双轴棱锥产生长距离近似无衍射光的新技术

提出了一种利用会聚透镜、轴棱锥等简单光学元件产生长距离近似无衍射光的新技术. 分别利用几何光学和衍射理论分析了该方法产生长距离近似无衍射光束的原理, 通过软件模拟了长距离近似无衍射光束的形成过程,得出了该光束在不同距离处的横向光强分布. 模拟结果显示该光束在较长距离处的横向光强分布满足Bessel分布. 从实验上获得了传播距离长达80 m、中心光斑发散角约为0.12 mrad的近似无衍射光束, 相比于国外学者最近的研究成果(Belyi et al. 2010 Opt. Exp. 18 1966)将传播距离延长了50多米,而光束发散角压缩了22倍.实验中, 对光束沿光轴传播时在不同距离处的光斑进行了拍摄,所得实验结果与理论分析基本符合.     

用衍射光学元件提高出射光束的焦深

本文使用衍射光学元件来提高激光束的焦深。利用Ｙ－Ｇ算法，在已知入射和出射光波函数的条件下，计算出衍射光学元件的位相分布。计算结果表明焦深比未用衍射光学元件时提高一半以上     

参数可控长距无衍射光束的生成方法研究

为了消除光学器件几何参数对无衍射光束传播特性调整的限制,实现长距空间中无衍射光束传播时特性参数的可控性,首先,通过研究axicon折射阴影区的电场分布特征,发现axicon无衍射区外过临界面后的近轴区域虽处于几何折射阴影近轴区域内,但仍存在光强服从第一类零阶贝赛尔函数分布的球面波;以此为基础,提出了一种不受传播空间距离限制的无衍射光束的生成方式;最后,在近12 m的尺度范围内进行无衍射光传播特性参数测试,发现其实验参数与理论计算值的差值不超过0.1μm。该无衍射光通过对第一类零阶贝塞尔函数分布的球面衍射光斑准直生成,本质上区别于传统的干涉无衍射光束生成方式,易于生成大尺度空间无衍射光束。该无衍射光生成方式适合用于非能量使用情况下大尺度空间的直线基准、光束空间通讯等领域,具有较大的价值与意义。     

超细激光束准直器设计的新数学模型

为了获取长距离超细激光束，采用几何能量守恒法设计出一种衍射光学元件，推导出高斯光入射时衍射光学元件位相函数。根据建立的数学模型，设计超细激光束准直器，并模拟高斯光入射时出射激光束的光斑形状及光强分布，最后计算了能量利用率。     

光横向传播的光折变体全息透镜设计及其衍射性质

提出了一种新型的可用于光束横向传播的光折变体全息透镜。该透镜是由入射方向相互垂直的一束平面波和一束球面波在双掺杂的铌酸锂晶体平板上记录形成的，它可以将垂直入射晶体平板的输入光束产生横向传输并聚焦，或对输入光点产生横传并准直输出。该透镜除了具有一般体全息透镜的稳定性好、可靠性高的特点外，特别具有光束横向传播的功能，因而具有空占比小、更易于整个光学透镜系统的微小化集成的优点。利用局域体全息的耦合波理论，计算了该透镜衍射光的振幅分布和衍射效率。计算了该透镜的焦面上的强度分布，并与理想球面波照射矩形孔径时焦面上的强度分布进行了比较。     

用串行迭代算法设计具有长焦深功能的衍射光学元件

提出一种串行迭代算法,将它用于控制波前传播进行衍射光学元件设计.用此算法设计出能使半导体激光束聚焦并具有长焦深功能的衍射光学元件.模拟计算结果表明了此设计方法的有效性.该衍射光学元件已用光刻和离子刻蚀技术制备并进行了光学实验研究,取得了与理论设计一致的实验结果.     

