强场下真空中粒子对产生的研究进展

随着激光技术的飞快发展,激光强度不断提高,超强外场下真空中正负电子对产生的过程,即能量向质量转化过程,已经成为一个研究热点。主要综述了近几年量子Vlasov方程方法和计算量子场论(数值求解Dirac方程)方法在研究强场下真空中正负电子对产生方面的进展,分别介绍了空间均匀场和空间不均匀场下的粒子对产生的情况。第一种情况主要介绍双脉冲结构振荡电场中电子-正电子对的产生、强双频振荡电场中非微扰电子-正电子对的产生、频率调制的激光场中电子-正电子对的产生和Dirac真空对啁啾外场的快速分辨。第二种情况主要介绍优化空间局域电场提高粒子对的产生率、多个势阱-垒结构的振荡场对粒子对产生的增强、振荡 Sauter 电势中正负电子对产生的问题、操纵Dirac真空以控制其在场诱导下的衰变、作为信息传输介质的Dirac真空还有正负电子对产生中的相干和非相干啁啾机制的转变。     

Enhancement of electron-positron pairs in combined potential wells with linear chirp frequency

Effect of linear chirp frequency on the process of electron-positron pairs production from vacuum is investigated by the computational quantum field theory. With appropriate chirp parameters, the number of electrons created under combined potential wells can be increased by two or three times. In the low frequency region, frequency modulation excites interference effect and multiphoton processes, which promotes the generation of electron-positron pairs. In the high frequency region, high frequency suppression inhibits the generation of electron-positron pairs. In addition, for a single potential well, the number of created electron-positron pairs can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude in the low frequency region.     

The cascade model for multiple-pair creation in strong fields

Using computational quantum field theory we study the spontaneous breakdown process of the matter vacuum triggered by a strong external force field. We focus on the time scales that determine the creation of multiple electron-positron pair states. We show how the Pauli exclusion principle affects the creation probabilities of states with more than one pair. In the long time limit the evolution of these probabilities can be approximated by a simple cascade model. This model predicts a consecutive excitation from states with lower number of particles to those with a higher number of particles.     

Generating functional for the average field in quantum electrodynamics with an unstable vacuum

The generating functional for calculating the average field in the case of an unstable vacuum in quantum field theory is proposed. A continuous representation is found for the generating functional of the average field in the case of quantum electrodynamics with an external field, generating electron-positron pairs out of the vacuum.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 80–84, October, 1981.     

Renormalization of the Regularized Relativistic Electron-Positron Field

We consider the relativistic electron-positron field interacting with itself via the Coulomb potential defined with the physically motivated, positive, density-density quartic interaction. The more usual normal-ordered Hamiltonian differs from the bare Hamiltonian by a quadratic term and, by choosing the normal ordering in a suitable, self-consistent manner, the quadratic term can be seen to be equivalent to a renormalization of the Dirac operator. Formally, this amounts to a Bogolubov-Valatin transformation, but in reality it is non-perturbative, for it leads to an inequivalent, fine-structure dependent representation of the canonical anticommutation relations. This non-perturbative redefinition of the electron/positron states can be interpreted as a mass, wave-function and charge renormalization, among other possibilities, but the main point is that a non-perturbative definition of normal ordering might be a useful starting point for developing a consistent quantum electrodynamics. Received: 8 March 2000 / Accepted: 7 July 2000     

Schwinger limit attainability with extreme power lasers

High intensity colliding laser pulses can create abundant electron-positron pair plasma [A. R. Bell and J. G. Kirk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 200403 (2008)], which can scatter the incoming electromagnetic waves. This process can prevent one from reaching the critical field of quantum electrodynamics at which vacuum breakdown and polarization occur. Considering the pairs are seeded by the Schwinger mechanism, it is shown that the effects of radiation friction and the electron-positron avalanche development in vacuum depend on the electromagnetic wave polarization. For circularly polarized colliding pulses, these effects dominate not only the particle motion but also the evolution of the pulses. For linearly polarized pulses, these effects are not as strong. There is an apparent analogy of these cases with circular and linear electron accelerators to the corresponding constraining and reduced roles of synchrotron radiation losses.     

Klein paradox in spatial and temporal resolution

Based on spatially and temporally resolved numerical solutions to the relativistic quantum field equations, we provide a resolution to the controversial issue of how an incoming electron scatters off a supercritical potential step and how the electron-positron pair production is affected by this collision. The treatment of the problem as a correlated three-particle problem suggests revealing insight into the process.     

