凝胶色谱法测定顺丁橡胶平均分子量及其分布的研究

通过一系列的条件试验,包括样品浓度、样品量及流动相流速对柱效的影响,确定了最佳的凝胶色谱（ＧＰＣ）试验条件;采用普适校正法将聚苯乙烯（ＰＳ）标定曲线转换成顺丁橡胶（ＰＢ）标定曲线,并对Ｍａｒｋ－Ｈｏｕｗｉｎｋ方程式中Ｋ,α值的选择进行了讨论;采用４种分子量加宽方程对色谱柱加宽效应进行改正计算,通过比较,选定适合本试验系统的加宽效应的改正方法;用粘度法测得的顺丁橡胶特性粘度（η）吻合ＧＰＣ所测得特性粘度值,证明了方法的可靠性。     

Molecular Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Spruce (Picea abies) Hemicelluloses Isolated by Catalytic Oxidative Delignification

Spruce (Picea abies) wood hemicelluloses have been obtained by the noncatalytic and catalytic oxidative delignification in the acetic acid-water-hydrogen peroxide medium in a processing time of 3–4 h and temperatures of 90–100 °C. In the catalytic process, the H₂SO₄, MnSO₄, TiO₂, and (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄ catalysts have been used. A polysaccharide yield of up to 11.7 wt% has been found. The hemicellulose composition and structure have been studied by a complex of physicochemical methods, including gas and gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The galactose:mannose:glucose:arabinose:xylose monomeric units in a ratio of 5:3:2:1:1 have been identified in the hemicelluloses by gas chromatography. Using gel permeation chromatography, the weight average molar mass M_w of hemicelluloses has been found to attain 47,654 g/mol in noncatalytic delignification and up to 42,793 g/mol in catalytic delignification. Based on the same technique, a method for determining the α and k parameters of the Mark–Kuhn–Houwink equation for hemicelluloses has been developed; it has been established that these parameters change between 0.33–1.01 and 1.57–472.17, respectively, depending on the catalyst concentration and process temperature and time. Moreover, the FTIR spectra of the hemicellulose samples contain all the bands characteristic of heteropolysaccharides, specifically, 1069 cm⁻¹ (C–O–C and C–O–H), 1738 cm⁻¹ (ester C=O), 1375 cm⁻¹ (–C–CH₃), 1243 cm⁻¹ (–C–O–), etc. It has been determined by the thermogravimetric analysis that the hemicelluloses isolated from spruce wood are resistant to heating to temperatures of up to ~100 °C and, upon further heating, start destructing at an increasing rate. The antioxidant activity of the hemicelluloses has been examined using the compounds simulating the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals.     

水溶性凝胶渗透色谱法测定碱木素分子量

应用水溶性凝胶渗透色谱法测定了碱木素的分子量,与脂溶性凝胶渗透色谱法的测定结果基本一致。色谱柱为Ｕｌｔｒａｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｌ凝胶色谱柱,流动相为氢氧化钠溶液（ｐＨ１２）。系统考察了不同流动相对碱木素在凝胶柱上吸附的影响,结果发现,增大流动相离子强度有利于减少碱木素的吸附,但流动相的酸度对于碱木素吸附具有更重要的影响,ｐＨ值高时,碱木素吸附减弱。实验同时表明,高分子量的碱木素更易在凝胶柱上发生吸附。     

水溶性凝胶渗透色谱法测定芸芝多糖组分的分子量及其相对含量

用水溶性凝胶渗透色谱法考察了芸芝多糖在水溶性凝胶柱上的吸附影响因素,建立了最佳分离的测试条件,成功地将芸芝多糖的混合物分离为３个组分,测得各组分的分子量分别为１,１９０,０００,７９６,００和５５２,０００;各组分相对百分含量分别为８３．６％,８．９％,７．５％。     

Ethylene polymerization reactions with multicenter Ziegler‐Natta catalysts—Manipulation of active center distribution

