非水系锂空气电池碳基正极材料

锂空气电池因其极高的理论能量密度和环境友好等优点,有望成为下一代车用动力电源体系。然而,目前锂空气电池尚存在许多的问题和挑战,就正极而言,空气电极活性低的问题已成为制约锂空气电池技术发展最为重要的问题,因此,开发高性能锂空气电池正极催化剂一直以来都是该领域的重要研究课题。碳基催化剂(正极材料)是目前最具吸引力的锂空气电池正极材料之一,近年来得到了广泛的关注和研究。本文总结和介绍了近年来国内外在多孔碳基材料、石墨烯基材料、掺杂碳材料等碳材料作为锂空气电池正极材料方面的进展,包括本课题组在非水系锂空气电池正极材料方面的研究工作,并对碳基正极材料的发展及其在锂空气电池中的应用前景做了展望。     

锂空气电池研究述评

由于锂空气电池具有很高的理论能量密度因而引起了广泛关注和研究。本文较为全面地论述了各种电解质体系中的锂空气电池的进展,包括:有机体系、水体系、离子液体体系、有机-水双电解质体系和全固态体系的锂空气电池;详细阐述和归纳了它们的工作原理和最新研究现状。对最新提出的锂-空气-超级电容电池的原理和特点进行了较详细的论述。结合氧气在有机电解质中的电化学还原行为指出单一有机电解质锂空气电池存在的问题以及可能的解决办法;同时展示了这类电池中空气电极催化剂的发展现状。结合双电解质锂空气电池、固态电解质锂空气电池、锂-空气-超级电容电池的结构阐述了它们各自的优缺点。本文还展示了一些可望用于单一有机电解质锂空电池、有机-水双电解质体系锂空电池的新型碳材料。最后对锂空气电池的研究发展进行了总结与展望,提出新型电解液、催化剂以及改进锂空气电池构造将会成为今后的发展趋势。     

β-MnO2纳米带的制备及其电催化氧还原活性

在150℃水热条件下,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板,用HMnO4氧化MnSO4,得到的反应产物通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜测试表明为β-MnO2纳米带.分别用β-MnO2纳米带和电解二氧化锰(EMD)作为氧还原催化剂冷压制成气体扩散电极,在6 mol/L KOH水溶液中进行稳态极化测试.结果表明,β-MnO2纳米带的电极电位比EMD正移30~60mV,当催化膜中β-MnO2纳米带的含量在35%时催化活性最高.在一般锌/空气电池的工作电流密度40 mA/cm2下,通过电池放电测试得到β-MnO2的工作电压达到1.12V.     

圆柱型锌空气电池研究

锌空电池具有高比能量和低价格的优势 ,受到人们普遍关注 .然而目前锌空电池的结构方式 ,只有方形和扣式 ,其应用领域受到一定限制 .本文报道了一种设计新颖的圆柱型锌空电池 .并在不同实验条件下 ,对电池性能进行了测试 .结果表明AA和AAA型电池在常温以 40mA电流放电时 ,容量分别达到 40 0 0mAh和 1 40 0mAh ,比能量达到 2 80Wh/kg ,并具有优良的综合电性能 .     

Effect of magnetic field on the properties of photographic materials

The effects of weak constant and pulsed magnetic fields on the photographic and luminescence properties of commercial photographic materials were studied. A procedure for the visualization of these effects was proposed, and changes in the concentration of silver centers, which play the role of fog centers, were detected.__________Translated from Khimiya Vysokikh Energii, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 213–217.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Voloshina, Dronov, Efimova, Latyshev, Levin, Moskinov.     

Effects of magnetic particles and carbon black on structure and properties of magnetorheological elastomers

Isotropic magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) consisting of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), carbon black and two different micron-sized iron particles (carbonyl iron powder (CIP) and bare iron powder (BIP)) were prepared for dynamic automotive applications such as tunable engine mounts, vibration absorbers and suspension bushings. The sample that contains 5 phr CIP and 60 phr carbon black has the best tensile strength, elongation at break and elastic modulus and the highest MR effect of 77%. Based on SEM and EDS, homogenous distribution of single CIP and its aggregates of 8 μm and larger BIP aggregates of 15–20 μm were observed with 30 phr loadings of CIP and BIP, respectively. EPDM/carbon black/CIP MREs show significant property improvements compared to EPDM/carbon black/BIP MREs. The system containing CIP particles has substantially lower damping factor, Payne effect, elastic modulus, hardness, aggregation behavior and higher tensile strength and elongation at break values compared to BIP system.     

