Simultaneous electrochemical determination of xanthine and uric acid at a nanoparticle film electrode

A sensitive electrochemical method was developed for simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA) and xanthine (XA) at a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) film. The oxidation peak currents of UA and XA were increased at the MWNTs film electrode significantly. The experimental parameters, which influence the peak currents of UA and XA, such as the amount of MWNTs on the glassy carbon electrode, the pH of the solution, accumulation time, and scan rate, were optimized. Under optimum conditions, the peak currents were linear to the concentration of UA over the wide range from 1 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) to 1 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) and to that of XA over the wide range from 2 x 10(-8) mol L(-1) to 2 x 10(-5) mol L(-1). The interferences studies showed that the MWNTs-modified electrode exhibited excellent selectivity in the presence of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and hypoxanthine. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to detect UA and XA in human serum without any preliminary treatment.     

Selective determination of epinephrine in the presence of ascorbic acid using a glassy carbon electrode modified with graphene

A graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode was fabricated via a drop-casting method, and applied to the electrochemical detection of epinephrine. The capacity of the graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode for the selective detection of epinephrine was confirmed in a sufficient amount of ascorbic acid (2 mmol L(-1)) by cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytical effect on the oxidation of epinephrine. A pair of well-defined redox waves were observed in voltammograms of epinephrine in a phosphate buffered solution (pH 4.0). The peak potentials of epinephrine remained unchanged, and the oxidation peak currents showed a linear relation versus the epinephrine concentration in the range of 3.85 × 10(-7) - 1.31 × 10(-5) mol L(-1) and 1.31 × 10(-5) - 1.09 × 10(-4) mol L(-1) with a correlation coefficient as follows: i(pa1) = -4.25 × 10(-6) - 1.99c (mol L(-1)), R(1) = 0.9953; i(pa2) = -4.31 × 10(-5) - 0.315c (mol L(-1)), R(2) = 0.9988. Detection limit is estimated to be 8.9 × 10(-8) mol L(-1). Graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode was applied to epinephrine sample analysis, and the results were in good agreement with the standard values.     

基于壳聚糖/Ru（bpy）2+3/SiO2纳米粒子电化学发光传感器用于尿酸的检测

利用反相微乳液法制备了壳聚糖-Ru(bpy)2+3-SiO2复合纳米粒子,采用Nafion/MCNT复合膜技术实现了对复合纳米粒子有效而稳定的固定,从而制备了电化学发光传感器,实现了对尿酸的检测。在0.1 mol/L PBS缓冲溶液(pH 7.4)中,当尿酸与修饰电极作用15 min时,电化学发光强度与尿酸浓度(1.0×10-10~1.0×10-5 mol/L)的负对数呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为IECL=-709.52-202.74lgC,相关系数R=0.9936,检出限为6.0×10-12 mol/L。传感器表现出良好的重现性与稳定性,对1.0×10-8 mol/L尿酸平行测定11次,发光强度的相对标准偏差为2.9%,测定尿酸实际样品的加标回收率在98.5%~103.5%之间。     

A poly(3-acetylthiophene) modified glassy carbon electrode for selective voltammetric measurement of uric acid in urine sample

A reliable and reproducible method for the determination of uric acid in urine samples has been developed. The method is based on the modification of a glassy carbon electrode by 3-acetylthiophene using cyclic voltammetry. The poly(3-acetylthiophene) modified glassy carbon electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic effect towards the oxidation of uric acid in 0.1 m phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.2. Compared with a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE), an obvious shift of the oxidation peak potential in the cathodic direction and a marked enhancement of the anodic current response for uric acid were observed. The poly(3-acetylthiophene)/GCE was used for the determination of uric acid using square wave voltammetry. The peak current increased linearly with the concentration of uric acid in the range of 1.25 x 10(-5)-1.75 x 10(-4) M. The detection limit was 5.27 x 10(-7) M by square wave voltammetry. The poly(3-acetylthiophene)/GCE was also effective to determine uric acid and ascorbic acid in a mixture and resolved the overlapping anodic peaks of these two species into two well-defined voltammetric peaks in cyclic voltammetry at 0.030 V and 0.320 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for ascorbic acid and uric acid, respectively. The modified electrode exhibited stable and sensitive current responses toward uric acid and ascorbic acid. The method has successfully been applied for determination of uric acid in urine samples.     

