long activity test to check the role of water in its deactivation behavior during methanol to formaldehyde oxidation. Water retards the reoxidation of the catalyst which is responsible for the acceleration of its deactivation.     

Thermal stability of MnMoO4-MoO3 catalysts for methanol oxidation

The thermal stability of MnMoO4-MoO₃ catalysts for methanol oxidation has been studied. Formation of eutectic composition of 33 wt.% MnMoO₄ and 67 wt% MoO₃ and a melting point of 969–973K was observed. An attempt has been made to plot a state diagram of the MnMoO₄-MoO₃ system.The thermal stabilities of the Mn-Mo-O and commercial Fe-Mo-O catalysts have been compared. It has been concluded that manganese(II) molybdate catalysts are stable up to 973 K and are of a definite interest in view of their application in practice.

---

Zusammenfassung Es wurde die thermische StabilitÄt von MnMoO₄-MoO₃-Katalysatoren für die Methanoloxidation untersucht. Es wurde die Bildung eines Eutektikum mit der Zusammensetzung von 33m% MnMoO₄ und 67m% MoO₃ und dem Schmelzpunkt von 969–973 K beobachtet sowie versucht, da\ Zustandsdiagramm für das MnMoO₄-MoO₃-System zu erstellen.Weiterhin wurde die thermische StabilitÄt von Mn-Mo-O-Katalysatoren mit der von handelsüblichen Fe-Mo-O-Katalysatoren verglichen. Es wurde festgestellt, da\ Mangan(II)-molybdatkatalysatoren bis zu 973 K hitzebestÄndig und im Hinblick auf ihre praktische Anwendung von eindeutig gro\er Bedeutung sind.

     

Synergetic effect of TeMo5O16 and MoO3 phases in MoTeOx catalysts used for the partial oxidation of propylene

A detailed study on the synergetic effect of TeMo5O16 and MoO3 phases in the MoTeOx catalysts for the partial oxidation of propylene to acrolein has been reported in this work. It was found that both propylene conversion and acrolein selectivity increased with the addition of MoO3 to TeMo5O16. Based on the results of N2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, XPS, in-situ XRD, O2-TPO, and 2-propanol decomposition reaction, the higher catalytic performance and synergetic effect could be attributed to the enhancement of acidity and the oxygen transfer from TeMo5O16 to MoO3 phase.     

Selective oxidation of methanol on cuprate catalysts

The catalytic activity of BaCuO₂, Ba₂Cu₃O₅ and YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x has been compared in the selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Ba₂Cu₃O₅ shows the highest activity.

---

BaCuO₂, Ba₂Cu₃O₅ YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x . Ba₂Cu₃O₅ .

     

Oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde on supported vanadium oxide catalysts compared to gas phase molecules

The oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde on silica supported vanadium oxide is studied by density functional theory. For isolated vanadium oxide species silsesquioxane-type models are adopted. The first step is dissociative adsorption of methanol yielding CH3O(O=)V(O-)2 surface complexes. This makes the O=V(OCH3)3 molecule a suited model system. The rate-limiting oxidation step involves hydrogen transfer from the methoxy group to the vanadyl oxygen atom. The transition state is biradicaloid and needs to be treated by the broken-symmetry approach. The activation energies for O=V(OCH3)3 and the silsesquioxane surface model are 147 and 154 kJ/mol. In addition, the (O=V(OCH3)3)(2) dimer (a model for polymeric vanadium oxide species) and the O=V(OCH3)3(*+) radical cation are studied. For the latter the barrier is only 80 kJ/mol, indicating a strong effect of the charge on the energy profile of the reaction and questioning the significance of gas-phase cluster studies for understanding the activity of supported oxide catalysts.     

Synthesis and characterization of Pt-WO3 as methanol oxidation catalysts for fuel cells

Several compositions of Pt-WO3 catalysts were synthesized and characterized for the electro-oxidation of methanol and CO. The surface morphologies of the catalysts were found to be dependent on the composition. X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest a surface enrichment of WO3 in the codeposited Pt-WO3 catalysts. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in methanol show an improvement in catalytic activity for the Pt-WO3 catalysts. A significant improvement in the poison tolerance toward CO and other organic intermediates was observed in the mixed metal-metal oxide catalyst. The catalytic performance of the different compositions was directly compared by normalization of the current to active sites. CO-stripping voltammetry suggests the involvement of WO3 in the catalytic process as opposed to a mere physical effect as suggested by previous work. A possible mechanism for this improvement is proposed based on the electrochemical data.     

