半芳香共聚酰胺的合成及热稳定性的研究

采用熔融缩聚法, 合成了长碳链聚酰胺(PA1212)与聚对苯二甲酰十二碳二胺(PA12T)的新型半芳香共聚酰胺, 用FTIR, 1H NMR和DSC对产物结构进行了表征. 通过热重分析研究了共聚酰胺在N2气氛中以不同升温速率β升温时的热降解过程与机理. 结果表明PA1212/12T的降解为一步过程, 随着β的增大, 平衡降解温度线性升高. 用Kissinger和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa两种方法求得PA1212/12T的热降解表观活化能分别为126.9和127.9 kJ/mol. 用Coats-Redfern法证明了PA1212/12T的热降解机理为Deceleration类型中的R1或F3降解机理.     

二环己基次膦酸铝阻燃剂的常压合成工艺及其性能研究

制备了一种新型二烷基次膦酸盐阻燃剂,以乙酸为反应溶剂,使环己烯与次膦酸钠在自由基引发剂存在及常压条件下发生自由基加成反应,生成二环己基次膦酸钠,再加入硫酸铝溶液进行复分解反应生成二环己基次膦酸铝。通过红外光谱分析了产物结构,利用X射线能谱仪(EDS)测定P、C等元素含量,通过热失重分析其热稳定性,产物添加到聚酰胺(PA6)中进行极限氧指数测定及垂直燃烧实验考察其阻燃效果,讨论了引发剂种类、引发剂用量、实验温度、反应时间等因素对目标产物产率的影响,优化了合成工艺,并且分析了阻燃剂添加量对阻燃效果影响。结果表明:选择过氧化苯甲酰作为自由基引发剂且用量为5%,反应温度85℃,反应时间10h,可使产率达到84%。产物添加至PA6中,阻燃剂最佳用量为12%,此时极限氧指数为34.1%,燃烧等级为FV-0,阻燃效果良好。     

原位红外光谱法研究三氯乙烯在TiO2表面的光催化降解

通过原位红外光谱技术在线研究了三氯乙烯的直接光降解以及三氯乙烯在TiO2表面的气相光催化降解. 研究结果表明, UV/TiO2体系比UV体系具有更强的降解能力. 在三氯乙烯的光催化降解过程中, 发现有二氯乙酰氯、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水、氯化氢和光气等中间产物生成. 根据反应结果, 分析了三氯乙烯在TiO2表面的气相光催化降解机理: 三氯乙烯在羟基自由基等作用下生成中间产物二氯乙酰氯, 二氯乙酰氯进一步发生自由基反应, 最终降解为二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水、氯化氢和光气.     

新型仿生光催化剂HMS-FePcS催化孔雀绿在可见光下的降解历程

在可见光照射下,采用合成的新型仿生光催化剂HMS-FePcS催化降解孔雀绿模拟染料废水.由不同反应时间段反应液的HPLC谱和MS谱中产物峰的变化可知,孔雀绿的催化降解过程为先脱色后矿化.采用固体萃取法对孔雀绿降解的中间产物进行了富集和分离,并使用GC-MS对所得的中间产物进行了鉴定,确定出10余种中间产物.在此基础上对孔雀绿的降解历程进行了推测,指出孔雀绿的光催化降解主要从中心碳原子与二甲氨基苯基之间的C-C键处断裂,4-二甲氨基苯甲酮是此反应最常见的中间产物.当4-二甲氨基苯甲酮被羟基自由基进攻时,生成苯甲酸、对二甲氨基苯甲酸及对二甲氨基苯酚等化合物.这些小分子芳香类中间产物进一步发生羟基化反应,开环生成小分子脂肪酸类化合物.     