Study of carbon nanotubes-HRP modified electrode and its application for novel on-line biosensors

In this paper, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully immobilized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode by mixing with horse-radish peroxidase (HRP). The electrochemical behavior of H2O2 was also studied with the MWCNTs-HRP modified electrode as a working electrode. The MWCNTs-HRP modified electrode showed excellent response of reduction current for the determination of H2O2 at the potential of -300 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). We assembled the MWCNTs-HRP modified electrode in a thin-layer flow cell and the H2O2 solution was continuously introduced into the cell with a syringe pump. We optimized the sensitivity of the H2O2 sensor by adjusting the working potential and the pH of the buffer solution. The peak current increased linearly with the concentration of H2O2 in the range 3.0 x 10(-7) to approximately 2.0 x 10(-4) mol L(-1). The detection limit is 1.0 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) (S/N = 3). The interferences from ascorbic acid, uric acid and other electroactive substances can be greatly excluded since the sensor can be operated at -300 mV. Stability and reproducibility of the MWCNTs-HRP chemically modified electrode were also studied in this paper. Fabricated with glucose and lactate oxidase, the MWCNTs-HRP electrode was also applied to prepare the on-line glucose and lactate biosensors because of the high sensitivity for the determination of H2O2.     

银掺杂聚L-天冬氨酸修饰电极的制备及对肾上腺素的测定

利用循环伏安法,研究了银和L-天冬氨酸在玻碳电极表面电化学聚合的条件,制备了银掺杂聚L-天冬氨酸修饰电极。研究了肾上腺素在修饰电极上的电化学行为,建立了循环伏安法测定肾上腺素的新方法。在pH=3.5的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,扫描速率为50mV/s时,肾上腺素在修饰电极上产生一对明显的氧化还原峰,峰电位分别为Epa=0.447V,Epc=0.387V。用循环伏安法测定时,氧化峰电流与肾上腺素浓度分别在8.00×10-8～1.00×10-5mol/L和1.00×10-5～1.00×10-4mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为8.0×10-9mol/L。     

石墨烯修饰玻碳电极用于循环伏安法测定抗坏血酸

采用Hummers法制备了纳米石墨烯,并将该纳米材料分散在蒸馏水中得到悬浮液,取5μL的悬浮液滴涂在玻碳电极表面,制备石墨烯修饰电极。用循环伏安法研究了在pH 4.0磷酸盐电解质中,在-0.4～0.8V(vs.Ag/AgCl)电位范围内,抗坏血酸在修饰电极上的电化学行为。结果表明:抗坏血酸在修饰电极上在0.173V处可见明显的氧化峰,且氧化峰电流显著高于在裸玻碳电极上的氧化峰电流;并可有效排除肾上腺素、尿酸、多巴胺等物质的干扰。据此提出了用循环伏安法测定抗坏血酸的方法。抗坏血酸的线性范围为8.00×10-6～1.0×10-3 mol.L-1,检出限(3S/N)为1.0×10-7 mol.L-1。方法用于维生素C片的分析,回收率在96.3%～104.4%之间。     

Covalent modification of glassy carbon electrode with glutamic acid for simultaneous determination of uric acid and ascorbic acid

A novel covalently modified glassy carbon electrode with glutamic acid has been fabricated via an electrochemical oxidation procedure and was applied to the catalytic oxidation of uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA), reducing the overpotentials by about 0.2 V and 0.3 V, respectively. Based on its strong catalytic function toward the oxidation of UA and AA, the modified electrode resolved the overlapping voltammetric response of UA and AA into two well-defined voltammetric peaks with both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which can be used for the simultaneous determination of these species in a mixture. The catalytic peak current obtained from DPV was linearly dependent on the UA and AA concentration in the range 2 x 10(-6)-4 x 10(-4) mol L-1 and 1.0 x 10(-6)-4 x 10(-4) mol L-1 with correlation coefficients of 0.996 and 0.997, respectively. The detection limits (3 delta) for UA and AA were 1.1 x 10(-6) mol L-1 and 9.2 x 10(-7) mol L-1, respectively. The modified electrode shows good sensitivity, selectivity and stability, and has been applied to the determination of UA and AA simultaneously in human urine samples with satisfactory results.     

Simultaneous detection of epinephrine,uric acid,and ascorbic acid with graphene-modified electrode

A graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode was obtained via drop-casting method and applied to the simultaneous detection of epinephrine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid by cyclic voltammetry in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0). The oxidation potentials of epinephrine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid were 0.484, 0.650, and 0.184 V at the graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode, respectively. The peak separation between epinephrine Pand uric acid, epinephrine and ascorbic acid, and uric acid and ascorbic acid was about 166, 300, and 466 mV, respectively. So, this graphene-modified electrode can be used for simultaneous determination of each component in a mixture.     

