Pt_nNi_m(n+m=6,n、m≠0)团簇结构与性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的杂化密度泛函B3LYP方法在Lanl2dz基组水平上对Pt_nNi_m(n+m=6,n、m≠0)团簇的各种可能构型进行了几何结构优化,得出了它们的基态构型,并对其能量、热力学性质、核独立化学位移、光谱和极化率进行了理论研究.研究结果表明,PtNi_5、Pt_2Ni_4和Pt_3Ni_3团簇的基态结构都为四角双锥结构,Pt_4Ni_2和Pt_5Ni团簇的基态结构分别是戴帽三角双锥和三角锥戴四边形结构;Pt_nNi_m团簇的生成焓都为负值,表明团簇在热力学上是稳定的;由核独立化学位移值可得,PtNi_5团簇具有反芳香性,Pt_2Ni_4和Pt_5Ni团簇具有芳香性;从光谱分析来看,Pt_3Ni_3团簇的IR较强吸收峰的个数最多,PtNi_5团簇IR和Raman、Pt_2Ni_4团簇的IR、Pt_3Ni_3和Pt_4Ni_2团簇的Raman只有一个强吸收峰值,Pt_5Ni团簇的峰值只出现在频率较大的位置,频率小的位置几乎为零.     

铂基团簇Pt_3X(X=Al,Si,Cu)催化水制氢及其水解副产物氧化CO（英文）

本文基于第一性原理研究了利用具有幻数结构特点的Pt_3X(X=Al,Si,Cu)团簇仅通过一步反应就能催化分解水制氢的反应过程.吸附物H_2O@Pt_3X团簇在波长300～760 nm的紫外和可见光范围内有强吸收,表明太阳光可以方便地用于Pt_3X的催化水解制氢的反应.此外,水解后滞留在团簇上的O原子可在反应活化能为0.34～0.58 eV内与CO氧化反应生成CO_2.这个通过氧化消除"毒性"CO的结果表明了反应副产物有能作催化剂的循环再利用能力.本文发现生成的CO_2分子还可以在323 K的温度下脱离Pt_3X小团簇.     

Mg_n(2≤n≤15)的几何结构和振动频率及光谱研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法计算了Mgn(2≤n≤15)团簇的键长、能量、二阶能量差分、配位数、能隙、光谱等性质,找到了Mgn(2≤n≤15)团簇的较稳定结构并确定幻数团簇,然后对这些稳定结构进行光谱分析。采用3-21g和lanl2dz一大一小两种基组分别进行计算,结果表明,两种基组计算结果在基态结构上相差不大,只有二阶能量差分有较小的区别,lanl2dz基组计算的键长偏长;Mg4、Mg10、Mg15为较稳定结构,其中Mg4、Mg10为幻数团簇;除Mg2之外,其他团簇都有红外、拉曼活性;对稳定结构的光谱分析发现,Mg10的红外谱峰最多,Mg15的光谱强度最大。     

铂催化3-炔-1-醇分子内加氢烷氧基化反应的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT) M06-2X方法对铂催化的3-炔-1-醇分子内加氢烷氧基化反应机理和区域选择性进行了计算研究.计算结果表明:(1)通过羟基氧原子分别进攻分子内不同的炔烃碳原子形成两种竞争机制;(2)反应的关键步骤是分子内成环过程和氢迁移得到目标产物并释放催化剂的过程;(3)对于5-外切形成五元环产物的反应路径,具有相对较低的活化自由能;(4)两个竞争通道有一定的能量差,表明反应具有选择性但也会有副产物.计算研究结果与实验合成一致,并对实验报道给予了很好的补充和解释.     

甲醇－乙醚团簇的多光子电离和从头算

在355 nm波长下用激光电离飞行时间质谱装置研究了氢键团簇甲醇/乙醚混合团簇的多光子电离,飞行时间质谱仪观测到一系列质子化团簇,为了探讨质子化团簇的形成机理,在B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311 G(d,p)基组水平上计算了CH30H-(C2H5)2O离子和中性团簇的稳定几何结构和解离通道和解离能,发现存在一个质子转移过程,解离产物主要为CH3O和[(C2H5)2O]H .     