聚苯乙烯热降解机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-311G（d）方法,对聚苯乙烯（PS）热降解反应机理进行了研究。PS热降解的主要产物是苯乙烯,其次是甲苯、α-甲基苯乙烯、乙苯和二聚体等芳烃化合物。PS热降解反应主要包括主链C-C键均裂、β-断裂、氢转移和自由基终止等反应。针对以上各类反应进行了路径设计和理论计算分析,对参与反应的分子的几何结构进行了优化和频率计算,获得了各热降解路径的标准动力学和热力学参数。计算结果表明,苯乙烯主要由自由基的链端β-断裂反应形成;二聚体主要由分子内1,3氢转移的反应形成;α-甲基苯乙烯由分子内的1,2氢转移后进行β-断裂形成;甲苯由苯甲基自由基夺取主链上的氢原子形成;乙苯由苯乙基自由基夺取氢原子形成。动力学分析表明,苯乙烯形成所需要的能垒低于其他产物形成所需要的能垒,故苯乙烯为主要的热降解产物;这与相关实验结果基本一致。     

乙氧羰基甲烯(Carbene)对烷烃的插入反应

本文研究了乙氧羰基甲烯对戊烷、己烷、庚烷和辛烷的插入反应。用色谱-质谱联用法分离并鉴定了插入反应得到的各种异构体,以及测定了在烷烃各位置碳原子上的插入产物的分配比。实验表明在烷烃的各个碳原子上插入产物的分配比例与从反应几率的计算所得的数值不符。文中提出的机理,即经由甲烯夺取氢原子后所生成的碳阳离子或自由基,有一部分重排而后再与乙氧羰基负离子或自由基偶合,可以解释这样的结果。     

低功率超声增强碘帕醇氯氧化的效果和路径

研究了低功率超声(US, <38 W)对NaClO氧化非离子型碘代X射线造影剂—碘帕醇(IPM)的增强作用及机理, 考察了NaClO添加浓度和超声功率的影响, 分析并计算了体系中的主要活性物种及其贡献. 采用高效液相色谱/串联质谱(HPLC/MS/MS)对降解产物进行分析, 推测IPM的降解路径. 结果表明, 低功率US显著增强了NaClO对IPM的氧化效果, 在25 ℃, pH=5.8, NaClO浓度为0.12 mmol/L条件下, 10 mg/L IPM在60 min的降解率达到85.8%. 其中NaClO氧化、 HO·和活性氯自由基(RCSs)是US/NaClO增强IPM降解的主要原因, 自由基分析计算它们的贡献率分别为15.82%, 4.65%和79.53%. NaClO浓度在0~0.24 mmol/L范围内, IPM的降解率随NaClO浓度升高而增加, 60 min后降解率由4.75%增加到91.12%; 超声功率为28.5 W, 降解率达到最高. 在 15~45 ℃温度范围内, IPM的降解过程符合表观一级反应动力学, 反应活化能(E_a)为59.03 kJ/mol. HPLC/MS/MS共检测出5种中间产物, 结合密度泛函理论(DFT)计算结果, 初步推测了IPM在US/NaClO体系中的降解途径和机理.     

α-氰基苄基碳负离子钠盐与碳酸二乙酯的单电子转移反应动力学和机理

测定了α-氰基苄基碳负离子钠盐与碳酸二乙酯缩合反应产物的结构及其分布,反应中间体的EPR谱,反应过程中产物和溶剂的CIDNP效应和反应动力学,为这一缩合反应提出了单电子转移-负离子自由基分解-自由基偶合的非链式自由基机理     

