Extraction of plutonium from sulphuric acid by TOA in toluene

The extraction of plutonium(VI) and plutonium(III) from sulphuric acid by TOA in toluene has been studied as a function of the acid and tri-octyl amine concentration. A comparison of the extraction properties of plutonium with those of uranium(VI) and uranium(IV) has been made. It was found that the extraction properties of plutonium(VI) are very similar to those of uranium(VI) and that TOA is a relatively poor extractant for plutonium(III). Uranium(IV) shows better extraction properties than plutonium(III). The results obtained are considered in the light of the stabilities of the complexes formed by these elements in the organic and aqueous phase. A method of separation of both elements by solvent extraction based on changing their oxidation states is suggested.     

Solid-phase extraction on alkyl-bonded silica gels in inorganic analysis.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is an effective tool for the preconcentration of trace elements and their separation from various sample constituents. Octadecyl and other alkyl-bonded silica gels are most widely used for these purposes. The fundamentals of the SPE of inorganic ions are reviewed and compared with those of related techniques (liquid-liquid extraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography). The extraction of ions in the form of chelate compounds, inorganic salts solvated by neutral reagents, and ion-pair compounds is considered. Numerous applications of SPE to the separation and preconcentration of different elements and their species, including on-line combinations with instrumental determination techniques, are described and tabulated.     

Solvent extraction separations with bpha. applications to the microanalysis of niobium and zirconium in uranium

A detailed study of the benzoylphenylhydroxylamine (BPHA)-chloroform-hydrochloric acid solvent extraction system with 52 elements is described with emphasis placed on extraction of the easily hydrolyzed transition metals from strong hydrochloric acid. From this study, a separation procedure for hafnium, niobium, tantalum, titanium, vanadium, and zirconium from uranium was developed, and procedures are given for the microanalysis of niobium and zirconium in uranium. Niobium and zirconium are separated from uranium by extraction into BPHA-chloroform from 10-N HCl.The separated elements are then measured colorimetrically as the niobium-4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and zirconium-arsenazo III complexes. The limit of detection is 1 μg/g U.     

Cloud point extraction utilizable for separation and preconcentration of (ultra)trace elements in biological fluids before their determination by spectrometric methods: a brief review

This review summarizes and discusses applications related to the determination of (ultra)trace elements in biological fluids using cloud point extraction as sample pretreatment technique. Biological fluids, such as urine, whole blood, serum or plasma, are the most often analyzed biological materials in these applications. Spectrometric methods, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, are commonly used for quantification of elements preconcentrated by the extraction technique. Optimized extraction procedures lead to the high extraction recoveries of the target analytes. High enrichment factors achieved lead to the lowering of quantification limits. All these achievements illustrate the great potential of extractions for reliable quantification of (ultra)trace elements in complex biological matrix what is documented in this review of a number of works published on this topic.     

2-乙基己基膦酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(HEH[EHP])萃取稀土元素机理的研究Ⅰ.稀土元素(Ⅲ)在HNO3-H2O-HEH[EHP]体系中的分配及温度和溶剂效应

本文研究了HEH[EHP]的正己烷溶液在不同浓度(0—11M)的硝酸介质中萃取稀土元素(Ⅲ)的平衡规律。借助IR、NMR测定和斜率法研究了不同硝酸浓度下的萃取平衡反应,计算了不同萃取机理的浓度平衡常数。研究了温度和溶剂对萃取平衡的影响,测定了不同硝酸浓度和温度下各相邻元素对的分离因数,计算了萃取平衡反应的焓变值△H、相对自由能变化值△Z_z以及相对熵变值△S_z,并考察了这些热力学函数随原子序数的递变规律。     

Interference of elements upon extraction by oxygen-containing extractants: Calculating the distribution coefficients

The extraction of tellurium (IV), tin (IV), and indium (III) by aliphatic alcohols and ketones from hydrochloric acid solutions was studied both upon the individual separation of elements and upon their simultaneous extraction. Electroconductivities of the extracts were measured and, using these data, the dissociation constants of the extracted metal-halogen acids in organic solvents were calculated by Fuoss-Krauss method. A method for calculating the distribution coefficients of elements upon their simultaneous extraction by hydrate-solvate and mixed solvate and hydrate-solvate mechanisms is proposed. It is shown that the calculated distribution coefficients are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

固相萃取富集—火焰原子吸收法测定饮用水中痕量金属

研究了柱流速和有机物对固相萃取富集水中痕量金属的影响,并比较了两种样品处理方式,发现MAD~(21)SPE的准确度和精确度均超过了传统的螯合-溶剂萃取。     

Reversed-phase extraction chromatography of Germanium(IV) with tributyl phosphate on silica gel

Germanium(IV) can be separated by reversed-phase extraction chromatography with TBP as stationary phase on a column of silica gel, with 6M hydrochloric acid as the mobile phase, and stripped with various eluents. Germanium can thus be separated (by selective extraction) from those elements which are not extractable with TBP, and (by selective stripping) from elements that are extractable.     