Electrochemical study of fluvastatin sodium – analytical application to pharmaceutical dosage forms, human serum, and simulated gastric juice

The oxidation of fluvastatin sodium on a glassy carbon electrode has been studied by use of a variety of voltammetric techniques. Different conditions were investigated to optimize the determination of fluvastatin sodium. The dependence of the intensities of currents and potentials on pH, concentration, scan rate, and nature of the buffer was investigated. Oxidation of fluvastatin sodium was found to be diffusion-controlled and irreversible. The best results for the determination of fluvastatin sodium were obtained by using differential pulse and square-wave voltammetric techniques in Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 10.04. Differential pulse and square-wave voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode resulted in linear calibration in the range 8x10(-6) to 6x10(-4) mol L(-1) and detection limits of 1.07x10(-6) and 7.99x10(-7) mol L(-1), respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of the drug in capsules and biological fluids. Excipients did not interfere with the determination. Statistical validation revealed that the methods were free from significant systematic errors.     

Cyclic Voltammetry Determination of Epinephrine with a Nano—gold Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode in the Presence of High Concentration Ascorbic Acid

As we know, there are usually some problems in electrochemical analysis with bare electrode to detect neurotransmitters. One is low electron transfer rate and the other is interfering compounds, such as ascorbic acid. So some kinds of modified electrodes have been successfully employed to promote the efficiency of electrochemical analysis1-4, such as Nafion modified electrode5,6 and SAM modified electrode7. They can attract positively-charged neurotransmitters while repulse negatively-cha…     

聚对氨基苯磺酸/石墨烯复合修饰电极对尿酸的选择性灵敏测定

采用电聚合方法在石墨烯纳米片(GN)的表面聚合一层聚对氨基苯磺酸(PABSA),制备了聚对氨基苯磺酸/石墨烯复合修饰玻碳电极(PABSA/GN/GCE)。研究了尿酸(UA)和抗坏血酸(AA)在该修饰电极上的电化学行为。与聚对氨基苯磺酸修饰电极(PABSA/GCE)及石墨烯单层膜修饰电极(GN/GCE)相比,复合修饰电极PABSA/GN/GCE显著提高了对UA和AA的检测灵敏度和分离度。在0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH7.0)中,UA和AA的峰电位差达344 mV,表明PABSA/GN/GCE能实现对UA的选择性测定。UA的峰电流与其浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性范围为1.0×10-7～8.0×10-4mol/L,检出限为4.5×10-8mol/L。该复合修饰电极用于尿样中尿酸的测定,结果满意。     

Covalent modification of glassy carbon electrodes with glycine for voltammetric separation of dopamine and ascorbic acid

Glycine was covalently grafted on to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by amine cation radical formation in electrooxidation of the amino-containing compound. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry proved the immobilization of glycine on the GCE. The modified electrode reduced the overpotentials of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) by approximately 0.15 V and 0.23 V, respectively, and resolved the overlapping voltammetric response of DA and AA into two well-defined voltammetric peaks in cyclic voltammetry (CV) or differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), unlike the unmodified GCE; this can be used for the simultaneous determination of these species in a mixture. The differential pulse peak current was linearly dependent on DA and AA concentration in the range 5 x 10(-6)-8 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) and 6 x 10(-5)-4 x 10(-3) mol L(-1), with correlation coefficients of 0.996 and 0.994, respectively. The detection limits (3delta) for DA and AA were 1.8 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) and 2.1 x 10(-5) mol L(-1), respectively. The modified electrode is very sensitive, selective and stable, and has been applied to the determination of DA and AA simultaneously in samples with satisfactory results.     

Voltammetric determination of tyrosine based on an L-serine polymer film electrode

A novel film electrode for the voltammetric determination of tyrosine has been constructed based on electropolymerization of L-serine on a glassy carbon electrode. Voltammetric behaviour of tyrosine on the poly-L-serine film electrode was investigated with cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical parameters were calculated from chronocoulometry. In optimal conditions, the oxidation peak current of tyrosine on the poly-L-serine film electrode was enhanced greatly. A sensitive oxidation peak at 0.90 V was employed to determine tyrosine. A linearity between the oxidation peak current and the tyrosine concentration was obtained in the range of 3.0 x 10(-7) to 1.0 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-7)mol L(-1). The practical application of the film electrode in the determination of tyrosine in a commercial amino acid oral solution demonstrated that it has good selectivity and high sensitivity.     

Simultaneous determination of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine at poly(pyrocatechol violet)/functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite film modified electrode

A sensitive and selective electrochemical method was developed for simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA), xanthine (XA) and hypoxanthine (HX) based on a poly (pyrocatechol violet)/carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite film modified electrode. The preparation and basic electrochemical performance of the novel composite film modified glassy carbon electrode were investigated in details. The electrochemical behaviors of UA, XA and HX at the modified electrode were studied by cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that this new electrochemical sensor exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of the three analytes. The mechanism of catalysis was discussed. The anodic peaks of the three species were well defined with lowered oxidation potential and enhanced oxidation peak currents, so the modified electrode was used for simultaneous voltammetric measurement of UA, XA and HX by differential pulse voltammetry. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits were 0.16 μmol L(-1) for UA, 0.05 μmol L(-1) for XA and 0.20 μmol L(-1) for HX, respectively (S/N of 3). The proposed method has been successfully applied to simultaneous determination of UA, XA and HX in human serum samples.     