燃料电池用磺化聚苯乙烯膜降解机理及其复合膜的初步研究

对用磺化聚苯乙烯 (PSSA)膜组装的质子交换膜燃料电池 (PEMFC)进行寿命实验 ,通过高效液相色谱分析 PSSA膜电池寿命实验期间阴极和阳极侧的排水量 ,能谱分析电池寿命实验前后 PSSA膜断面 S元素含量的分布 ,红外光谱分析 PSSA膜结构的变化 ,根据分析结果推断出 PSSA膜的降解机理 .O2 在阴极还原时产生 H2 O2 中间产物 ,H2 O2 又与电池中微量的金属离子反应产生 HO· 和 HO2 · 等氧化性自由基 ,这些自由基进攻 PSSA膜 α碳上的叔氢而导致膜降解 .膜降解主要发生在电池阴极侧 ,降解过程中苯环和磺酸根同时从 PSSA膜上脱离 .根据 PSSA膜的降解机理设计了 PSSA-Nafion复合膜作为 PEMFC电解质 ,2 5μm厚的 Nafion1 0 1膜位于电池阴极侧 ,该复合膜组装的 PEMFC稳定操作 80 0 h以上电池性能未见明显下降     

木质素超临界溶剂降解反应及其在酚醛树脂合成中的应用

天然大分子木质素在超临界乙醇-甲酸介质中可以有效地降解为酚类化合物.超临界乙醇为木质素提供了理想的反应介质,甲酸热分解原位产生的氢作为木质素裂解自由基封端剂有效促进了降解向小分子转化;过渡金属盐可以催化降解反应.木质素超临界降解机理为自由基反应,在还原状态下氢可以对木质素自由基封端从而得到小分子化合物.木质素理想的超临...     

A Dieckmann cyclization route to piperazine-2,5-diones

Piperazine-2,5-diones are formed by Dieckmann cyclization (NaH, THF) of substructures of the type CH(2)-N(R)C(O)CH(2)N(R')CO(2)Ph in which the terminal methylene (CH(2)) that is adjacent to nitrogen closes onto the carbonyl group of the phenyl carbamate unit at the other end of the chain. R and R' are alkyl groups, and the terminal methylene is activated by a ketone carbonyl, a nitrile, an ester, or a phosphoryl group. The starting materials are assembled by standard acylation and oxidation processes, starting from a β-(alkylamino)alcohol, an (alkylamino)acetonitrile, an (alkylamino) ester, or an (alkylamino)methyl phosphonate.     

Multiscale physicochemical characterization of a short glass fiber–reinforced polyphenylene sulfide composite under aging and its thermo‐oxidative mechanism

In this paper, the thermo‐oxidation for a short glass fiber–reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS/GF) composite was experimentally and theoretically studied by a wide range of physicochemical and mechanical techniques. The accelerated thermal aging temperatures were fixed at 100°C, 140°C, 160°C, 180°C, and 200°C. Firstly, the results of weight loss under aging indicate the formation of volatile products because of chain scission of end groups. Also, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results suggest that the formation and accumulation of carbonyl group arising from the formation of hydroperoxides in oxidative propagation process. In all cases of different thermal oxidation temperatures, it is hard to observe some significant change about the concentration of carbonyl group during the induction time. This induction time depends inversely on the oxidation temperature. Moreover, the cross‐linking and chain scissions exist together according to the results of rheological results and it is easier to see the cross‐linking phenomenon at the beginning of oxidation while the chain scissions are more pronounced, with the oxidation process developing further. In aspect of mechanical properties, σ_max increases at the beginning of oxidation because of cross‐linking, and subsequently, the σ_max always decreases because of thermo‐oxidation of the PPS matrix. In addition, the detailed thermo‐oxidation processes are fully discussed in the end of this study. A mechanistic schema has been proposed to present different oxidation reactions of PPS polymer and then a kinetic model has been extracted from this mechanism. Afterwards, the model has been verified by experimental results at different temperatures.     