一种用于减少相位突变点的衍射光学元件改进设计方法

提出了一种基于数字图像处理技术的用于降低相位突变点的改进型Gerchbery-Saxton(G-S)衍射光学元件设计方法。与普通的G-S衍射光学元件设计算法相比,这种改进型的G-S算法能够使得衍射光学元件的相位分布曲线更加光滑,并且在迭代计算过程中具有更强的收敛能力。利用该种算法获得了由高斯光束变换成空心光束时所需要的衍射光学元件的相位分布,在同样参数条件下,均方根误差为8.31%,优于普通G-S算法的9.46%;并且约有33.2%的像素的相位值得到了改进,从而平滑了衍射光学元件的相位分布曲线,便于实际的微加工。     

椭圆孔径与轴棱锥系统产生带状近似无衍射光束

基于菲涅耳衍射理论,硬边孔径的复高斯函数展开法及稳相法研究了椭圆孔径与轴棱锥系统的光束传输特性,推导出了高斯平面波经轴棱锥衍射后产生的无衍射光场的表达式,数值模拟了不同传播距离处的截面光强分布,并设计了实验进行验证。用电荷耦合器件(CCD)拍摄得到不同传播距离处的光强分布。实验和模拟结果均表明平面波经椭圆孔径和轴棱锥系统后可获得具有马丢光束特征的带状无衍射光束。研究结果对无衍射光束在光学无损检测、条码扫描等应用上具有重要的指导作用。     

基于瑞利-索末菲积分的大衍射角衍射光学元件设计方法

针对现有的衍射光学元件设计方法只适用于小角度衍射的情况,本文提出了一种基于瑞利-索末菲衍射积分的设计方法,可以用来设计具有大衍射角的衍射光学元件。先对目标光场进行坐标变换和强度调整,再利用改进的Gerchberg-Saxton算法优化得到衍射光学元件的相位分布。分别采用本文方法和原有的基于夫琅禾费衍射积分的方法设计衍射光学元件实现线条结构光和不同角度方框图形的光场重构,结果表明:原有的设计方法只适用于衍射角全角小于25°的情况,当衍射角大于25°时,重构光场会出现显著的枕形畸变和不均匀的强度分布。而本文方法在小角度和大角度衍射下都能重构出准确的衍射角和较为均匀的强度分布.     

平面波导衍射特性分析

从电磁波的瑞利－索末菲标量衍射积分公式出发，利用罗兰圆结构特殊的光学性能，在平面坐标系中简化标量衍射积分公式，推导出横截面折射率阶跃分布的平面波导端口衍射场分布的计算公式，并导出常用的对称结构介质平面波导和金属平面波导端口衍射场的空间频谱，阐明平面波导端口衍射场就是驻波衍射场的本质。     

Integrated evaluation of diffraction image quality in optical lithography using the rigorous diffraction solution for a slot

The method of integrated evaluation of quality of optical diffraction image is proposed. It uses several scalar parameters defined by integral comparison of two functions on the image surface. The first function represents real distribution of electric energy density on this surface, and can be simulated by the solution of corresponding exact or approximate diffraction problem of image formation. The second function describes required energy distribution on the given surface. The method is demonstrated by the example of evaluation of images formed by contactless printing from a mask in optical lithography, where the image function is computed by the known exact solution of plane wave diffraction by a slot in a conducting screen.     

小孔阵列衍射特性与应用

以单色标量波衍射理论为基础,研究了均匀平面波从不同角度入射小孔阵列的衍射特性。运用单孔衍射理论,同时考虑相邻小孔间衍射光强的相互影响,建立了小孔阵列衍射的理论模型和光强分布的数值积分式,小孔为硬边小孔。利用Matlab对500 nm波长的平面波入射微小方孔阵列衍射图样进行了计算机仿真,得到了不同几何参量下平面波从不同角度入射时的衍射图样的一维和二维光强分布图,并将仿真结果用于微型数字式太阳敏感器的光学系统中的结构参量设计和图像处理中的参量确定。太阳敏感器的成像实验结果表明,小孔阵列衍射光强分布图的仿真结果正确、太阳敏感器光学系统参量设计合理。小孔阵列衍射理论为太阳敏感器的光学系统设计和图像处理提供了可靠的理论基础。     

Partially coherent optical processor for enhancement of partial second order derivatives of an image: Analysis and implementation

We present an optical processor capable to perform partial second derivatives of an image working with partially coherent illumination. The proposed system utilizes a liquid crystal display, onto which images to be derived are displayed. The method is based on the capacity of these devices to generate simultaneously a contrast reverted replica of the image displayed on it. A positive replica of original image is obtained when the LCD is between crossed polarizers, while the negative one is obtained with the LCD is between parallel polarizers. Since the LCD is a diffraction element, both polarizer arrangements may be simultaneously implemented, for example, in a 4f optical processor using polarization filtering of the different diffraction orders. When three images (two replicas of original image displaced in opposite direction and the other one with contrast reverted and centered at the origin.) are imagined across a slightly defocused plane, one obtains an image with enhanced second derivatives in a given direction. No other incoherent (or partially coherent) optical system is presently known which can perform partial second-order derivatives of an image. Experimental results obtained are presented.     

