Measurement of natural plasma flow along the field lines in the scrape-Off layer on the JT-60U divertor tokamak

The plasma profile and parallel plasma flow in the scrape-off layer (SOL) were systematically measured using reciprocating Mach probes installed at the outer midplane and near the divertor magnetic null (x point) in the JT-60U tokamak with a single null divertor. For the ion vertical drift due to the toroidal magnetic field gradient (ion nablaB drift) directed towards the divertor, SOL plasma flow along the magnetic field lines away from the divertor ("flow reversal") was discovered at the midplane far from the divertor. A quantitative evaluation of the ion "Pfirsch-Schluter flow," wherein the parallel flow is naturally produced in a toroidal plasma, was consistent with the measurement.     

Most electron heat transport is not anomalous; it is a paleoclassical process in toroidal plasmas

It is hypothesized that radial electron heat transport in magnetically confined toroidal plasmas results from paleoclassical Coulomb collision processes (parallel electron heat conduction and magnetic field diffusion). In such plasmas the electron temperature is equilibrated along magnetic field lines a long length L (> poloidal periodicity length piR0q), which is the minimum of the electron collision length and an effective field line length. Thus, diffusing field lines induce a radial electron heat diffusivity M identical with L/(piR0q) approximately 10>1 times the magnetic field diffusivity eta/mu0 approximately nue(c/omegap)2.     

基于环磁美特材料的无线传能系统

传统的四线圈磁共振耦合无线传能系统已在移动电子设备、电动汽车无线充电中得以应用,然而,其传能效率仍然因其磁场空间分布的发散性而难以提高.为了克服上述缺点,我们提出了一种基于环磁美特材料、磁场更为局域的高效无线传能系统.该系统将四线圈系统中的一对磁谐振耦合线圈替换为具有环磁谐振特性的四个非对称开口谐振环.该环磁模式具有高Q值、低金属损耗以及辐射抑制的特性.实验结果表明,相对于四线圈系统,该系统的磁场更为集中,能量传输效率更高.     

一个推广的回旋动力方程

本文导出了一个新的回旋动力方程。该方程能够描述沿磁力线有宏观速度的环形等离子体的低频不稳定性,也适用于有外加极向电场的环形等离子体。     

Plasma Response to Resonant Perturbations at Tokamak Edge

In certain circumstances, plasma response suppresses magnetic islands expected at perturbed resonant magnetic surfaces. We investigate the plasma response to the resonant magnetic perturbations in a large aspect ratio tokamak perturbed by external resonant helical windings, considering polar toroidal coordinates for which analytical toroidal equilibrium solutions and perturbing fields are available. We apply an empirical approach to mimic the plasma screening effects by introducing presumed plasma current sheets on the resonance surfaces to cancel the RMP effects. Numerical examples show the effect of plasma response reducing magnetic islands at the plasma edge and also regularizing field lines around the resonant surface. The distribution of connection lengths along the plasma cross section indicates that the plasma response increases the connection lengths since more toroidal turns are performed until a field line reaches the tokamak wall.     

The structure of chaotic magnetic field lines in a tokamak withexternal nonsymmetric magnetic perturbations

We consider the effects of external nonsymmetric magnetostatic perturbations caused by resonant helical windings and a chaotic magnetic limiter on the plasma confined in a tokamak. The main purpose of both types of perturbation is to create a region in which field lines are chaotic in the Lagrangian sense: two initially nearby field lines diverge exponentially through many turns around the tokamak. The equilibrium field is obtained from the equations of magneto-hydrodynamic equilibrium written down in a polar toroidal coordinate system. The magnetic fields generated by the resonant helical windings and the chaotic magnetic limiter are obtained through an analytical solution of Laplace equation. The magnetic field line equations are integrated to give a Hamiltonian mapping of field lines that we use to characterize the structure of chaotic field lines. In the case of resonant windings, we obtained the map by both numerical integration and a Hamiltonian formulation. For a chaotic limiter, we analytically derived a symplectic map by using a Hamiltonian formulation     

A confident source of hard X‐rays: radiation from a tokamak applicable for runaway electrons diagnosis