Controlling the regiochemistry of radical cyclizations

This review describes the results of our recent studies on the control of the regiochemistry of radical cyclizations. N-vinylic alpha-chloroacetamides generally cyclized in a 5-endo-trig manner to give five-membered lactams, whereas 4-exo-trig cyclization occurred when the cyclized radical intermediates were highly stabilized by an adjacent phenyl or phenylthio group to afford beta-lactams. The 5-exo or 6-exo cyclization of aryl radicals onto the alkenic bond of enamides could be shifted to the corresponding 6-endo or 7-endo mode of cyclization by a positional change of the carbonyl group of enamides. The 6-endo- and 7-endo-selective aryl radical cyclizations were applied to radical cascades for the synthesis of alkaloids such as phenanthroindolizidine, cephalotaxine skeleton, and lennoxamine. The 5-exo-trig cyclization of an alkyl radical onto the alkenyl bond of enamides could also be shifted to the 6-endo mode by a positional change of the carbonyl group of enamides. The 6-endo- selective cyclization was applied to the radical cascade to afford a cylindricine skeleton. Other examples of controlling the regiochemistry of radical cyclizations and their applications to the synthesis of natural products are also discussed.     

Synthesis of polynuclear heterocycles via the reaction of α-ester carbanions with quaternized nicotinamide salts. A facile stereoselective synthesis of sesbanine

α-Ester carbanions add to N-benzylnicotinamide salts to give C-4 and C-6 substituted primary products. The C-4 substituted dihydronicotinamides undergo a further reaction involving nucleophilic attack of the amide nitrogen on the carbonyl group of the ester. The resulting cyclization products can be oxidized and debenzylated to 1,2-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,7-naphthyridine derivatives. The sequence of reactions has been utilized in the synthesis of several heterocycles and in the stereoselective synthesis of the alkaloid sesbanine.     

High-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of secondary organic aerosol produced by ozonation of limonene

Chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the ozone-initiated oxidation of limonene is characterized by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ion modes. The mass spectra reveal a large number of both monomeric (m/z < 300) and oligomeric (m/z > 300) condensed products of oxidation. A combination of high resolving power (m/Deltam approximately 60,000) and Kendrick mass defect analysis makes it possible to unambiguously determine the molecular composition of hundreds of individual compounds in SOA samples. Van Krevelen analysis shows that the SOA compounds are heavily oxidized, with average O : C ratios of 0.43 and 0.50 determined from the positive and negative ion mode spectra, respectively. A possible reaction mechanism for the formation of the first generation SOA molecular components is considered. The discussed mechanism includes known isomerization and addition reactions of the carbonyl oxide intermediates generated during the ozonation of limonene. In addition, it includes isomerization and decomposition pathways for alkoxy radicals resulting from unimolecular decomposition of carbonyl oxides that have been disregarded by previous studies. The isomerization reactions yield numerous products with a progressively increasing number of alcohol and carbonyl groups, whereas C-C bond scission reactions in alkoxy radicals shorten the carbon chain. Together these reactions yield a large number of isomeric products with broadly distributed masses. A qualitative agreement is found between the number and degree of oxidation of the predicted and measured reaction products in the monomer product range.     

PA6/CaCl_2复合物的络合机理研究

通过负离子淤浆聚合制备了高相对黏度的聚酰胺6(PA6)粉末料,将其加入氯化钙甲酸溶液中制备不同的PA6/CaCl2单位链节摩尔比络合溶液.采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、红外分析方法研究了PA6/CaCl2复合物的络合机理.结果表明,复合物中钙原子与聚酰胺6分子链上的羰基氧原子发生配位作用,破坏了PA6本身的氢键,释放出自由NH,而氯离子则与NH形成氢键.同时通过电导率测试推测氯化钙与酰胺键之间的配合形式为四配位或者六配位.     

8-endo versus 7-exo cyclization of alpha-carbamoyl radicals. A combination of experimental and theoretical studies

Atom transfer radical cyclization reactions of N-(4-pentenyl)iodoacetamides were investigated. The reactions were efficiently promoted by BF3.OEt2. For N-alkenyl-substituted iodoamides, excellent regioselectivity in favor of 8-endo cyclization was observed, while both 7-exo and 8-endo cyclization products were formed with the 8-endo cyclization preferred in the cases of N-(2-allylphenyl)-substituted iodoamides. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G level revealed that both the s-trans and the s-cis conformational transition structures were feasible for the 8-endo cyclization of N-alkenyl-substituted alpha-carbamoyl radicals while 7-exo transition structures were much less stable. For the cyclization of N-(2-allylphenyl)-substituted alpha-carbamoyl radicals, the transition structures for 8-endo and 7-exo cyclizations were of comparable energy. These results were in excellent agreement with the experimental observations.     