Recovery of nickel with sulfuric acid solutions from spent catalysts for steam conversion of methane

Certain fundamental aspects of leaching-out of nickel with sulfuric acid solutions from spent catalysts for steam conversion of methane under static and dynamic conditions were studied.     

甲醛催化氧化催化剂的研究进展

甲醛是致癌致畸物并具有较强的光化学活性.它既来源于纺织、农药、板材或其他精细化学品的生产过程,又来源于机动车尾气和室内各种装潢材料.为了人体健康和大气环境去除甲醛非常必要.用催化氧化法去除甲醛是一种很有前景的技术,但是该技术的关键是研究和发展催化剂.近年来,用于甲醛氧化的催化剂主要分为贵金属催化剂和过渡金属氧化物催化剂.贵金属催化剂是将Pt,Pd,Au,Ag等贵金属负载在不同类型的载体上而制得.载体可分为常见载体、传统金属氧化物载体和特殊形貌金属氧化物载体.常见载体是具有较大比表面积的SiO2,Al2O3,TiO2和分子筛等.这类载体有利于活性位的暴露以及反应物和产物的吸附和扩散,而且还能增强载体和活性组分的协同作用.负载在常见载体上的不同贵金属催化剂,其甲醛氧化活性从强到弱排列是:Pt＞ Pd＞ Rh ＞Au＞ Ag.用这种载体制备的催化剂具有很出色的应用前景.比如Na-Pt/TiO2是甲醛氧化活性最好的催化剂,目前己被应用在空气净化器中,其次是Pt/TiO2和Pd/TiO2.传统金属氧化物载体主要是采用沉淀法、共沉淀法制备的CeO2,Fe2O3,Co3O4,MnO2及其复合氧化物,这类载体负载Pt的催化剂仍然具有出色的室温催化性能,如Pt/MnOx-CeO2和Pt/Fe2O3等.虽然Pt负载型催化剂应用前景很好,但是其成本较高,工业生产和普及受到限制.用传统金属氧化物载体制备的催化剂如Au/CeO2,Ag/MnOx-CeO2和Ag/CeO2等同样具有良好的发展前景.对于提高甲醛氧化活性来说,载体的选择至关重要.未来研究趋势可能是甲醛氧化负载型催化剂更多的会选择Ag或Au作为活性组分,而一些有潜力的传统金属氧化物载体将被使用不同的制备方法进一步改良.目前,拥有棒状、球状、孔状等特殊形貌的金属氧化物载体因为它们本身的催化活性要优于用沉淀法制备的传统金属氧化物催化剂,因此,将Ag或Au负载在这类载体上制备的催化剂具有更好的应用前景,如三维(3D)有序大孔Au/CeO2-Co3O4,二维有序介孔Au/Co3O4-CeO2和Au/Co3O4以及三维有序介孔K-Ag/Co3O4等.过渡金属氧化物催化剂,因成本低,资源丰富而受到关注.单一过渡金属氧化物催化剂如锰钾矿型的MnO2纳米棒或纳米球,介孔MnO2,Co3O4和Cr2O3等,具有较好的甲醛氧化催化活性(T50和T100分别小于等于1 10和140℃).另外,Ce,Sn,Cu和Zr等元素常常被掺杂到MnOx和Co3O4中,制备成复合金属氧化物催化剂,MnOx-CeO2具有较好的甲醛催化活性(T50＜100℃),因为MnOx和CeO2较强的相互作用改变了表面活性氧和活性相的数量.目前,复合金属氧化物催化剂氧化甲醛的报道很少.随着制备方法的改变,单一过渡金属氧化物或他们的复合氧化物催化剂可能会成为贵金属催化剂的替代品.目前,如何获得高效、低成本、低温甚至常温去除甲醛的催化剂仍然是一项重要的挑战.特殊形貌的金属氧化物催化剂如3D-Cr2O3,3D-Co3O4,MnO2纳米球和纳米棒,在常温下完全转化甲醛仍然是个难以越过的鸿沟.将来,多种形貌的新型纳米金属氧化物及其Au或Ag负载型催化剂的制备和发展会成为一个研究趋势.这种催化剂既能被用于甲醛的催化氧化,也能被用于苯系物或其他VOCs的催化氧化.它能为机动车尾气和工业生产中VOCs产生量的削减提供技术支撑,而VOCs的去除有益于PM2.5浓度的降低和空气质量的恢复.     