This article describes ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization reactions with a supported titanium‐based, multicenter Ziegler‐Natta catalyst. The catalyst was modified by pretreating its solid precursor with AlEt₂Cl and with similar organoaluminum chlorides, Al₂Et₃Cl₃, AlEtCl₂, and AlMe₂Cl. Testing of the untreated and the pretreated catalysts in copolymerization reactions under standard reaction conditions demonstrated that the modifying agents produce two changes in the catalyst. First, the pretreatment significantly reduces the reactivity of active centers that produce high molecular weight, highly crystalline copolymer components with a low 1‐hexene content. Second, the pretreatment noticeably increases the reactivity of active centers that produce low molecular weight copolymer components with a high 1‐hexene content. The first effect is caused by Lewis acid‐base interactions of the modifiers with the active centers, whereas the second (activating) effect is due to the removal of catalyst poisons (organosilicon compounds generated in the process of the catalyst synthesis) by AlEt₂Cl. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 4219–4229, 2010     

Direct Oxidation of Propylene with Molecular Oxygen over Ti-Modified Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst, 1. Characterization of the Catalyst and Catalytic Performances

Some zirconia-based catalysts were tested for the reaction of propylene in the presence of molecular O₂ without any additive at 428 K under atmospheric pressure. The catalyst TiSZ, which was prepared by a direct impregnation of titanium sulfate on amorphous zirconia, was found to show the highest yields of oxygenated compounds such as propylene oxide, with C4-C6 hydrocarbons. Characterization of the catalysts, by using XRD, XPS, and NH₃-TPD, exhibited that the catalytic performances were dependent on the surface acidity.     

Kinetics of ethylene polymerization reactions with chromium oxide catalysts

Principal kinetic data are presented for ethylene homopolymerization and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization reactions with two types of chromium oxide catalyst. The reaction rate of the homopolymerization reaction is first order with respect to ethylene concentration (both for gas‐phase and slurry reactions); its effective activation energy is 10.2 kcal/mol (42.8 kJ/mol). The r₁ value for ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization reactions with the catalysts is ～30, which places these catalysts in terms of efficiency of α‐olefin copolymerization with ethylene between metallocene catalysts (r₁ ～ 20) and Ti‐based Ziegler‐Natta catalysts (r₁ in the 80–120 range). GPC, DSC, and Crystaf data for ethylene/1‐hexene copolymers of different compositions produced with the catalysts show that the reaction products have broad molecular weight and compositional distributions. A combination of kinetic data and structural data for the copolymers provided detailed information about the frequency of chain transfer reactions for several types of active centers present in the catalysts, their copolymerization efficiency, and stability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 5315–5329, 2008     

超高效凝胶色谱法测定聚乙二醇衍生物的分子量及其分布

采用超高效聚合物色谱(APC)技术,以单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛(m PEG_p ALD)为代表,测定了聚乙二醇衍生物的相对分子质量及其分布和杂质含量,优选了色谱柱和流动相,考察了样品质量浓度变化以及溶解时间等对测定结果的影响。优化后3根超高效凝胶色谱柱串联,在柱温40℃,流动相95%甲醇,流速0.5m L/min,示差折光检测条件下,对m PEG_p ALD的分子量及其分布进行测定,同时得到杂质的相对含量。结果测得m PEG_p ALD主成分的重均分子量(Mw)为19 444,分布指数(D)为1.01;杂质1的Mw为38 703,D为1.01,含量为1.31%;杂质2的Mw为61 036,D为1.00,含量为0.70%。与常规凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)相比,该方法分辨率高,分析速度快,能快速测定m PEG_p ALD的相对分子量及其分布,并能得到其纯度和杂质含量,为其工艺研发、质量控制提供了科学的依据,同时也可用于其它PEG衍生物的相对分子量及其分布和纯度的测定。     

Comparison of Fractionation Methods for the Characterisation of Short Chain Branching as a Function of Molecular Weight in Ethylene 1-Olefin Copolymers

Summary: Rapid and automated analysis of polyolefins is becoming essential for product development in industry. Quantifying short chain branching in ethylene 1-olefin copolymers is common practice. Several different methods are available to perform this type of analysis. Preparative fractionation followed by subsequent analysis of the fraction by SEC and NMR, SEC-FTIR and SEC-IR were studied towards their applicability in polyolefin research and product development environment. The method of choice is defined by prerequisites such as accuracy, labour and time demands but also in versatility and practicability. The most accurate method is limited in terms of sample throughput and the most practical method is limited towards resolution of very low branching. SEC-FTIR is capable to measure even heterogeneous low branched samples like bimodal high density polyethylene in rapid and satisfactory matter.     