Mechanisms for the selective gas-phase fragmentation reactions of methionine side chain fixed charge sulfonium ion containing peptides

To enable the development of improved tandem mass spectrometry based methods for selective proteome analysis, the mechanisms, product ion structures, and other factors influencing the gas-phase fragmentation reactions of methionine side-chain derivatized "fixed-charge" phenacylsulfonium ion containing peptide ions have been examined. Dissociation of these peptide ions results in the exclusive characteristic loss of the derivatized side chain, thereby enabling their selective identification. The resultant product ion(s) are then subjected to further dissociation to obtain sequence information for subsequent protein identification. Molecular orbital calculations (at the B3LYP/6-31 + G (d,p) level of theory) performed on a simple peptide model, together with experimental evidence obtained by multistage dissociation of a regioselectively deuterated methionine derivatized sulfonium ion containing tryptic peptide, indicate that fragmentation of the fixed charge containing peptide ions occurs via SN2 reactions involving the N- and C-terminal amide bonds adjacent to the methionine side chain, resulting in the formation of stable cyclic five- and six-membered iminohydrofuran and oxazine product ions, respectively. These studies further indicate that the rings formed via these neighboring group reactions are stable to further dissociation by MS3. As a consequence, the formation of b- or y-type sequence ions are "skipped" at the site of cyclization. Despite this, complete sequence information is still obtained because of the presence of both cyclic products.     

Development of highly regioselective amidyl radical cyclization based on lone pair-lone pair repulsion

The substituent effect on the reactivity and regioselectivity of N-(4-pentenyl)amidyl radical cyclization was investigated. Exclusive 6- endo cyclization was observed for N-(4-pentenyl)amidyl radicals with internal vinylic heteroatom substitution (Cl, Br, I, OMe, SEt). The substituent on the carbonyl group also showed a significant influence on the reactivity of amidyl radicals, which increases in the order of Ph < Me < OEt. As a result, the photostimulated reactions of N-(4-halopent-4-enyl)amides and carbamates (X = Cl, Br, I) with DIB/I 2 or Pb(OAc) 4/I 2 led to the efficient and exclusive formation of the corresponding piperidines while those of N-(5-halopent-4-enyl)amides afforded the pyrrolidine products only. The halogen-substitution effect also allowed the 6- exo and 7- endo amidyl radical cyclization to proceed in a highly regioselective manner. The above experimental results, in combination with theoretical analyses, revealed that the lone pair-lone pair repulsion between the nitrogen radical and the vinylic heteroatom played an important role in controlling the regioselectivity of cyclization.     

Thermo- and photooxidation of polyisobutylene. I. Evolutions at temperatures above 50°C

Polyisobutylene films (PIB) were submitted to a thermal oxidation at 100°C and to a photooxidation by exposure to long-wavelength radiations (λ ≥ 300 nm) at 60°C. The modifications of the chemical structure resulting from the oxidation were determined by FT-IR analysis of the polymer films, coupled to chemical treatments that converted specifically the oxidation products. Dissolution of oxidized samples permitted analysis of the polymer by ¹³C- and ¹H-NMR. The structure of the volatile products was determined by mass spectroscopy analysis of the gas phase. Identification of the numerous products formed permitted the proposal of a scheme that accounts for the oxidation of PIB. When the irradiations are carried out at a temperature above 50°C, the depolymerization is favored and the mechanism involves two main routes of oxidation. A direct oxidation starts with the oxidation of radicals obtained by homolysis of the C C bonds on the main chain, and an induced oxidation involves hydrogen abstraction on the methylene and methyl groups by radicals formed by the direct oxidation of the polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35 : 1689–1701, 1997