In a tokamak with a toroidal electric field, electrons that exceed the critical velocity are freely accelerated and can reach very high energies. These so‐called `runaway electrons' can cause severe damage to the vacuum vessel and are a dangerous source of hard X‐rays. Here the effect of toroidal electric and magnetic field changes on the characteristics of runaway electrons is reported. A possible technique for runaways diagnosis is the detection of hard X‐ray radiation; for this purpose, a scintillator (NaI) was used. Because of the high loop voltage at the beginning of a plasma, this investigation was carried out on toroidal electric field changes in the first 5 ms interval from the beginning of the plasma. In addition, the toroidal magnetic field was monitored for the whole discharge time. The results indicate that with increasing toroidal electric field the mean energy of runaway electrons rises, and also an increase in the toroidal magnetic field can result in a decrease in intensity of magnetohydrodynamic oscillations which means that for both conditions more of these high‐energy electrons will be generated.     

Hamilton flow generated by field lines near a toroidal magnetic surface

A method is described for obtaining the Hamiltonian of a vacuum magnetic field in a given 3D toroidal magnetic surface (superconducting shell). This method is used to derive the expression for the integrable surface Hamiltonian in the form of the expansion of a rotational transform of field lines on embedded near-boundary magnetic surfaces into a Taylor series in the distance from the boundary. This expansion contains the value of the rotational transform and its shear at the boundary surface. It is shown that these quantities are related to the components of the first and second quadratic forms of the boundary surface.     

Experimental evidence of a zonal magnetic field in a toroidal plasma

A zonal magnetic field is found in a toroidal plasma. The magnetic field has a symmetric bandlike structure, which is uniform in the toroidal and poloidal directions and varies radially with a finite wavelength of mesoscale, which is analogous to zonal flows. A time-dependent bicoherence analysis reveals that the magnetic field should be generated by the background plasma turbulence. The discovery is classified as a new kind of phenomenon of structured magnetic field generation, giving insight into phenomena such as dipole field generation in rotational planets.     

基于垂直引线和调制电流的三线环形磁导引

提出了一种在单层原子芯片上实现闭合且导引中心无磁场零点的环形磁导引的新方案. 芯片表面刻蚀的导线结构由同心等距三环线构成, 三环线的电流引线垂直于芯片表面. 加载直流电流后, 这种构型即可在芯片表面附近产生闭合的环形磁导引. 交流调制三环线电流后, 环形磁导引的势能极小值附近不再存在磁场零点且其磁场起伏小. 这种方案可用于基于物质波干涉的原子芯片陀螺仪研究.     

Dielectric tensor elements for the description of waves in rotating inhomogeneous magnetized plasma spheroids

The dielectric permittivity tensor elements of a rotating cold collisionless plasma spheroid in an external magnetic field with toroidal and axial components are obtained. The effects of inhomogeneity in the densities of charged particles and the initial toroidal velocity on the dielectric permittivity tensor and field equations are investigated. The field components in terms of their toroidal components are calculated and it is shown that the toroidal components of the electric and magnetic fields are coupled by two differential equations. The influence of thermal and collisional effects on the dielectric tensor and field equations in the rotating plasma spheroid are also investigated. In the limiting spherical case, the dielectric tensor of a stationary magnetized collisionless cold plasma sphere is presented.     

Neoclassical toroidal plasma viscosity torque in collisionless regimes in tokamaks

Bumpiness in a magnetic field enhances the magnitude of the plasma viscosity and increases the rate of the plasma flow damping. A general solution of the neoclassical toroidal plasma viscosity (NTV) torque induced by nonaxisymmetric magnetic perturbation (NAMP) in the collisionless regimes in tokamaks is obtained in this Letter. The plasma angular momentum can be strongly changed, when there is a small deviation of the toroidal symmetry caused by a NAMP of the order of 0.1% of the toroidal field strength.     

铁芯托卡马克中二维和三维极向磁场计算模型的对比分析

为方便计算托卡马克磁场分布,建立了一些二维解析铁芯模型。由于前提假设的不同而给磁场分布的计算带来了不同的边界条件,因而得到的磁场分布计算结果与实际情况有所偏差。为了获得铁芯托卡马克的极向磁场三维分布,建立了带铁芯的极向磁场线圈三维数值模型,计算铁芯托卡马克的三维磁场,与不同铁芯模型的磁场计算结果进行比较,并且研究铁芯托卡马克的三维磁场的极向分量在环向上的不对称性。     

Cross-field transport by instabilities and blobs in a magnetized toroidal plasma

The mechanisms for anomalous transport across the magnetic field are investigated in a toroidal magnetized plasma. The role of plasma instabilities and macroscopic density structures (blobs) is discussed. Examples from a scenario with open magnetic field lines are shown. A transition from a main plasma region into a loss region is reproduced. In the main plasma, which includes particle and heat source locations, the transport is dominated by the fluctuation-induced particle and heat flux associated with a plasma instability. On the low-field side, the cross-field transport is ascribed to the intermittent ejection of macroscopic blobs propagating toward the outer wall. It is shown that instabilities and blobs represent fundamentally different mechanisms for cross-field transport.     