不同沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4低温催化氧化甲醛

室内空气中低浓度甲醛严重危害人类健康,高效去除甲醛成为人们关注的课题.在各种去除甲醛的方法中,吸附法简单快速,但是存在饱和吸附量的限制;光催化降解法能够去除低浓度甲醛,却会产生一些如臭氧等二次污染物;低温催化氧化甲醛由于其高效和产物矿化完全而成为具有实际应用前景的技术.虽然贵金属负载型催化剂具有室温去除甲醛的能力,可是高昂的成本使其难以大规模应用.过渡金属氧化物因其良好的催化氧化性能和较低的成本逐渐成为研究重点.
　　近期研究发现,含钴的氧化物具有较高的催化氧化甲醛能力,同时一些碱金属如钠或钾的加入可增加催化剂表面羟基物种,从而有效促进了甲醛氧化.沉淀法具有操作简单和条件易于控制等特点,因此本文选取不同的沉淀剂(NH3·H2O, KOH, NH4HCO3, K2CO3, KHCO3)采用沉淀法制备了 Co3O4催化剂并进行了甲醛催化氧化性能测试.采用 X射线衍射(XRD)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、氢气程序升温脱附(H2-TPD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和原位漫反射红外光谱(in suit-DRIFTS)等表征手段探讨了不同沉淀剂制备的催化剂催化甲醛氧化性能差异的原因.
　　结果显示,在以 KHCO3为沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4催化剂(KHCO3-Co)上甲醛(100 ppm)完全氧化成 CO2的温度为90°C,明显优于其他样品.在以 NH4HCO3为沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4表面负载2 wt%的 K2CO3后(PC/AHC-Co)具有和 KHCO3-Co相似的催化性能. XRD结果表明,各沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4均为尖晶石型,晶粒尺寸约为18nm,衍射峰位置无明显偏移说明没有其他金属离子掺杂进 Co3O4晶体.结构表征还表明,采用含碳酸根或碳酸氢根离子试剂制备的样品具有较高的比表面积、孔体积和孔径,可能是焙烧阶段碳酸钴分解产生大量 CO2形成的,而负载 K2CO3的样品各参数均大幅降低,说明表面 K2CO3填补或堵塞了部分孔结构. AAS结果表明, KHCO3-Co和 PC/AHC-Co所含 K离子浓度相近并显著高出其他沉淀剂制备样品, XPS结果也证明了这一点.这可能是由于在用 KHCO3沉淀钴离子的过程中,钾离子裹挟在沉淀物中不易被洗涤干净,并且保留在焙烧后的样品中. H2-TPR和 XPS结果显示,用 KHCO3作为沉淀剂时可以增加 Co3O4催化剂表面 Co3+/Co2+比例从而提高了氧化能力,虽然本文 PC/AHC-Co样品有着最高的 Co3+/Co2+比例,但相对较低的比表面积和孔径减少了活性中心,使得其活性与 KHCO3-Co相似.insuit-DRIFTS结果表明, NH4HCO3-Co催化剂上羟基基团在甲醛吸附阶段会被大量消耗,并有二氧亚甲基(DOM)中间物种大量生成.在氧化阶段,随着温度升高, DOM逐渐减少,而甲酸盐和碳酸氢盐物种逐渐增多,最后各物种趋近催化剂的初始状态.在 KHCO3-Co催化剂上,甲醛吸附阶段有大量 DOM和甲酸盐物种生成,而羟基基团消耗并不明显.在氧化阶段随着温度升高, DOM逐渐减少,甲酸盐逐渐增多并最后消失,整个过程并未观测到碳酸氢盐物种生成.这说明 KHCO3-Co样品在催化氧化甲醛反应中能够再生羟基基团,进而提高了催化氧化甲醛活性.
　　综上所述,以 KHCO3为沉淀剂制备的 Co3O4样品具有最佳的甲醛催化氧化性能,其在沉淀过程中样品上会残留一定量钾离子,其作用与在 Co3O4表面负载相当量的 K2CO3相似. Co3O4催化氧化甲醛活性高的主要原因是催化剂表面存在 K+和 CO32-并且具有适当的 Co3+/Co2+混合价态.