萃取分离电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定钢中的微量稀土元素

本文采用苯甲酰苯胲(BPHA)-甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)溶剂萃取方法将钢中基体元素Fe,Ti,Mo,V等大量非稀土元素萃入有机相中,稀土元素留于水溶液中.由电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)仪直接测定水溶液中的微量稀土元素La,Ce,Pr,Nd.Sm,Y和Gd,实验结果与推荐值基本相符,方法的回收率为96％～108％,相对标准偏差低于5％.     

Extraction and separation of uraniu,thorium and cerium from different mixed media with HDEHP

Systematic studies were carried out on the extraction of U(VI), Th(IV) and Ce(III) with HDEHP from pure hydrochloric and sulfuric acid solutions as well as from their binary mixtures. The influence of water-miscible alcohols and acetone on the extraction of these elements was also investigated. Results were discussed and procedures for the separation of the concerned elements have been recommended. A suggested extraction mechanism is presented in the light of the obtained results.     

Preconcentration of lanthanides from natural waters with a lipophilic crown ether carboxylic acid

Lipophilic crown ether carboxylic acids such as 2-(sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxy)stearic acid with a cavity size comparable to the ionic radius of rare-earth elements are selective chelation agents for preconcentration and separation of lanthanides from natural waters for NAA. Interfering matrix elements such as sodium and bromine can be simultaneously eliminated during the extraction. The lanthanides can be back-extracted into a dilute acid solution for NAA, thus providing a large preconcentration factor. This two-step extraction method appears suitable for the determination of lanthanides in natural waters and in biological samples.     

Present-day methods for the determination of trace elements in oil and its fractions

The development and use of instrumental methods for the determination of a wide range of trace elements in oil is considered. Special attention is paid to methods of the direct introduction of samples into spectrometers. It is shown that preliminary sample preparation is in certain cases necessary for the determination of trace elements in oil. The main methods of sample preparation of oils, including methods of extraction of a series of trace elements from crude oil (extraction, membrane, sorption, etc.), are described.     

Anodic stripping voltammetry of tellurium(IV) in aqueous solution and mixed solvents

The anodic stripping determination of Te(IV) using a rotating glassy carbon disc electrode is described. 0.1 ppm tellurium can be determined in 1 M HCl. Interfering effects of the metals forming intermetallic compounds with tellurium on the electrode are eliminated by solvent extraction. Te(IV) is determined either after its extraction — as an ion associate or as the chelate with diphenylthiocarbazone — in the organic phase which is adjusted for the stripping determination by the addition of methanolic solution of LiCl or after the separation of all interfering elements by an extraction procedure involving the extraction of Te(IV) into methylisobutylketone and back extraction of Te(IV) with water followed by the separation of the remaining interfering elements into diisopropylether. The proposed method enables the determination of 10 μg Te in the presence of 25 mg Pb and Sb and 0.5 mg Ag, Cu, Bi, As, Sn, Cd, Zn with reproducible results and error ±5%.     

用氯化三烷基甲基铵-甲基异丁基酮从大量铁、铝、钙、镁、钾、钠中分离富集痕量元素的研究

在 KI-Vc-HCl 介质中,用10%氯化三烷基甲基铵-甲基异丁基酮萃取方法可同时富集岩矿土壤中痕量的 Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Mo、Bi、Sn,将主量元素 Si、Fe、Al、Ca、Mg、K、Na 分离,确定富集分离的最佳条件,讨论 HNO_3、CH_3COOH-H_2O_2,H_2SO_4-H_2O_2三个反萃体系对痕量元素的反萃作用,探讨萃取及反萃机理。     

Relation between the structure and extracting power of higher tertiary amines

The effect of the structure of some tertiary amines on the processes of the separation of cerium and neodymium nitrates by extraction has been examined. It was found that the changes in extracting power of these amines owing to their different structures can not be explained by only the inductive effects of the substituents on the nitrogen atom. The steric factors in extraction of rare earth elements (REE) by tertiary amines are of primary importance, the extraction mechanism of these elements vary with the change of the amine structure. It has been shown that the methyldialkylamines are the most effective extractants among the investigated amines for both the extraction and the separation of REE. This can be explained by the considerable reduction of the hydrocarbon part of the molecules of these extractants and by the consequent change of the extracting mechanism.     