用GPC研究壳聚糖氧化降解过程中的分子量及其分布

用凝胶渗透色谱法跟踪研究了过氧化氢对壳聚糖氧化降解过程中壳聚糖的分子量及其分布的影响,结果表明,反应温度、时间和过氧化氢用量对壳聚糖的降解程度及降解产品质量均有影响。     

An Efficient Method of Birch Ethanol Lignin Sulfation with a Sulfaic Acid-Urea Mixture

For the first time, the process of birch ethanol lignin sulfation with a sulfamic acid-urea mixture in a 1,4-dioxane medium was optimized experimentally and numerically. The high yield of the sulfated ethanol lignin (more than 96%) and containing 7.1 and 7.9 wt % of sulfur was produced at process temperatures of 80 and 90 °C for 3 h. The sample with the highest sulfur content (8.1 wt %) was obtained at a temperature of 100 °C for 2 h. The structure and molecular weight distribution of the sulfated birch ethanol lignin was established by FTIR, 2D ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The introduction of sulfate groups into the lignin structure was confirmed by FTIR by the appearance of absorption bands characteristic of the vibrations of sulfate group bonds. According to 2D NMR spectroscopy data, both the alcohol and phenolic hydroxyl groups of the ethanol lignin were subjected to sulfation. The sulfated birch ethanol lignin with a weight average molecular weight of 7.6 kDa and a polydispersity index of 1.81 was obtained under the optimum process conditions. Differences in the structure of the phenylpropane units of birch ethanol lignin (syringyl-type predominates) and abies ethanol lignin (guaiacyl-type predominates) was manifested in the fact that the sulfation of the former proceeds more completely at moderate temperatures than the latter. In contrast to sulfated abies ethanol lignin, the sulfated birch ethanol lignin had a bimodal and wider molecular weight distribution, as well as less thermal stability. The introduction of sulfate groups into ethanol lignin reduced its thermal stability.     

Effect of interchange reactions on the molecular weight distribution of poly(ethylene terephthalate): A Monte Carlo simulation

The effect of the interchange reactions of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) on its molecular weight distribution (MWD) was analyzed using a Monte Carlo simulation method. Three kinds of motions, which correspond to the direct ester(SINGLEBOND)ester interchange reaction, alcoholysis, and internal alcoholysis in polyester, were performed in this simulation: bond flip, end attack, and backbite. Two systems with two different types of nonequilibrium distribution (monodisperse and bimodal distribution) were initially prepared. The initial biases from equilibrium MWD are rapidly relaxed to an equilibrium MWD as the reaction progresses. The MWD at equilibrium is well described by the most probable MWD proposed by Flory. From the polydispersity data, it is concluded that about 0.3 interchanges per segment are sufficient to equilibrate the nonequilibrium system. For the validity of the simulation, the variation of MWD of the mixtures of two PETs having different molecular weights were monitored using gel permeation chromatography. The agreement between simulation and experiment is remarkably good. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Crosslinking Index,Molecular Weight Distribution and Rubber Equilibrium Shear Modulus During Polyfunctional Crosslinking of Existing Polymer, 6. Primary Polymer with a Schulz–Zimm Distribution of Molecular Weights

A network model for the crosslinking of already existing polymer molecules with a so‐called Schulz–Zimm distribution of their molecular weights is presented. It is an extension of previously developed statistical network models applied to the crosslinking of primary polymers with several other molecular weight distributions and with crosslinks of any functionality. The model results in the possibility to obtain more insight into the structure of polymers, especially those with narrow distributions of the molecular weight. In more detail, the model can give a perspective on structural network parameters such as the weight fractions of ideal network, of dangling polymer ends, and of those molecules not connected to the network, i. e., the sol fraction, the number of crosslinks in which a polymer molecule is bound, the functionality of the crosslinks, or the average molar mass of the polymer molecules in between the crosslinks M̄_c. Results of calculations are shown for a hypothetical crosslinking process of polymers with various molecular weight distributions. Moreover, the dependency of the network parameters on the polydispersity index and the type of molecular weight distribution is shown. Finally the increase of the functionality of the crosslinks during the ageing process of a 9.9% poly(vinyl chloride) gel as a function of the polydispersity index of the molecular weight distribution is presented.     