Electro-less plating nickel-phosphorus of low carbon steel using various pretreatments and an external magnetic field

Electro-less plating nickel-phosphorus (EPNP) subject to various pretreatments and an external magnetic field, are prepared onto low carbon steel (LCS). The surface hardness (SH), fatigue life (FL) and corrosion behavior (CB) of Ni-P coated are respectively obtained using a nano-indenter and a high strain low cycle fatigue life (HSLCFL) and polarization test. The experimental outcome reveals that LCS substrates that are pretreated using the proposed acid mixture (25% H₂SO₄ + 5% HCl) roughening and activation allow good Ni-P films to be deposited. In terms of EPNP, as the P content decreases, the SH and FL increase. Specimens that a coated in a Ni–P film using an external magnetic field have better mechanical performance than those that are not produced in an external magnetic field. As the external magnetic field intensity is increased, the film thickness, SH and FL increase, the concentration of P decreases and thin grains are formed on the film surface. The specimens without using an external magnetic field that are coated with a Ni–P film exhibit better resistance to corrosion than the uncoated sample of LCS. However, the Ni–P film that is coated using an external magnetic field has higher SH, so it exhibits increased resistance to corrosion.     

Effect of an oscillating magnetic field on the release properties of magnetic collagen gels

The paper describes the effect of an oscillating magnetic field (OMF) on the morphology and release properties of collagen gels containing magnetic nanoparticles and microparticles and fluorescent drug analogues. Collagen gels were prepared through fibrillogenesis of collagen in the presence of iron oxide magnetic particles averaging 10 nm or 3 mum in diameter and rhodamine-labeled dextran (Dex-R) of molecular weights between 3000-70 000 g/mol. Dextran molecules effectively simulate protein-based drugs, since they have similar molecular weights and dimensions. The paper discusses the effect of an OMF on the release properties of the gels and proposes an empirical model to predict the release rate. It also demonstrates the self-repair capability of collagen gels following the structural damage caused by an OMF.     

Electrochemical sensing of bisphenol A on single-walled carbon nanotube paper electrodes

The electrochemical detection of BPA often requires modification of electrodes to overcome BPA′s slower kinetics and higher oxidation potential. This work reports a modification-free, paper electrode based on vacuum-filtered SWCNT thin film. The prepared electrode does not need to be polished or transferred into the conducting substrates. The linear sweep voltammetric detection showed a linear response from 0.5–10 μM and 25–100 μM with the experimental LOD of 1.0 μM (S/N=3). The interference study and good recovery percentage (93–105 %) in real water samples demonstrated the method‘s selectivity. The sensor can be promising for developing a simple, low-cost, portable, and paper-based BPA monitoring system.     

质子交换膜燃料电池MnO2-Pt/C复合催化剂阴极的富氧作用

质子交换膜燃料电池空气电极阴极催化剂的富氧作用是提高其性能的关键.应用化学氧化法制备MnO2-Pt/C复合催化剂,研究MnO2的富氧作用,应用CV、CP、TEM等方法表征该催化剂,并组装成单电池测试其性能.     

Field-flow fractionation of magnetic particles in a cyclic magnetic field

Although magnetic field-flow fractionation (MgFFF) is emerging as a promising technique for characterizing magnetic particles, it still suffers from limitations such as low separation efficiency due to irreversible adsorption of magnetic particles on separation channel. Here we report a novel approach based on the use of a cyclic magnetic field to overcome the particle entrapment in MgFFF. This cyclic field is generated by rotating a magnet on the top of the spiral separation channel so that magnetic and opposing gravitational forces alternately act on the magnetic particles suspended in the fluid flow. As a result, the particles migrate transversely between the channel walls and their adsorption at internal channel surface is prevented due to short residence time which is controlled by the rotation frequency. With recycling of the catch-release process, the particles follow saw-tooth-like downstream migration trajectories and exit the separation channel at velocities corresponding to their sedimentation coefficients. A retention model has been developed on the basis of the combined effects of magnetic, gravitational fields and hydrodynamic flow on particle migration. Two types of core-shell structured magnetic microspheres with diameters of 6.04- and 9.40-μm were synthesized and used as standard particles to test the proposed retention theory under varying conditions. The retention ratios of these two types of particles were measured as a function of magnet rotation frequency, the gap between the magnet and separation channel, carrier flow rate, and sample loading. The data obtained confirm that optimum separation of magnetic particles with improved separation efficiency can be achieved by tuning rotation frequency, magnetic field gradient, and carrier flow rate. In view of the widespread applications of magnetic microspheres in separation of biological molecules, virus, and cells, this new method might be extended to separate magnetically labeled proteins or organisms for multiplex analyte identification and purification.     

锂氧电池关键技术研究

锂氧电池是一种用金属锂作负极,以氧气作为正极反应物的金属空气电池,由于其具备较高的理论比能量且环境友好等优势,近年来开始备受关注。本文主要概述了锂氧电池关键技术的最新研究进展,包括正极材料、催化剂、电解质、负极及电池结构等,并在此基础上对其未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期对其他金属空气电池的研究提供新思路和手段。     

Effect of a magnetic field on the rheological properties of cellulose ether solutions

Application of a magnetic field is shown to be accompanied by an increase in the viscosity of hydroxyethyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose solutions and an additional assembly of macromolecules, as is evident from a gain in the radii of light-scattering particles. The concentration dependences of supramolecular-particle radius and solution viscosity in the presence of a magnetic field are described by curves with maxima.     

