Melamine–formaldehyde resins: Constitutional characterization by fourier transform 13C-NMR spectroscopy

The random chemical structures of melamine–formaldehyde resins, including methylated melamine–formaldehyde resins and urea–melamine formaldehyde resins, were investigated by ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy (Fourier transform). All the combined formaldehydes, methylol and methyl ether groups, methylene structures, and dimethylene ether structures were assigned. A ¹³C chemical shift of methylene carbon occurred by substitution of other constituents of the methylene group for a proton of the adjacent monosubstituted nitrogen atom, as shown in a ¹³C-NMR spectrum of urea–formaldehyde resins. It was found that the chemical shift of each corresponding carbon of both melamine resins and urea–melamine resins was almost superimposed with that of urea resins.     

Use of the 13C-NMR chemical shift/charge density linear relationship for recognition and ranking of chemical structures

A novel scheme for computer-aided recognition of chemical structures based on the ¹³C-NMR chemical shift/charge density linear relationship is described. The spectral signals are uniquely assigned to the carbon atoms of each of the compared structures via an automatic assignment procedure. On the basis of this assignment, a factor reflecting the agreement between the spectrum and the molecular structure is defined. This factor has different values for different structures, similar values for similar structures, equal values for equivalent (isomorphic in the graph-theoretical sense) structures, and the lowest value for the structure best corresponding to the ¹³C-NMR spectrum. The potential of this approach for retrieval and ranking of chemical structures is discussed with examples.     

Prediction of physical properties of hydrocarbon mixtures by partial-least-squares calibration of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance data

By using the partial-least-squares (PLS) method, bulk properties of 12-component synthetic mixtures containing n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, cyclo-alkanes and aromatics are calibrated against intensities and chemical shifts of ¹³C-NMR spectra. The standard error of prediction (SEP) for the determinations of density, refractive index, mean molecular weight and carbon-type distribution was found to be less than 3.2% of the observed range. The SEP for excess densities is significantly larger, especially for values based on chemical shift data. The chemical shift variation supplies unique chemical information on solute/solvent interactions.     

NMR study on the low-affinity interaction of human serum albumin with diclofenac sodium

The low-affinity interaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and Diclofenac sodium (DCF) was studied using NMR techniques. Both 13C-NMR chemical shift and linewidth show that the dichlorophenyl ring in DCF molecule plays a primary role in its interaction with HSA. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to evaluate the association constant K and the number of binding sites n of the drug/HSA complex through (1)H-NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurement. The results indicate that Langmuir isotherm can perfectly explain the capacity of low-affinity binding of proteins for the ligands.     

Synthese von 2-methylalanin-peptiden,die pH-Abhängiggkeit ihrer 13C-NMR-spektren und eine neue methode zur auswertung über CS-diagramme

The uncommon amino-acid 2-methylalanine (α-aminoisobutyric acid, Aib) was investigated by ¹³C-NMR. The chemical shifts of amino- or carboxy-protected derivatives of Aib and of protected oligopeptides are discussed with respect to neighbouring groups and amino acids. The pH-dependence of the ¹³C-NMR spectra of Aib, Aib-Ala, Ala-Aib, Aib-Ala-Aib and Aib-Ala-Aib-Ala-Aib was studied. Using these examples, a new and advantageous method is demonstrated for the first time for the evalutions of NMR titration curves, which uses so-called chemical shift diagrams (CS diagrams).     

~(13)C-NMR研究聚丁二烯的序列结构

本文采用~13C-NMR方法研究了不同催化体系制备的聚丁二烯。经分析指出,聚丁二烯分子链的三种序列(顺-1,4-序列、反-1,4-序列和1,2-序列)和十七类脂碳碳核为~13C-NNR谱贡献了十六个谱峰。经数据的解析,得到一组计算聚丁二烯脂碳部分各谱峰化学位移的经验参数。在本文条件下,应用该组参数得到的计算值与实验值符合较好。本文确认了聚丁二烯反-1,4-序列第四峰(T_4)的存在。初步研究了聚丁二烯~13℃-NMR谱图的定量处理问题。     