Studies into the Early Degradation Stages of Cellulose by Different Iron Gall Ink Components

Selective fluorescence labelling of oxidized cellulose functionalities followed by GPC-MALLS was used to get a deeper insight into ink-induced degradation processes. As the method is very sensitive towards oxidation and molecular weight changes, slight variations at the very beginning of aging processes, e.g. during ink corrosion of cellulose, can be studied. Five different ink modifications were applied on model papers and underwent mild accelerated aging at 55 °C and cycling humidity (7 days) followed by a short period of static humid aging at 80 °C (2 days). Pure ink constituents like tannic acid or iron sulphate do not result in the same degree of oxidation or chain scission as complete inks. Balanced ink degrades paper more than single compounds, but less than unbalanced inks. Interestingly, some degradation occurs already during or shortly after the application process of unbalanced inks on paper. It could be demonstrated that this oxidation proceeded in a rather high Mw area, while the subsequent aging steps affected predominantly regions of shorter cellulose chains.     

Raft polymerization of MMA in the presence of ferrocene: A new way to realize the rate enhancement

Ferrocene (Fe(Cp)₂) was added to a thermal initiation of reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl 1‐dithionaphthalate (CPDN) as the RAFT agent at 115 °C. It was found that the polymerization was greatly promoted after the addition of Fe(Cp)₂ while retaining the characteristics of a typical RAFT polymerization. It was proposed that the formation of a redox initiation system, in which the poly(methyl methacrylate) peroxide (PMMAP) generated in situ as the oxidizer and Fe(Cp)₂ as the reducer, was possibly the reason for the interesting polymerization phenomenon. Such a redox initiation mechanism was further validated with ascorbic acid (VC) as the reducer instead of Fe(Cp)₂. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3607–3615, 2009     

Using apparent molecular weight from SEC in controlled/living polymerization and kinetics of polymerization

Apparent molecular weights from size exclusion chromatography, that is molecular weights relative to standards of a nature different to that of the polymer sample being studied, are frequently used. We use calculations corresponding to realistic cases to provide guidelines for situations when, and to what extent, apparent molecular weights (MWs) can be meaningful. In controlled polymerization, we show how, without due care, use of apparent MW, could lead to the incorrect conclusion that the reaction was not controlled, whereas the true MWs would be close to theoretical values. We show here that the quality of the eluent as a solvent for the standard and the polymer sample is a good indication of the accuracy and the significance of the apparent polydispersity index. Accurate Mark–Houwink–Sakurada parameters are of limited availability, but the data about solvent quality available in handbooks or available from static light scattering measurements. Apparent M_n is of no use in controlled polymerization if simple simulations as performed in this work do not validate their use. The determination of transfer constants by the Mayo plot can be performed using apparent M_n without introducing any significant error, contrary to apparent weight‐average molecular weight M_w or apparent ln number distribution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 897–911, 2008     

An efficient high-speed counter-current chromatography method for the preparative separation of sesquiterpenoids from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L. combined with evaluation of the anti-inflammation activity in vitro and molecular docking

Cyperus rotundus L. has been extensively used in ancient medication for the treatment of different disorders worldwide, in which sesquiterpenes are the most representative components. In this study, sesquiterpenes were effectively purified by two-dimensional counter-current chromatography in combination with continuous injection and inner-recycling mode with a solvent system of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:0.2:1:0.2, v/v/v/v). For one-dimension separation, continuous injection mode was used with three times injection and the inner-recycling mode was adopted for the separation of two mixtures for two-dimensional separation. Finally, four sesquiterpenoids, including scariodione ( 1 ), cyperenoic acid ( 2 ), scariodione ( 3 ), and α-cyperone ( 4 ), were obtained with purities over 98%. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were applied to identify their structures. The results from the anti-inflammation effect with zebrafish demonstrated that cyperenoic acid exhibited stronger anti-inflammation activity. Molecular docking results suggested that cyperenoic acid possessed lower binding energies –9.4545 kcal/mol with 1CX2 to form formed hydrogen bond interaction with ARG120. In general, all the obtained findings proved that the strong anti-inflammation capacity of cyperenoic acid can have the potential of being adopted for treating diseases resulting from inflammation.