预镀铋膜修饰铂电极差分脉冲溶出伏安法测定痕量铅、镉

采用预镀铋膜法修饰铂电极,用该电极对痕量Pd、Cd同时进行了差分脉冲溶出伏安法测定,Pd、Cd在富集中和铋形成类似于汞齐的合金,溶出峰良好。讨论了在不同沉积液和沉积时间下得到的铋膜电极的性能和富集时间、富集电位及底液pH对金属离子测定的影响。在优化的实验条件下,分别对10~100μg/L、20~200μg/L和50~500μg/L3个不同浓度系列的Pb2 、Cd2 进行了同时测定,Pb、Cd溶出峰电流与Pb2 、Cd2 浓度呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.999),Pb2 、Cd2 浓度的线性范围均为10~500μg/L;富集时间为180 s时,Pb2 、Cd2 的检出限分别为0.38μg/L和0.82μg/L。利用本方法测定了蔬菜中Pb的含量,并与原子荧光分析法做了对比,结果令人满意。     

PVC-丁二酮肟膜修饰玻碳电极及其在钯的分析中的应用

制备了 PVC-丁二酮肟修饰电极 ,研究了膜电极的响应过程和钯在此电极表面的伏安特性。用微分脉冲伏安法测定 ,钯在 4.76× 1 0 -9mol/ L～ 9.53×1 0 -8mol/ L 的浓度范围内 ,电流与浓度的对数成线性关系 ,检出限为 1 .52×1 0 -9mol/ L。此法可用于矿样中钯的测定。     

Electrochemical oxidation of cisatracurium on carbon paste electrode and its analytical applications

The electrochemical oxidation of cisatracurium was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry at a carbon paste electrode and the experimental parameters have been optimized in order to obtain the optimum analytical signal. A differential pulse voltammetric method with carbon paste electrode is described for the determination of cisatracurium with detection limit of 0.38 μg/ml and quantitation limit of 1.26 μg/ml. The proposed method was applied to determine the content of cisatracurium in human urine and human serum, obtaining accurate and precise results.     

全钒液流电池碳电极材料的研究进展

近年来,全钒液流电池作为一种大规模储能装置,其电极材料得到了广泛的研究,并且获得了一定的进展.本文简述了全钒液流电池对电极材料的要求,综述了其电极材料的研究进展,重点介绍了碳电极及其改性方面的工作,并对其电极材料的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Superior magnetic monodisperse particles for direct purification of immunoglobulin G under magnetic field

Monodisperse magnetic acrylate based particles (5.0 µm in diameter) containing histidine were synthesized using a modified suspension polymerization method for the purification of immunoglobulin G from human plasma in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed. N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester (MAH) was used as pseudo-specific ligand/co-monomer. MAH content of the magnetic particles was calculated as 55.3 µmol MAH/g polymer using elemental analysis. Immunoglobulin G binding amount of the magnetic particles decreased with increase of the flow-rate. The maximum immunoglobulin G binding was observed at pH 7.4 (phosphate buffer). Immunoglobulin G binding amount onto the magnetic poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [mPEGDMA] particles was found to be almost negligible due to the hydrophilic polymer structure. High binding values were obtained from aqueous solutions (1646 mg/g). Higher immunoglobulin G binding was observed when human plasma was used (2169 mg/g). Purity of the separated immunoglobulin G from human plasma was found to be 87%. Magnetic PEGDMAH particles could be used many times without significant loss in protein binding amount.     

槲皮素在聚谷氨酸修饰玻碳电极上的伏安行为及检测

制备了聚谷氨酸修饰玻碳电极,通过循环伏安法和差分脉冲伏安法研究了槲皮素在该修饰电极上的电化学行为。在pH 5.00的B-R缓冲液中,槲皮素在修饰电极上于0.28 V(vs Ag/AgCl)电位处产生一个灵敏的DPV阳极氧化峰,氧化峰电流与槲皮素的浓度在1.0×10-8～5×10-5 mol/L的范围内呈良好的线性关系,最低检测限为4.0×10-9 mol/L。实验表明,聚谷氨酸修饰电极可提高槲皮素的检测灵敏度,该电极用于芦丁水解产物中槲皮素的检测,回收率为103.4%～104.5%。     

磷酸可待因在Nafion修饰玻碳电极上的伏安行为研究及测定

用循环伏安法和微分脉冲吸附伏安法对磷酸可待因在Nafion修饰玻碳电极上的伏安行为进行了研究。结果表明在 0 .1mol/LHCl底液中 ,磷酸可待因在 + 1 .0 6V处 (vs.SCE)产生一良好的氧化峰 ,磷酸可待因浓度在 5 .0× 1 0 - 7～2 .5× 1 0 - 5mol/L范围内与峰电流呈线性关系 ,检出限为 1 .3× 1 0 - 7mol/L。并分别对其单方药和复方药制剂进行了测定