Magnetorotational-type instability in Couette-Taylor flow of a viscoelastic polymer liquid

We describe an instability of viscoelastic Couette-Taylor flow that is directly analogous to the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in astrophysical magnetohydrodynamics, with polymer molecules playing the role of magnetic field lines. By determining the conditions required for the onset of instability and the properties of the preferred modes, we distinguish it from the centrifugal and elastic instabilities studied previously. Experimental demonstration and investigation should be much easier for the viscoelastic instability than for the MRI in a liquid metal. The analogy holds with the case of a predominantly toroidal magnetic field such as is expected in an accretion disk, and it may be possible to access a turbulent regime in which many modes are unstable.     

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For simplifying the calculation the magnetic distribution on tokamak, some two-dimensional analytic models including the effect of the iron core were established, such as the infinite long iron core model and the spool model. The assumptions of these two-dimensional analytic models lead to different results with the actual magnetic field due to the distinctive boundary condition. In order to accurately calculate the three-dimensional magnetic field distribution in the tokamak with iron core, a three-dimensional numerical finite element model was established based on J-TEXT tokamak. In two conditions, where the total toroidal current is nonzero or zero respectively, more comparison were carried out between the derived results of two-dimensional models and the results at different toroidal positions in three-dimensional models. Furthermore, the toroidal asymmetry of the magnetic field distribution of the three-dimensional model of tokamak with iron core was investigated. The results indicate that the three-dimensional construction of iron core causes the toroidal asymmetric poloidal magnetic field and the difference between the two- and three-dimensional models in the condition with total current of nonzero. However, in the condition with total current of zero, the intensity of toroidal asymmetric is reduced and the difference between the two- and three-dimensional models is smaller.     

Precession of an electron-magnetohydrodynamic field-reversed configuration

A field-reversed configuration is generated in a large laboratory plasma in the parameter regime of electron magnetohydrodynamics. During its free relaxation, the magnetic moment is observed to precess when tilted from its original axis. The precession velocity is the electron drift velocity in the toroidal current layer. The precession is a manifestation of frozen-in field lines in a moving electron fluid.     

Effect of radio frequency field on toroidal plasma parameters

Low temperature plasma parameters in a toroidal magnetic field are measured. The effect of an externally applied perpendicular electric field on the plasma parameters is studied. The lifetime of the plasma is measured in the presence and absence of the RF electric field. Decrease in the plasma lifetime in the presence of RF field is attributed to detrapping of the primary electrons to a larger volume. Plasma lifetime increases when a small vertical magnetic field is added to the toroidal magnetic field.     

Confinement time exceeding one second for a toroidal electron plasma

Nearly steady-state electron plasmas are trapped in a toroidal magnetic field for the first time. We report the first results from a new toroidal electron plasma experiment, the Lawrence Non-neutral Torus II, in which electron densities on the order of 10(7) cm(-3) are trapped in a 270-degree toroidal arc (670 G toroidal magnetic field) by application of trapping potentials to segments of a conducting shell. The total charge inferred from measurements of the frequency of the m=1 diocotron mode is observed to decay on a 3 s time scale, a time scale that approaches the predicted limit due to magnetic pumping transport. Three seconds represents approximately equal to 10(5) periods of the lowest frequency plasma mode, indicating that nearly steady-state conditions are achieved.     

Method for the self-consistent description of the dynamics of electron beams in cyclic systems

Equations describing the envelopes of an electron beam in a modified betatron and an l=2 stellatron are obtained on the basis of a self-similar solution of the dynamic equations of a charged fluid. It is shown that the poloidal motion of a beam caused by a toroidal magnetic field consists of rotation of the beam as a whole and internal movement of the fluid with elliptical current lines.