苯乙烯与苯酚反应的前线轨道理论分析

采用密度泛函理论的M062X方法和6-311G(d,p)基组,对苯乙烯与苯酚的反应进行了分子轨道理论计算.通过讨论反应过程中各分子的最高占据轨道(HOMO)和最低空轨道(LUMO),预测了化学反应的方向和相应的反应产物.经过前线轨道理论分析,得出苯乙烯与苯酚反应的关键步骤是形成苯乙烯基碳正离子,反应中H+起到催化作用;反应产物主要有4-(1-苯基乙基)苯酚、2-(1-苯基乙基)苯酚、2,4-双-(1-苯基乙基)苯酚、2,4,6-三-(1-苯基乙基)苯酚(SP-3)、1,3-二苯基丁烯和4-(1,2-二苯丙基)苯酚.     

Ca掺杂Si团簇的几何结构和电子性质的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法在6-311+G(d,p)基组水平,对CaSi_n(n=1~10)的结构进行优化,得出各个尺寸下团簇处于最低能量的结构模型,并对其稳定性等物理化学性质进行理论研究,表明CaSi_2、CaSi_5和CaSi_9为幻数团簇.     

A1等离子体与甲醇团簇的反应

利用激光烧蚀-分子束法(LA-MB)对激光烧蚀金属铝靶产生的Al等离子体与脉冲分子束超声膨胀产生的(CH3OH)n团簇在气相条件下的反应进行了研究.烧蚀激光相对于脉冲分子束之间的延时不同,观测到团簇离子序列及团簇尺寸的变化,反映出脉冲分子束状态对反应条件及激光烧蚀等离子体状态的影响.在激光烧蚀发生于脉冲分子束的前段,主要反应产物为Al (CH3OH)n,但团簇尺寸较小;在烧蚀发生于脉冲分子束的中段,主要产物为H (CH3OH)n,团簇尺寸增大,强度减弱;在烧蚀发生于脉冲分子束的后段,观测到尺寸更大的水合质子化团簇H (H2O)m(CH3OH)n.结合团簇离子速度分布的特征,对团簇的产生机理进行了讨论.     

P_6团簇结构与稳定性的理论研究

采用量子化学HF,B3LYP和MP2方法,选用6-31G*,6-311G*,cc-pVDZ和cc-pVTZ基组,对P6团簇的8种异构体进行了优化,并对它们的几何构型、稳定性、电子结构和振动频率进行了讨论,比较P6团簇各种异构体的稳定性以及导电性.研究表明:根据异构体的相对能量,P6异构体最稳定的构型c具有C2v对称性,而最不稳定的构型h具有D3h对称性,不同方法和基组所得到的稳定性大小基本一致,并且得到结构g的导电性最好.     

银纳米光催化4-二乙基对巯基苯胺偶联反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)对4-二乙基对巯基苯胺在Ag5簇上的光诱导催化偶联反应机理进行了理论研究.在B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)基组水平上(Ag采用赝势基组Lan L2DZ)对反应过程中所有的过渡态、中间体的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动频率分析以及内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算证实了过渡态和中间体的合理性.研究发现4-二乙基对巯基苯胺吸附在银簇上发生偶联反应生成偶氮苯的关键在氨基端两个乙基的脱去,反应过程中存在交叉点,通过"系间窜越"行为才能完成催化偶联过程.     

Selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol with carbon nanotubes supported Pt-Co catalysts

The Pt-Co catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been prepared by wet impregnation and the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CMA) to the corresponding cinnamyl alcohol (CMO) over the catalysts has been studied in ethanol at different reaction conditions. The results show that Pt-0.17 wt%Co/CNTs catalyst exhibits the highest activity and selectivity at a reaction temperature of 60 °C under a pressure of around 2.5 MPa, and 92.4% for the conversion of CMA and 93.6% for the selectivity of CMA to CMO, respectively. The selective hydrogenation for the CO double bond in CMA would be improved as increasing the H₂ pressure, and the selective hydrogenation for the CC double bond in CMA is enhanced as increasing the reaction temperature. In addition, these catalysts have also been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and H₂-temperature programmed desorption (H₂-TPD) techniques. The results show that Pt particles are dispersed more homogeneously on the outer surface of the nanotubes, while the strong interaction between Pt and Co would improve the increasing of activated hydrogen number because of the hydrogen spillover from reduced Pt⁰ onto CNTs and increase the catalytic activity and selectivity of CMA to CMO.     