Particle digital in-line holography with spherical wave recording

In this paper, we propose a method of digital in-line holography of particle. A diverging spherical beam is used for illumination in recording hologram, the complex amplitude distribution generated by particle field at a single plane located in the Fresnel diffraction region is recorded by CCD, and a plane beam for reconstructing hologram, then, the magnified image can be obtained by numerical reconstruction in computer. This procedure can be interpreted by Fourier optical theory and the theoretical analysis have been done in detail, the experimental results, the air freshener being subject, are also given.     

畴腐蚀掺镁铌酸锂可调阵列光分束器的研究

研究了不同畴腐蚀深度的掺镁铌酸锂二维六角可调阵列光分束器的分数Talbot效应.对不同Talbot分数β和不同畴腐蚀深度的阵列光分束器Talbot衍射像进行了数值模拟理论研究.模拟结果表明,Talbot分数β可以改变Talbot衍射像的周期及结构分布,而畴腐蚀深度可有效调制衍射像的光强分布.在理论研究的基础上,设计并制备了具有不同畴腐蚀深度的掺镁铌酸锂二维六角阵列光分束器,对其在不同Talbot分数β条件下的分数Talbot效应进行了通光实验研究,实现了畴腐蚀阵列光分束器对近场Talbot衍射光强分布的调制,实验结果与理论研究结果一致.     

Measurement of surface roughness properties using speckle patterns with non-gaussian statistics

The surface roughness properties (i.e. the rms surface roughness and the correlation length) of strong diffuse objects are investigated by using the speckle patterns which obeys the non-gaussian statistics. The intimate linear relation is found to exist between the rms surface roughness of objects and the maximum contrast obtained from the varying curves of the average image speckle contrast as a function of the point spread of an optical imaging system. The correlation length of surface roughness of objects is related to the averaged intensity distribution of speckle patterns produced at the far-field diffraction plane. It now becomes clear that the rms roughness and the correlation length of strong diffuse objects are determined, respectively, from the maximum speckle contrast at the image plane and the averaged speckle intensity distribution at the far-field diffraction plane.     

Diffraction patterns of off-axis gaussian beams in the presence of third-order spherical aberration in the optical system

The intensity distribution of diffraction patterns for off-axis gaussian beams at the image plane of an optical system with third-order spherical aberration is calculated by using the concept of the beam aberration function previously introduced by the present authors. The results show how the peak intensity of the diffraction patterns diminishes and how the transversel focal shift occurs as a function of the incident position of the beams at the pupil plane and their beam size.     

Energy density in an image point on a square area element

The algorithm and results of calculations of the relative energy density in an image point on a square area element are described. The energy distribution in the image point is calculated for aberration-free optical systems with circular and annular pupils in the Fraunhofer diffraction approximation. Longitudinal and transverse displacements of the center of the square area element relative to the paraxial image of the point are considered.     

Lensless imaging of an arbitrary object

A new class of imaging systems that do not require the use of lenses or similar optical devices is introduced and theoretically investigated. In particular, it is demonstrated that, if an arbitrary plane object is illuminated by an appropriate spherical wave front (generated from a monochromatic point source), then a magnified image of the object intensity distribution can be observed in any transversal plane along the light-propagation direction within the far-field (Fraunhofer) diffraction region. The phenomenon is based on the fact that, under certain conditions, the spherical wave front can modify the energy's angular spectrum of the field distribution in the object plane such that this spectrum replicates the spatial intensity distribution of the object.     

二维光栅光调制器阵列的光学分析与实验

基于标量衍射理论分析了二维光栅光调制器的衍射特性,提出了投影系统的光学处理方法,利用Matlab软件进行了仿真分析.分析结果表明,二维光栅光调制器的衍射光强分布是单个像素衍射光强的干涉叠加,其分布趋势与单个光调制器的衍射光强分布类似;通过反傅里叶变换可将各个调制器的衍射光重新分开而成像.如果用±1级衍射光的成像,相位为2kπ的调制器在投影面得到一个明亮的像,而相位为(2k-1)π的调制器在投影像面上得到一个黑暗的像.通过一个基于静态微光电系统光栅光调制器的投影光学系统得到了一幅明暗调制的像,证明了光栅光调制器用于投影显示的可行性.