端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)的~(13)C-NMR研究

<正> 以过氧化氢催化丁二烯聚合而得到的端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)在工业上具有广泛的用途,当它们发生交联时,即能形成结构体,用作推进剂、涂料和其它材料的基体,HTPB的质量对其最终产物的力学性能起着决定性的作用。然而人们已经发现,在某些情况下,使用相同牌号的HTPB,甚至用常规的分析方法进行鉴定认为是相同的HTPB,其交联体     

13C-NMR. Studies on ion-selective liquid membranes (author's transl)]

¹³C-NMR. Studies on Ion-Selective Liquid Membranes. A method for the ¹³C-NMR. study of solvent polymeric membranes in equilibrium with aqueous salt solutions is described. Neutral ion carriers incorporated in these membranes maintain a high degree of rotational mobility. The complexation by group IA and IIA cations of macrotetrolide antibiotics as well as of carriers of the type 3,6-dioxa-octanedioic diamides in the membrane phase was followed by ¹³C-NMR. chemical shift and spin-lattice relaxation studies.     

13C-NMR-Studien von geschützten Aminosäuren

The¹³C-NMR spectra of a series of protected amino acids, as frequently used by peptide chemists, are discussed. The signals of the synthetic products are assigned on the basis of known chemical shift rules, spectral comparison and off-resonance spectroscopy. The value of pulse Fourier transform¹³C-NMR spectroscopy for chemists engaged in peptide synthesis is clearly demonstrated.     

Spectral assignments and anisotropy data of cellulose I(alpha): 13C-NMR chemical shift data of cellulose I(alpha) determined by INADEQUATE and RAI techniques applied to uniformly 13C-labeled bacterial celluloses of different Gluconacetobacter xylinus strains

Solid-state (13)C-NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize native cellulose pellicles from two strains of Gluconacetobacter xylinus (ATCC 53582, ATCC 23769), which had been statically cultivated in Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium containing fully (13)C-labeled beta-D-glucose-U-(13)C(6) as the sole source of carbon. For both samples, the (13)C-NMR chemical shifts were completely assigned for each (13)C-labeled site of cellulose I(alpha) with the aid of 2D refocused INADEQUATE NMR. To determine the principal chemical shift tensor components, a pulse sequence based on the recoupling of anisotropy information (RAI) was applied at 10 kHz MAS. The detailed (13)C tensors of cellulose I(alpha) from different bacterial celluloses are thus available now for the first time, and these results have been compared with previously published data of nonenriched material and with theoretical predictions.     

Trends in shift rules in carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computer-aided shift prediction

A major problem in the use of ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy for structure identification is to estimate the ¹³C shifts of compounds known or suspected to be present in the spectrum. The substituent chemical shifts of different functional groups were studied and new, detailed empirical rules are reported. Trends in these shift parameters are noted. It appears that for functional groups containing more than one nucleus, the observed shift parameters (x=α, β, γ, δ shifts) can be approximated by the shift parameters of the component nuclei (x_comp) in the functional group, i.e., x_obs ≈ x_comp. The detailed shift behavior and shift additivity rules were computerized. The resulting program (CSPEC) has many user friendly features, e.g., ease of input, modification of structure, storage and retrieval of known shifts, and rapid computation.     

13C-NMR.-Spektren N-acylierter Indoline. Einfluss der Orientierung der Carbonylgruppe auf die chemische Verschiebung

¹³C-NMR. spectra of N-acylated indolines. Effect of the orientation of the carbonyl group on the chemical shift Large downfield shifts are observed in the ¹³C-NMR. spectra of indolines and related compounds induced by electric field effects of carbonyl and oxime groups.     

13C-detection in RNA bases: revealing structure-chemical shift relationships

The chemical shifts of the unprotonated carbons in the proton-deficient nucleobases of RNA are rarely reported, despite the valuable information that they contain about base-pairing and base-stacking. We have developed 13C-detected 2D-experiments to identify the unprotonated 13C in the RNA bases and have assigned all the base nuclei of uniformly 13C,15N-labeled HIV-2 TAR-RNA. The 13C chemical shift distributions revealed perturbations correlated with the base-pairing and base-stacking properties of all four base-types. From this work, we conclude that the information contained in the chemical shift perturbations within the base rings can provide valuable restraint information for solving RNA structures, especially in conformational averaged regions, where NOE-based information is not available.     