Carbon nanotubes supported Pt-Ni catalysts and their properties for the liquid phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to hydrocinnamaldehyde

The Pt-Ni catalysts supported on CNTs have been prepared by wet impregnation and the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CMA) to the corresponding hydrocinnamaldehyde (HCMA) over the catalysts has been studied in ethanol at different reaction conditions. The results show that Pt-0.34 wt% Ni/CNTs catalyst exhibits the highest activity and selectivity at a reaction temperature of 70 °C under a pressure of around 2.0 MPa, and 98.6% for the conversion of CMA and 88.2% for the selectivity of CMA to HCMA, respectively. The selective hydrogenation for the CC bond in CMA would be improved as increasing the reaction temperature, and the hydrogenation for the CO bond in CMA is enhanced as increasing the H₂ pressure. In addition, these catalysts have also been characterized using TEM-EDS, XPS, H₂-TPR and H₂-TPD techniques. The results show that Pt particles are dispersed more homogeneously on the outer surface of the nanotubes, while the strong interaction between Pt and Ni would improve the increasing of activated hydrogen number because of the hydrogen spillover from reduced Pt⁰ onto CNTs and increase the catalytic activity and selectivity of CMA to HCMA.     

2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni (I)催化下与苯甲醛反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）研究了2-甲基-1,3-顺丁二烯在Ni(I)催化下与苯甲醛反应生成高烯丙基醇的反应机理。在B3LYP/6-31+G*水平上对反应过程中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体以及产物的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动分析确认了过渡态的真实性;并且在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道(NBO)和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的成键特征和轨道间的相互作用。研究发现了两条可能的反应通道IA与IB,其控制步骤活化能分别为64.20 kJ.mol-1、51.63 kJ.mol-1,由以上比较结果可以看出,反应通道IA与IB在整个反应过程可能同时发生,但IB通道具有较低的活化能,即IB通道为整个反应的最优反应通道,与实验结果一致。     

CuI催化苯丙氨酸与溴苯发生C-N偶联反应机理理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP方法对Cu I催化苯丙氨酸与溴苯发生C-N偶联反应机理进行了理论研究.在6-31+G*水平上对反应过程中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体以及产物的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动分析证实了过渡态的真实性;并且在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道(NBO)和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的成键特征和轨道间的相互作用.研究发现了两条可能的反应通道IA与IB,其控制步骤活化能分别为202.81 k J.mol-1、196.10 k J.mol-1,由以上结果比较可以看出,反应通道IA与IB在整个反应过程可能同时发生,但IB反应通道具有较低的活化能,即IB通道为整个反应的最优反应通道.     

钯(Ⅱ)催化苯乙烯与N-氟代双苯磺酰胺反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了钯催化苯乙烯与N-氟代双苯磺酰胺反应机理.在B3LYP/6-311+G*基组水平上对反应过程中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体以及产物的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动分析确认了过渡态的真实性;并且在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道(NBO)和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的成键特征和轨道间的相互作用.研究发现了两条可能的反应通道IA与IB,其控制步骤活化能分别为17.81 k J.mol-1、56.04k J.mol-1,由以上比较结果可以看出,IA通道具有较低的活化能,即IA通道为整个反应的最优反应通道,与实验结果一致.此外我们还研究了溶剂对反应的影响.     

钯(Ⅱ)催化苯乙烯与N-氟代双苯磺酰胺反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）研究了钯催化苯乙烯与N-氟代双苯磺酰胺反应机理。在B3LYP/6-311+G*基组水平上对反应过程中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体以及产物的几何构型进行了优化,通过能量和振动分析确认了过渡态的真实性;并且在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道(NBO)和分子中的原子(AIM)理论分析了这些化合物的成键特征和轨道间的相互作用。研究发现了两条可能的反应通道IA与IB,其控制步骤活化能分别为17.81 kJ.mol-1、56.04kJ.mol-1,由以上比较结果可以看出,IA通道具有较低的活化能,即IA通道为整个反应的最优反应通道,与实验结果一致。此外我们还研究了溶剂对反应的影响。     

Theoretical and experimental studies of Ag-Pt interactions for supported Ag-Pt bimetallic catalysts

The electronic structure and chemical properties of catalysts prepared by the electroless deposition (ED) of Ag onto Pt/SiO₂ were studied using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. XPS studies revealed a negative shift (up to −0.75 eV) in the Ag 3d binding energy (BE) relative to bulk Ag. Both the magnitude and direction of the shift are consistent with DFT calculations of model Ag/Pt(1 1 1) surfaces. DFT calculations have also been employed to study the adsorption of two probe molecules, carbon monoxide and 1-epoxy-3-butene (EpB), on the model surfaces. Combined with previously published reports, the results presented here suggest that (1) the AgPt/SiO₂ catalysts that are most active for hydrogenation of the EpB olefin function consist of an adlayer of Ag on Pt rather than a surface or bulk alloy and that (2) the higher activity and selectivity of ED-prepared Ag-Pt/SiO₂ catalysts for CC hydrogenation of EpB to 1-epoxybutane are consistent with computed electronic (ligand) and bifunctional effects.     

