Laplacian Operators and Q-curvature on Conformally Einstein Manifolds

A new definition of canonical conformal differential operators P _k (k = 1,2,...), with leading term a kth power of the Laplacian, is given for conformally Einstein manifolds of any signature. These act between density bundles and, more generally, between weighted tractor bundles of any rank. By construction these factor into a power of a fundamental Laplacian associated to Einstein metrics. There are natural conformal Laplacian operators on density bundles due to Graham–Jenne–Mason–Sparling (GJMS). It is shown that on conformally Einstein manifolds these agree with the P _k operators and hence on Einstein manifolds the GJMS operators factor into a product of second-order Laplacian type operators. In even dimension n the GJMS operators are defined only for 1 ≤ k ≤ n/2 and so, on conformally Einstein manifolds, the P _k give an extension of this family of operators to operators of all even orders. For n even and k > n/2 the operators P _k are each given by a natural formula in terms of an Einstein metric but they are not natural conformally invariant operators in the usual sense. They are shown to be nevertheless canonical objects on conformally Einstein structures. There are generalisations of these results to operators between weighted tractor bundles. It is shown that on Einstein manifolds the Branson Q-curvature is constant and an explicit formula for the constant is given in terms of the scalar curvature. As part of development, conformally invariant tractor equations equivalent to the conformal Killing equation are presented.     

GJMS operators and Q-curvature for conformal Codazzi structures

The conformal Codazzi structure is an intrinsic geometric structure on strictly convex hypersurfaces in a locally flat projective manifold. We construct the GJMS operators and the Q-curvature for conformal Codazzi structures by using the ambient metric. We relate the total Q-curvature to the logarithmic coefficient in the volume expansion of the Blaschke metric, and derive the first and second variation formulas for a deformation of strictly convex domains.     

On the best constant in a Wente‐type inequality for the fractional Laplace operator

In this paper, we consider the solution to Wente's problem with the fractional Laplace operator (?Δ)^α/2, where 0 < α < 2. We derive a Wente‐type inequality for this problem. Next, we compute the optimal constant in such inequality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On Generalized Friedrichs and Krein‐von Neumann Extensions and Canonical Systems

Let S be a densely defined and closed symmetric relation in a Hilbert space ℋ︁ with defect numbers (1,1), and let A be some of its canonical selfadjoint extensions. According to Krein's formula, to S and A corresponds a so‐called Q‐function from the Nevanlinna class N . In this note we show to which subclasses N _γ of N the Q‐functions corresponding to S and its canonical selfadjoint extensions belong and specify the Q‐functions of the generalized Friedrichs and Krein‐von Neumann extensions. A result of L. de Branges implies that to each function Q ∈ N there corresponds a unique Hamiltonian H such that Q is the Titchmarsh‐Weyl coefficient of the two‐dimensional canonical system J_y′ = —zHy on [0, ∞) where Weyl's limit point case prevails at ∞. Then the boundary condition y(0) = 0 corresponds to a symmetric relation T_min with defect numbers (1,1) in the Hilbert space L²_H, and Q is equal to the Q‐function with respect to the extension corresponding to the boundary condition y₁(0) = 0. If H satisfies some growth conditions at 0 or ∞, wepresent results on the corresponding Q‐functions and show under which conditions the generalized Friedrichs or Krein‐von Neumann extension exists.     

Q-functions of Hermitian Contractions of Krein-Ovcharenko Type

In this paper operator-valued Q-functions of Krein-Ovcharenko type are introduced. Such functions arise from the extension theory of Hermitian contractive operators A in a Hilbert space ℌ. The definition is related to the investigations of M.G. Krein and I.E. Ovcharenko of the so-called Q_μ- and Q_M-functions. It turns out that their characterizations of such functions hold true only in the matrix valued case. The present paper extends the corresponding properties for wider classes of selfadjoint contractive extensions of A. For this purpose some peculiar but fundamental properties on the behaviour of operator ranges of positive operators will be used. Also proper characterizations for Q_μ- and Q_M-functions in the general operator-valued case are given. Shorted operators and parallel sums of positive operators will be needed to give a geometric understanding of the function-theoretic properties of the corresponding Q-functions.     

Two‐dimensional chemotaxis models with fractional diffusion

In this paper we study the Cauchy problem for the fractional diffusion equation u_t + (?Δ)^α/2u=?·(u?(Δ^?1u)), generalizing the Keller–Segel model of chemotaxis, for the initial data u₀ in critical Besov spaces ?(?²) with r∈[1, ∞], where 1<α<2. Making use of some estimates of the linear dissipative equation in the frame of mixed time–space spaces, the Chemin ‘mono‐norm method,’ Fourier localization technique and the Littlewood–Paley theory, we obtain a local well‐posedness result. We also consider analogous ‘doubly parabolic’ models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On a wave equation with supercritical interior and boundary sources and damping terms

This article addresses nonlinear wave equations with supercritical interior and boundary sources, and subject to interior and boundary damping. The presence of a nonlinear boundary source alone is known to pose a significant difficulty since the linear Neumann problem for the wave equation is not, in general, well‐posed in the finite‐energy space H¹(Ω) × L₂(?Ω) with boundary data in L₂ due to the failure of the uniform Lopatinskii condition. Further challenges stem from the fact that both sources are non‐dissipative and are not locally Lipschitz operators from H¹(Ω) into L₂(Ω), or L₂(?Ω). With some restrictions on the parameters in the model and with careful analysis involving the Nehari Manifold, we obtain global existence of a unique weak solution, and establish exponential and algebraic uniform decay rates of the finite energy (depending on the behavior of the dissipation terms). Moreover, we prove a blow up result for weak solutions with nonnegative initial energy.     

