小肠肌间神经丛的比较形态学观察

用ｇｒｏｓｓ浸银法观察比较了鲤鱼、大鲵、大蟾蜍、蝮蛇和鸡的小肠肌间神经丛中纤维束和神经节．结果表明，随着动物从低等到高等，肌间神经丛由简单到复杂，神经节逐渐形成，神经元由分散到集中，其类型由单一到多样．神经丛中小细胞存在于各类脊椎动物，大的Ｄｏｇｉｅｌ细胞在两栖动物出现，在爬行类和鸟类发育完善     

鸡小肠肌间神经丛的胚后发育

用Ｇｒｏｓ浸银法对１ｄ，７ｄ，２１ｄ，４２ｄ，７０ｄ和成鸡的小肠肌间神经丛进行观察比较．结果表明，鸡小肠肌间神经丛的胚后发育随着鸡的个体发育而逐渐完善，纤维束逐渐密集，神经节逐渐增大，其中细胞数目也呈递增趋势．在４２ｄ鸡的肠神经丛内，大的Ｄｏｇｉｅｌ细胞已趋成熟．７０ｄ鸡的肌间神经丛已与成鸡相似．     

啤酒对胃壁肌间神经丛影响的酶组织化学研究

目的:探讨啤酒对胃壁肌间神经丛神经元功能的影响。方法:将20只刚断乳昆明种(清洁级)小鼠随机分为两组,A组(10只)饲以标准饲料,强制以啤酒为饮料,B组(10只)饲以标准饲料,自由饮清水。经2周喂养后处死,取小鼠胃体部胃壁做SDH、LDH、ACP酶组织化学检测及HE常规染色。结果:(1)A、B组小鼠胃壁均无明显组织学损害。(2)A组肌间神经丛SDH强阳性(+++)者占总数的45.1%,中等阳性(++)者占54.9%;B组肌间神经丛SDH强阳性(+++)者占总数的41.5%,中等阳性(++)者占58.5%;(3)A组肌间神经丛LDH中等阳性(++)者为63.9%;阳性(+)者为36.1%;B组肌间神经丛LDH中等阳性(++)者占总数的67.7%,阳性(+)者占32.3%;(4)A组ACP显示弱阳性(±)者占总数的56.5%;其余为阴性(),占总数的43.5%;B组弱阳性(±)者占总数的57.7%;其余为阴性(),占总数的42.3%;(5)A、B两组尼氏体(Nissl'sbody)显示中等阳性(++)。结论:A组与B组对比,在小鼠断乳至发育成熟的生长敏感时期饮用啤酒,小鼠胃壁组织结构无明显组织学损害;小鼠胃肌间神经丛神经元的有氧代谢和无氧酵解无明显变化;小鼠胃肌间神经丛神经元无明显受损。     

一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在小鼠颈髓的分布

用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学方法观察小鼠颈髓一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布,结果显示在颈髓的胶状质和中央管周围灰质内有较多一氧化氮合酶神经元分布,在前角基部内侧有较大的ＮＯＳ神经元,这些神经元大多显示Ｇｏｌｇｉ样染色外观,它们尚不能与任何已知的神经递质类型神经元单一对应,后角浅层的中间带分别含有密集和中等密集的ＤＯＳ阳性纤维,一氧化氮合产阳性神经元的纤维较细,有串珠状膨大,相互交织成疏密度不等的网络。     

大、小鼠颈髓一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布比较

用NADPH—d组织化学方法观察了大鼠和小鼠颈髓内NOS阳性神经元的分布，结果显示在大、小鼠颈髓的中央管周围灰质内均有较多的NOS阳性神经元分布，大鼠的NOS阳性神经元多集中于中央管背侧，小鼠的分布相对均匀，但以腹侧为多，大、小鼠在后角浅层及胶状质内部均含有密集的NOS阳性神经元，在中间带内侧也均含有较大的中等密集的NOS阳性神经元。大鼠中间带外侧有较多的NOS阳性神经元，而小鼠该处的NOS阳性神经元则少见，结果提示NOS阳性神经元在实验动物颈髓的分布存在种属间差异。     