Site-blocking effects of preadsorbed H on Pt(1 1 1) probed by 1,3-butadiene adsorption and reaction

The influence of hydrogen coadsorption on hydrocarbon chemistry on transition metal surfaces is a key aspect to an improved understanding of catalytic selective hydrogenation. We have investigated the effects of H preadsorption on adsorption and reaction of 1,3-butadiene (H₂CCHCHCH₂, C₄H₆) on Pt(1 1 1) surfaces by using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Preadsorbed hydrogen adatoms decrease the amount of 1,3-butadiene chemisorbed on the surface and chemisorption is completely blocked by the hydrogen monolayer (saturation) coverage (θ_H = 0.92 ML). No hydrogenation products of reactions between coadsorbed H adatoms and 1,3-butadiene were observed to desorb in TPD experiments over the range of θ_H investigated (θ_H = 0.6-0.9 ML). This is in strong contrast to the copious evolution of ethane (CH₃CH₃, C₂H₆) from coadsorbed hydrogen and ethylene (CH₂CH₂, C₂H₄) on Pt(1 1 1). Hydrogen adatoms effectively (in a 1:1 stoichiometry) remove sites from interaction with chemisorbed 1,3-butadiene, but do not affect adjacent sites. The adsorption energy of coadsorbed 1,3-butadiene is not affected by the presence of hydrogen on Pt(1 1 1). The chemisorbed 1,3-butadiene on hydrogen preadsorbed Pt(1 1 1) completely dehydrogenates to H₂ and surface carbon upon heating without any molecular desorption detected, which is identical to that observed on clean Pt(1 1 1). In addition to revealing aspects of site blocking that should have broad implications for hydrogen coadsorption with hydrocarbon molecules on transition metal surfaces in general, these results also provide additional basic information on the surface science of selective catalytic hydrogenation of butadiene in butadiene-butene mixtures.     

TPD study of the adsorption and reaction of nitromethane and methyl nitrite on ordered Pt–Sn surface alloys

The adsorption and reaction of the isomers nitromethane (CH₃NO₂) and methyl nitrite (CH₃ONO) on two ordered Sn/Pt(111) surface alloys were studied using TPD, AES, and LEED. Even though the Sn–O bond is stronger than the Pt–O bond and Sn is more easily oxidized than Pt, alloying with Sn reduces the reactivity of the Pt(111) surface for both of these oxygen-containing molecules. This is because of kinetic limitations due to a weaker chemisorption bond and an increased activation energy for dissociation for these molecules on the alloys compared to Pt(111). Nitromethane only weakly adsorbs on the Sn/Pt(111) surface alloys, shows no thermal reaction during TPD, and undergoes completely reversible adsorption under UHV conditions. Methyl nitrite is a much more reactive molecule due to the weak CH₃O–NO bond, and most of the chemisorbed methyl nitrite decomposes below 240 K on the alloy surfaces to produce NO and a methoxy species. Surface methoxy is a stable intermediate until 300 K on the alloys, and then it dehydrogenates to evolve gas phase formaldehyde with high selectivity against complete dehydrogenation to form CO on both alloy surfaces.     

Possible reaction pathway in methanol dehydrogenation on Pt and Ag surfaces/clusters starting from O-H scission: Dipped adcluster model study

The mechanism of the methanol dehydrogenation reaction on a Pt surface has been investigated using the dipped adcluster model (DAM) combined with density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Starting from O-H bond scission, methanol decomposes to form CO exothermically on the Pt surface, where the Pt-dσ orbital effectively interacts with the O-H antibonding orbital. The donative interaction of the Pt-dσ orbitals was found to be important for catalytic activation on the Pt surface. The reaction pathway starting from C-H bond scission has a larger activation barrier and, therefore, is less kinetically favorable. Electron transfer from the bulk, which is included in the present DAM calculation, plays an important role in the reaction pathway from O-H bond scission, in particular for the dehydrogenation of formaldehyde. On the other hand, the Ag surface has been shown to be effective for formaldehyde synthesis, because formaldehyde desorbs spontaneously from the Ag surface. The present reaction has also been examined and discussed in view of the nanoscale clusters and nanorods.