Global regularity for the 2D Oldroyd‐B model in the corotational case

This paper is dedicated to the Oldroyd‐B model with fractional dissipation (?Δ)^ατ for any α > 0. We establish the global smooth solutions to the Oldroyd‐B model in the corotational case with arbitrarily small fractional powers of the Laplacian in two spatial dimensions. Moreover, in the Appendix, we provide some a priori estimates to the Oldroyd‐B model in the critical case, which may be useful and of interest for future improvement. Therefore, our result is closer to the resolution of the well‐known global regularity issue on the critical 2D Oldroyd‐B model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interpolation of operators of weak type (ϕ, ϕ)

Considering the measurable and nonnegative functions ? on the half-axis [0, ∞) such that ?(0) = 0 and ?(t) → ∞ as t → ∞, we study the operators of weak type (?, ?) that map the classes of ?-Lebesgue integrable functions to the space of Lebesgue measurable real functions on ?ⁿ. We prove interpolation theorems for the subadditive operators of weak type (?₀, ?₀) bounded in L _∞(?ⁿ) and subadditive operators of weak types (?₀, ?₀) and (?₁, ?₁) in L _?(? ⁿ ) under some assumptions on the nonnegative and increasing functions ?(x) on [0, ∞). We also obtain some interpolation theorems for the linear operators of weak type (?₀, ?₀) bounded from L _∞(?ⁿ) to BMO(? ⁿ). For the restrictions of these operators to the set of characteristic functions of Lebesgue measurable sets, we establish some estimates for rearrangements of moduli of their values; deriving a consequence, we obtain a theorem on the boundedness of operators in rearrangement-invariant spaces.     

Some essential properties ofQ p (∂Δ)-spaces

For p∈(?∞, ∞) letQ _p (?Δ) be the space of all complex-valued functions f on the unit circle ?Δ satisfying $\mathop {\sup }\limits_{I \subset \partial \Delta } \left| I \right|^{ - p} \int_I {\int_I {\frac{{\left| {f(z) - f(w)} \right|^2 }}{{\left| {z - w} \right|^{2 - p} }}\left| {dz} \right|\left| {dw} \right|< \infty } } $ , where the supremum is taken over all subarcs I ? ?Δ with the arclength |I|. In this paper, we consider some essential properties ofQ _p (?Δ). We first show that if p>1, thenQ _p (?Δ)=BMO(?Δ), the space of complex-valued functions with bounded mean oscillation on ?Δ. Second, we prove that a function belongs toQ _p (?Δ) if and only if it is Möbius bounded in the Sobolev spaceL _p ² (?Δ). Finally, a characterization ofQ _p (?Δ) is given via wavelets.     

Comparison theorems for GJMS operators

In this paper, we compare the first order fractional GJMS(see Graham et al.(1992)) operator P_1 with the conformal Laplacian P_2 on the conformal infinity of a Poincaré-Einstein manifold. We derive some inequalities between the Yamabe constants and the first eigenvalues associated with P1 and P2, and prove some rigidity theorems by characterizing the equalities. Similarly, some comparison theorems between P2 and the Paneitz operator P_4 or the 6 th order GJMS operator P_6 are also given.     

Global regularity for the 2D magneto-micropolar system with partial and fractional dissipation

This paper focuses on the 2D incompressible magneto-micropolar sysytem with the kinematic dissipation given by the fractional operator (−Δ)^α, the magnetic diffusion by the fractional operator (−Δ)^β and the spin dissipation by the fractional operator (−Δ)^γ. α,β, and γ are nonnegative constants. We proved that this system with any α+β=2,1 ≤ α ≤ 2,γ=0, and α+γ ≥ 1,β=1 always possesses a unique global smooth solution $(\mathbf{u},\mathbf{b},\mathrm{w})\in H^s({\mathbb{R}}^2)(s>2)$ if the initial data is sufficiently smooth. In addition, we also obtained the global regularity results for several partial dissipation cases.     