Three-dimensional electrostatic waves in a nonuniform quantum electron-positron magnetoplasma

The dispersion properties of three-dimensional electrostatic waves in a nonuniform quantum electron-positron magnetoplasma are examined. A new dispersion relation is derived using the electron and positron densities response arising from the balance between the quantum Bohm and electrostatic forces, and from the electron and positron continuity and Poisson equations. In the local approximation regime, the dispersion relation admits both oscillatory and purely growing instabilities those depend on the quantum parameters as well as the density, velocity and magnetic field inhomogeneities.     

Quantum processes in short and intensive electromagnetic fields

This work provides an overview of our recent results in studying two most important and widely discussed quantum processes: electron-positron pairs production off a probe photon propagating through a polarized short-pulsed electromagnetic (e.g. laser) wave field or generalized Breit–Wheeler process, and a single a photon emission off an electron interacting with the laser pules, so-called non-linear Compton scattering. We show that the probabilities of particle production in both processes are determined by interplay of two dynamical effects, where the first one is related to the shape and duration of the pulse and the second one is non-linear dynamics of the interaction of charged fermions with a strong electromagnetic field. We elaborate suitable expressions for the production probabilities and cross sections, convenient for studying evolution of the plasma in presence of strong electromagnetic fields.     

Positron vertex renormalization of the effective electron-positron interaction

An explicit expression for the positron vertex function in an electron liquid is derived. It is shown that positron vertex corrections to the effective electron-positron interaction are relevant and can be of help in explaining some discrepancies between theory and experiments in positron annihilation.     

Creation dynamics of bound States in supercritical fields

Using space-time resolved solutions to relativistic quantum field theory, we analyze the electron-positron creation process from vacuum in the long-time regime in which multiple pairs are produced. We find that for a supercritical potential of finite extension, the time dependence of the production rate of pairs is described by four distinct regimes that have their direct counterparts in the time evolved spatial density of the particles. These regimes include the shape-invariant birth process, an entanglement-induced reduction of interference, a recurrent Pauli suppression of pair production induced by electron-potential scattering, and finally a production halt associated with a population of supercritical and a partial population of subcritical bound states.     

Interference effect in the photoproduction of electron-positron pairs on a nucleus in the field of two light waves

In the general relativistic case, the nonresonance photoproduction of electron-positron pairs on a nucleus in the field of two circularly polarized light waves propagating in one direction is theoretically investigated. It is shown that there are two essentially different kinematical regions: the noninterference region, where the Bunkin-Fedorov quantum parameters play the role of multiphoton parameters, and the interference region, where interference effects are important and where quantum interference parameters are treated as multiphoton parameters. The interference effect is found in the photoproduction of an electron-positron pair on a nucleus in the field of two light waves. This effect occurs in the interference region and is due to the production of an electron-positron pair in the plane spanned by the light wave vector and the incident-photon momentum and to stimulated correlated emission and absorption of photons of the two waves. The cross sections for pair photoproduction on a nucleus in the above kinematical regions are determined for moderately strong fields. It is shown that, in the interference region, the partial cross sections for the case where there is a correlated emission (absorption) of the same number of photons of the two waves can significantly exceed the corresponding cross sections in any other geometry.     

太赫兹电磁场照射下量子线中的纳米电子力

研究两端连接电子库的量子线在太赫兹(THz)电磁场横向辐射下的电子力学问题. 在自由电子近似下求得了弹道区二能级电子波函数解析表达式,发现电子概率在两个能态间随线轴坐标作Rabi振荡, 其幅度与外场强度和频率有关. 利用热力学统计算符方法并利用波函数计算出了传导电子对量子线中张力贡献的大小. 其计算结果可表示成与外场无关和与外场有关的两部分之和,前者与已有的实验观测和理论计算结果一致, 而与外场参量有关的部分可用量子相干理论解释. 关键词： 量子线 THz电磁场 纳米电子力     

Effects of Temperature and Electric Field on the Coherence Time of a RbCl Parabolic Quantum Dot Qubit

We study the effects of the temperature and electric field on the coherence time of a RbCl parabolic quantum dot (PQD) qubit by using the variational method of Pekar type, the Fermi Golden Rule and the quantum statistics theory (VMPTFGRQST). The ground and the first excited states’ (GFES) eigenenergies and the eigenfunctions of an electron in the RbCl PQD with an applied electric field are derived. A single qubit can be realized in this two-level quantum system. It turns out that the coherence time is a decreasing function of the temperature and the electric field, whereas it is an increasing one of the effective confinement length (ECL). By changing the electric field, the temperature and the ECL one can adjust the coherence time. Our research results may be useful for the design and implementation of solid-state quantum computation.     