Rotating coiled columns in the speciation analysis of natural samples: Dynamic fractionation of element forms in soils,sludges, and bottom sediments

The potentials of dynamic extraction in rotating coiled columns (RCCs) for the speciation analysis of soils, sludges, and bottom sediments is discussed on an example of the fractionation of element forms. A comparative study of the results of the fractionation of the forms of heavy metals differing in physicochemical mobility and bioavailability (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr), obtained using a number of procedures of sequential extraction, is performed. Particular attention is paid to mercury, which is quite different from other metals in biogeochemical properties. Conditions are described for the dynamic fractionation of arsenic species occurring in natural samples in anionic forms. It is revealed that, in contrast to batch extraction, the continuous renewal of the eluent in a rotating column eliminates the problem of readsorption and overlapping of isolated fractions and enables the correct assessment of the concentration of the most mobile and bioavailable forms of toxic elements. A hyphenated method for the fractionation and determination of certain forms of elements (based on the ICP-AES detection of elements in the column eluate in the on-line mode) is described, ensuring the processing and a real-time control of the dynamic extraction of the forms of elements. The kinetic aspects of selective leaching are considered. It is shown that a comparison of the elution curves of micro- and macrocomponents makes possible a judgment about the selectivity of the leaching reagent, optimization of the conditions for the isolation of each fraction, and the investigation of the features of the binding of heavy metals and matrix elements in soils and bottom sediments. Some recommendations are given for the dynamic fractionation of the forms of elements in soils, sludges, and bottom sediments in RCCs.     

麒麟菜提取物中的8种无机元素分析

应用原子吸收光谱法分析了麒麟菜提取物中的8种无机元素含量。结果显示,麒麟菜提取物中含有丰富的人体必需无机元素,宏量元素以Na的含量最高,微量元素以Fe的含量最高,8种无机元素中的含量由大到小顺序是:Na,K,Mg,Ca,Fe,Zn,Cu,Mn。     

Solvent extraction of Sb(III) with malachite green into chloroform

A rapid and selective method for the solvent extraction of Sb(III) using malachite green (C. I. Basic green 4) has been described. Effect of different parameters affecting the extraction coefficient value of Sb(III) such as acidity, time of equilibration, KI concentration, solvents, anions, etc. has been studied. For various elements the separation factor has been evaluated. The stoichiometry of the extracted species has been determined by the method of substoichiometric extraction. The decontamination factor for some elements using substoichiometric quantities of the extracting agent has been evaluated. Radiotracers were employed for the extraction studies. The method elaborated has been employed for the quantitative determination of antimony in normal, benign and cancerous tissues of the human brain.     

Sample treatment in chromatography-based speciation of organometallic pollutants.

Speciation analysis is nowadays performed routinely in many laboratories to control the quality of the environment, food and health. Chemical speciation analyses generally include the study of different oxidation state of elements or individual organometallic compounds. The determination of the different chemical forms of elements is still an analytical challenge, since they are often unstable and concentrations in different matrices of interest are in the microg l(-1) or even in the ng l(-1) range (e.g., estuarine waters) or ng g(-1) in sediments and biological tissues. For this reason, sensitive and selective analytical atomic techniques are being used as available detectors for speciation, generally coupled with chromatography for the time-resolved introduction of analytes into the atomic spectrometer. The complexity of these instrumental couplings has a straightforward consequence on the duration of the analysis, but sample preparation to separate and transfer the chemical species present in the sample into a solution to be accepted readily by a chromatographic column is the more critical step of total analysis, and demands considerable operator skills and time cost. Traditionally, liquid-liquid extraction has been employed for sample treatment with serious disadvantages, such as consumption, disposal and long-term exposure to organic solvent. In addition, they are usually cumbersome and time-consuming. Therefore, the introduction of new reagents such as sodium tetraethylborate for the simultaneous derivatization of several elements has been proposed. Other possibilities are based in the implementation of techniques for efficient and accelerated isolation of species from the sample matrix. This is the case for microwave-assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction and microextraction, supercritical fluid extraction or pressurized liquid extraction, which offer new possibilities in species treatment, and the advantages of a drastic reduction of the extraction time and the embodiment into on-line flow analysis systems. This new generation of treatment techniques constitutes a good choice as fast extraction methods for feasible species-selective analysis of organometallic compounds under the picogram level, that can be used for national regulatory agencies, governmental and industrial quality control laboratories, and consequently, for manufacturers of analytical instrumentation.     

Spectrochemical analysis of curium and americium samples

Spectrochemical procedures have been developed to determine impurities in americium and curium samples. The simultaneous separation of many impurity elements from the base material (americium and curium) is carried out with extraction and extraction-chromatographic methods using di(2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA).

It is shown that part of the elements (alkalis, alkaline earths, silicon, tungsten, tantalum and other elements) are separated with extraction or sorption of americium and curium; the other part (rare earths, titanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum) with the Talspeak process.

Two fractions in the extraction chromatography and three fractions in the extraction separation of americium and curium, containing impurities, are analyzed separately by a.c. or d.c. arc spectrography. To increase the sensitivity of the spectrographic analysis and accelerate the burn-up of impurities from the crater of the carbon electrode bismuth fluoride and sodium chloride were used as chemically active substances. The extraction of impurities from weighed quantities of americium and curium samples of 5–10 mg permits the lower limit of determined impurity concentrations to be extended to 1 × 10⁻⁴–5 × 10⁻³% m/m.