Minimal extensions of Π01 classes

A minimal extension of a Π⁰₁ class P is a Π⁰₁ class Q such that P ? Q, Q – P is infinite, and for any Π⁰₁ class R, if P ? R ? Q, then either R – P is finite or Q – R is finite; Q is a nontrivial minimal extension of P if in addition P and Q′ have the same Cantor‐Bendixson derivative. We show that for any class P which has a single limit point A, and that point of degree ≤ 0 , P admits a nontrivial minimal extension. We also show that as long as P is infinite, then P does not admit any decidable nontrivial minimal extension Q. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Embedding vector‐valued Besov spaces into spaces of γ ‐radonifying operators

It is shown that a Banach space E has type p if and only for some (all) d ≥ 1 the Besov space B^{(1/p – 1/2)d} _p,p (?^d ; E) embeds into the space γ (L²(?^d ), E) of γ ‐radonifying operators L²(?^d ) → E. A similar result characterizing cotype q is obtained. These results may be viewed as E ‐valued extensions of the classical Sobolev embedding theorems. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The Virtual Poincaré Polynomials of Homogeneous Spaces

We factor the virtual Poincaré polynomial of every homogeneous space G/H, where G is a complex connected linear algebraic group and H is an algebraic subgroup, as t^2u (t²–1)^r Q_G/H(t²) for a polynomial Q_G/H with nonnegative integer coefficients. Moreover, we show that Q_G/H(t²) divides the virtual Poincaré polynomial of every regular embedding of G/H, if H is connected.     

Weyl quantization of Lebesgue spaces

We study boundedness and compactness properties for the Weyl quantization with symbols in L^q (?^2d ) acting on L^p (?^d ). This is shown to be equivalent, in suitable Banach space setting, to that of the Wigner transform. We give a short proof by interpolation of Lieb's sufficient conditions for the boundedness of the Wigner transform, proving furthermore that these conditions are also necessary. This yields a complete characterization of boundedness for Weyl operators in L^p setting; compactness follows by approximation. We extend these results defining two scales of spaces, namely L_*^q (?^2d ) and L_?^q (R^2d ), respectively smaller and larger than the L^q (?^2d ),and showing that the Weyl correspondence is bounded on L_*^q (R^2d ) (and yields compact operators), whereas it is not on L_?^q (R^2d ). We conclude with a remark on weak‐type L^p boundedness (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Computing the nearest stable matrix pairs

In this paper, we study the nearest stable matrix pair problem: given a square matrix pair (E,A), minimize the Frobenius norm of (Δ_E,Δ_A) such that (E+Δ_E,A+Δ_A) is a stable matrix pair. We propose a reformulation of the problem with a simpler feasible set by introducing dissipative Hamiltonian matrix pairs: A matrix pair (E,A) is dissipative Hamiltonian if A=(J−R)Q with skew‐symmetric J, positive semidefinite R, and an invertible Q such that Q^TE is positive semidefinite. This reformulation has a convex feasible domain onto which it is easy to project. This allows us to employ a fast gradient method to obtain a nearby stable approximation of a given matrix pair.     

Traces of Sobolev functions with one square integrable directional derivative

We consider the Sobolev spaces of square integrable functions v, from ?ⁿ or from one of its hyperquadrants Q, into a complex separable Hilbert space, with square integrable sum of derivatives ∑?_??v. In these spaces we define closed trace operators on the boundaries ?Q and on the hyperplanes {r_?? = z}, z ∈ ?\{0}, which turn out to be possibly unbounded with respect to the usual L²‐norm for the image. Therefore, we also introduce bigger trace spaces with weaker norms which allow to get bounded trace operators, and, even if these traces are not L², we prove an integration by parts formula on each hyperquadrant Q. Then we discuss surjectivity of our trace operators and we establish the relation between the regularity properties of a function on ?ⁿ and the regularity properties of its restrictions to the hyperquadrants Q. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stable minimal hypersurfaces in locally symmetric spaces

LetM be a complete non‐compact stable minimal hypersurface in a locally symmetric space N of nonnegative Ricci curvature. We prove that if the integral of square norm of the second fundamental form is finite, i.e., ∫_M |A |² dv < ∞, then M must be totally geodesic. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A semigroup approach to fractional powers

We say that A has fractional powers {A _t } _t≥0 if there exists a nondegenerate C-regularized semigroup {W(t)} _t≥0 such that A=C ⁻¹ W(1); then A _t ≡C ⁻¹ W(t). We show that this generalizes the usual definition of fractional powers for nonnegative operators, and enables many operators with spectrum containing the entire unit disc to have fractional powers. Our definition gives clear, simple proofs of the basic properties of fractional powers. We show that, for nonnegative operators, the fractional powers with the property that, if A is of type θ, then A _t is of type t θ, whenever t θ<π, are unique. More generally, for injective G∈B(X) commuting with A, we show that an operator A of G-regularized type θ has a unique family of fractional powers with the property that A _t is of G-regularized type t θ whenever t θ<π. This leads to a construction of fractional powers of operators with polynomially bounded resolvent outside of an appropriate sector. We show that an operator is of regularized type if and only if it has exponentially bounded regularized imaginary powers. This work was done while the second author was visiting Ohio University, with funding from Universitat de València. He would like to thank Ohio University and Professor deLaubenfels for their hospitality and support.