Carbon paste electrode modified with copper(II) phosphate immobilized in a polyester resin for voltammetric determination of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps"> l </Emphasis>-ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical formulations

A carbon paste electrode modified with copper(II) phosphate immobilized in a polyester resin (CuP-Poly) is proposed for voltammetric determination of L-ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical formulations. The modified electrode allows the detection of L-ascorbic acid at lower anodic potentials than observed at unmodified electrodes. Several parameters that can influence the voltammetric response of the proposed electrode such as carbon paste composition, pH, scan rate, and possible interference were investigated. The peak current was proportional to the concentration of ascorbic acid in the range 2.0 x 10(-5) to 3.2 x 10(-3) mol L(-1) with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-5) mol L(-1). The stability and repeatability of the electrode for the determination of L-ascorbic acid are also discussed. Amperometric response was also recorded for electrocatalytic oxidation of the L-ascorbic acid. Concentrations of the vitamin C in pharmaceutical formulations (tablets) measured using the modified electrode and a titrimetric method are in agreement at the 95% confidence level and within an acceptable range of error.     

Voltammmetric Determination of Uric Acid in the Presence of Ascorbates Using Overoxidized Polypyrrol

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Voltammetric Determination of Epinephrine in the Presence of Uric Acid Based on Aminated Graphene and Ag NPs Hybrid Membrane Modified Electrode

A hybrid membrane consisted of aminated graphene and Ag nanoparticles（Ag NPs） was prepared on the surface of glassy carbon electrode（GCE） by cyclic voltammetry（CV） with aminated graphene（GR-NH2） as matrix for immobilizing Ag NPs.The morphology and electrochemical properties of this hybrid membrane were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and CV,respectively,and on this membrane,the voltammetric behaviors of epinephrine（EP） were studied in detail.The membrane exhibited excellent eletro-catalytic activities for the redox of EP,and could resolve the electrochemical response of EP and uric acid（UA） into two oxidation peaks.The peak current of EP was linear with its concentration in the ranges of 0.916-18.3 μmol/L and 18.3-184 μmol/L.The detection limit was 2.0 nmol/L（S/N=3）.The proposed modified electrode retained the advantages of easy fabrication,high sensitivity and good repeatability for the determination of EP.     

Simultaneous determination of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol based on the multi-wall carbon nanotubes Nafion-modified electrode

In this work, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were conveniently dispersed into Nafion-ethanol solution, and the MWNT-Nafion-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was described for the simultaneous determination of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. At pH 4.0 phosphate buffer, the reduction peak currents of 2-nitrophenol (at -0.8 V) and 4-nitrophenol (at -1.0 V) increase significantly at the MWNT-Nafion-modified GCE, in comparison with that at the Nafion-modified GCE and the bare GCE. The experimental parameters, such as solution pH of phosphate buffer, accumulation potential and time, and the amounts of MWNT-Nafion onto the GCE surface, were optimized. The reduction peak currents are linear with the concentration of 2-nitrophenol from 5 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-5) mol L(-1) and with that of 4-nitrophenol from 1 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-5) mol L(-1). The detection limits after 3-min accumulation are 1 x 10(-8) mol L(-1) for 2-nitrophenol and for 4 x 10(-8) mol L(-1) for 4-nitrophenol. This modified electrode was applied to direct determination of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol in lake water samples.     

Covalent modification of glassy carbon electrodes with beta-alanine for voltammetric separation of dopamine and ascorbic acid.

beta-Alanine was covalently grafted on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by amine cation radical formation in the electrooxidation process of the amino-containing compound. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) proved the immobilization of beta-alanine monolayer on GCE. The electrode shows strong electrocatalytic functions to dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA), reducing the overpotentials by 0.20 V and 0.23 V, respectively. Due to its different catalytic effects toward DA and AA, the modified electrode resolved the overlapping voltammetric responses of DA and AA into two well-defined voltammetric peaks by CV or differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which can be used for the simultaneous determination of these species in a mixture. The catalytic peak current obtained from DPV was linearly related to DA and AA concentrations in the ranges of 4.0 x 10(-6)-5.0 x 10(-4) mol/L and 2.0 x 10(-5)-6.0 x 10(-3) mol/L with correlation coefficients of 0.997 and 0.995, respectively. The detection limits (3 sigma) for DA and AA were 2.4 x 10(-6) mol/L and 1.2 x 10(-5) mol/L, respectively. The electrode shows good sensitivity, selectivity and stability, and has been applied to the determination of DA and AA simultaneously in samples with satisfactory results.