Stimulated emission by external sources in quantum field theory

A formalism is developed to study stimulated emission by external sources in relativistic quantum field theory as a generalization of an earlier work involving essentially noninteracting particles. A general expression is derived for transition amplitudes for the production of an arbitrary number of particles, as final products, by emission sources when there is initially an arbitrary number of particles before the intervention of the emission sources, thus stimulating the latter for further emissions. An application to quantum electrodynamics is then given in the presence of an external electromagnetic current with an initial background radiation of an arbitrary number of photons with unspecified momenta and spins leading to an electron-positron pair as final products.     

Absorption of gamma-ray photons in a vacuum neutron star magnetosphere: I. Electron-positron pair production

The production of electron-positron pairs in a vacuum neutron star magnetosphere is investigated for both low (compared to the Schwinger one) and high magnetic fields. The case of a strong longitudinal electric field where the produced electrons and positrons acquire a stationary Lorentz factor in a short time is considered. The source of electron-positron pairs has been calculated with allowance made for the pair production by curvature and synchrotron photons. Synchrotron photons are shown to make a major contribution to the total pair production rate in a weak magnetic field. At the same time, the contribution from bremsstrahlung photons may be neglected. The existence of a time delay due to the finiteness of the electron and positron acceleration time leads to a great reduction in the electron-positron plasma generation rate compared to the case of a zero time delay. The effective local source of electron-positron pairs has been constructed. It can be used in the hydrodynamic equations that describe the development of a cascade after the absorption of a photon from the cosmic gamma-ray background in a neutron star magnetosphere.     

Classical and quantum self amplified spontaneous emission in a high gain free electron laser

We describe the quantum theory and the photon statistics of self amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) in a high gain free electron laser (FEL) using Glauber's quantum theory of coherence. We generalize a previous theory by taking into account many-mode effects and the initiation process resulting from classical shot noise, quantum noise, an injected coherent field and coherent bunching. In particular, we define the concept of quantum SASE which is appropriate when the initial quantum fluctuations dominate over the classical shot noise. We also discuss the conditions for the observation. Quantum SASE is a new quantum phenomenon in which the single electron uncertainty fluctuations of the conjugate variables position and momentum produce exponential amplification of the vacuum field.     

Macroscopic quantum coherence in a single molecular magnet and Kondo effect of electron transport

We report a Kondo-effect study of electron transport through a quantum dot with embedded biaxial single-molecule magnet based on slave boson mean-field theory and non-equilibrium Green-function technique. It is found the macroscopic quantum coherence of molecule-magnet results in the Kondo peak split of differential conductance due to interaction between electron and molecular magnet. It is also demonstrated that both the peak height and position can be controlled by the sweeping magnetic field and polarization of ferromagnetic electrodes. The characteristic peak split may be used to identify the macroscopic quantum coherence and develop molecule devices.     

First order QED processes in a spatially flat FLRW space-time with a Milne-type scale factor

The quantum electrodynamics(QED)in a spatially flat(1+3)-dimensional Friedmann-Lema?tre-Robertson-Walker(FLRW)space-time with a Milne-type scale factor is outlined focusing on the amplitudes of the allowed processes in the first order perturbations.The definition of the transition rates is reconsidered such that an appropriate angular behavior of the probability for creation of an electron-positron pair from a photon is obtained,which has a similar rate as the creation of a photon and an electron-positron pair from vacuum.It is shown that these processes are allowed only in the first order perturbations,since the photon emission or absorption by an electron or positron are forbidden.     

Quantum spin-glass transition in the two-dimensional electron gas

We discuss the possibility of spin-glass order in the vicinity of the unexpected metallic state of the two-dimensional electron gas in zero applied magnetic field. An average ferromagnetic moment may also be present, and the spin-glass order then resides in the plane orthogonal to the ferromagnetic moment. We argue that a quantum transition involving the destruction of the spinglass order in an applied in-plane magnetic field offers a natural explanation of some features of recent magnetoconductance measurements. We present a quantum field theory for such a transition and compute its mean field properties.