Cis-trans isomerization and 13C-NMR chemical shift of polyphenylacetylene

Before and after cis-trans isomerization, the observed ¹³C-NMR chemical shifts of poly(phenylacetylene) (PPA) in the solid state were investigated on the basis of ¹³C-NMR chemical shift calculations within AM1 for the cis-transoidal and deflected trans-transoidal forms. Two ¹³C-resonance peaks in the observed CP/MAS ¹³C-spectrum were assigned theoretically by the ¹³C chemical shifts of the main and side chains. After thermal isomerization, the ¹³C peak of the main chain for PPA shifted upfield by 3.5 ppm, in contrast to the downfield shift of the ¹³C peak for polyacetylene. This upfield shift of trans-PPA largely was attributed to the increases of the excitation energy from the ground state to the lowest φ_π–π* state in the paramagnetic terms of ¹³C chemical shift on the main chain carbons with the increase in deflected angle τ of 0 to 80°. The ±80° deflected conformation of the trans-transoidal chain due to the cis-trans isomerization was confirmed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1657–1664, 1999     

13C-NMR. Spectral Differences between Corresponding Methyl Esters,Phenyl Esters and 2-Substituted Chromones

The ¹³C-NMR. spectra of 2-substituted chromones ( 3 ) are compared with the data of the analogous methyl and phenyl esters ( 1 and 2 ). The chemical shift differences found are most prominent for the C-atoms in β-position to the ester carbonyl and chromone C(2), respectively. These shift differences are discussed in terms of conformational differences between the esters 1 and 2 and the analogous chromones 3 .     

光活性聚甲基丙烯酸三苯甲酯链结构的研究——PTrMA的~(13)C液体和固体NMR谱

<正> 80年代出现的光活性高聚物—聚甲基丙烯酸三苯甲酯(PTrMA)是由非手性单体经不对称阴离子聚合得到的。近年来,PTrMA作为手性固定相在分离手性化合物方面得到了越来越多的实际应用。由于聚合物侧基上的三个苯基产生的大位阻,使它具     

A 13C-NMR. Study of cis-trans isomeric vitamins A, carotenoids and related compounds.

The ¹H-decoupled ¹³C-NMR. spectra of 35 all-trans, 17 mono-cis vitamin A compounds (acetates, alcohols, aldehydes, acids and esters) and of one 11, 13-di-cis compound (11, 13-di-cis retinol) are reported. Included in this investigation are desmethyl-, desmethylethyl, and aryl-vitamin A analogues and others as well as 30 reference compounds of smaller molecular weight. Furthermore, the ¹³C-NMR. spectra of 23 β-apo- and other carotenoids were studied. A complete assignment of the signals of all 106 compounds to the specific carbon atoms was achieved by extensive application of lanthanide shift reagents, mainly Yb(dpm)₃, by CW-offset and selective ¹H-decoupling experiments, by comparison of the shifts of related compounds, and in three cases by utilization of specifically deuteriated compounds (11, 12-D₂-retinol and retinyl acetate, 15, 15′-D₂-β-carotene). The chemical shift differences between the cis- and trans-vitamin A compounds and the applicability of the shift reagents for the assignment of the ¹³C-NMR. spectra are discussed.     

3种聚酰亚胺分子的核磁共振碳谱及氢谱的分析

本文报道了３种高性能聚酰亚胺的核磁共振定量碳谱及氢谱。利用这３种样品化学结构的相似性，根据ＰＥＩ和ＤＥＰＴ谱，ＰＥＩ和ＰＯＩ的二维同核化学位移相关谱，碳氢自旋晶格驰豫时间以及化学位移的理论计算，详细分析并归属了３种聚酰亚胺的碳谱峰和氢谱峰，同时验证了其重复单元结构的正确性。     

Über Polygermane. XIX [1]. Empirische Regelin Zur Abschätzung von 13C-NMR chemischen Verschiebungen in phenylieryten Polygermanen

On Polygermanes. XIX. Empirical rules for estimating ¹³C-NMR Chemical shifts in Phenylated polygermanes ¹³C-NMR chemical shifts are given for 85 phenyl groups independently bonded to Ge in 52 acyclic and 23 cyclic Ge compounds. ¹³C-NMR phenyl signals can be estimated from basic values for perorgano substituted homonuclear chains of Ge nd from increments for substitution at the Ge atoms.