大白鼠海马神经元NOS与AChE活性的研究

目的:观察大白鼠海马不同亚区一氧化氮合酶(NOS)与乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)阳性神经元的活性。方法:分别采用还原型尼克酰胺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)组织化学方法对大白鼠海马不同亚区NOS和AChE阳性神经元的分布以及活性进行研究。结果:海马不同亚区均含有NOS和AChE阳性神经元,其中CA2区NOS呈强阳性反应,CA3区AChE呈强阳性反应。结论:实验表明,NOS和AChE阳性神经元广泛分布于大白鼠海马不同亚区,为进一步探讨海马的学习记忆功能机制提供了形态学佐证。     

黑线姬鼠、小白鼠颈髓NOS阳性神经元的分布比较

用NADPH-黄递酶组织化学方法显示野生动物黑线姬鼠与实验动物小白鼠颈髓内一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元的分布.结果显示在黑线姬鼠与小白鼠颈髓中央管周围灰质、后角浅层以及前角灰质都有密集的NOS阳性神经元.与小白鼠相比,黑线姬鼠颈髓NOS阳性神经元数量较多,胞体较大,分布较密集,呈强阳性反应.结果提示野生动物黑线姬鼠与实验动物小白鼠颈髓的这些种间差异与它们生存的环境、生活习性有很大关系.     

大鼠肠道肠肌丛内血管活性肠肽能神经元的分布

目的:比较观察血管活性肠肽(VIP)能神给元在大鼠肠道内的分布.方法:用免疫组织化学方法显示肠壁各层和肠肌丛内VIP神经成分.结果:(1)大肠壁各层、肠肌丛及节(丛)间束内富含VIP神经纤维,丛内终末网形成较密网.岂绕着阳性或阴性神经元胞体、其分布密度结肠>直肠.神经节(丛)内含VIP神经元胞体较少,有的胞体突起很长.1cm结肠和直肠管撕片肠肌丛内含VIP神经元胞体总数分别为39和14个.(2)小肠壁各层、肠肌丛及节间束内含VIP神经纤维极丰富,形成浓密网.其分布密度回肠>空肠>十二指肠.神经节(丛)内含VIP神经元胞体稍多,胞体近端突起明显.有的较长.1cm十二指肠、空肠和回肠管撕片肠肌丛内含VIP胞体总数分别为221.469.490个.结论:VIP能神经元在大鼠不同肠段和各层结构中的分布密度有明显差别,可能有其不同生理功能.     

蚓激酶对30周糖尿病模型大鼠胃肌间丛神经元尼氏体的影响

应用链脲佐菌素（Streptozotocin,STZ）建立SPF级SD大鼠糖尿病模型,糖尿病大鼠随机分为蚓激酶干预组和模型组。实验持续30周后,采用甲苯胺蓝染色方法对糖尿病30周大鼠、正常对照组及蚓激酶干预组的胃肌间丛神经元尼元氏体进行检测。结果：糖尿病30周模型大鼠尼氏体数量比正常组少（P〈0.01）;而蚓激酶组数量...     

一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在鱼脑的分布

应用还原型尼克酰胺腺苷二核苷酸—黄递酶组化法，研究了一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在鱼脑内的分布。结果显示，一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元存在于硬骨鱼纲的鳙鱼脑内不同部位，数量较少，集中分布；胞体呈圆形或三角形，着色较深，发出突起。由此可见，低等脊椎动物鱼类脑中也存在一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元，较哺乳动物而言分布集中且数量少，表明一氧化氮的存在与动物脑的进化有一定的关系。     

大鼠端脑神经元型一氧化氮合酶免疫阳性神经元的分布

目的 :观察大鼠端脑神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)免疫阳性神经元的分布。方法 :ABC免疫细胞化学法显示大鼠端脑nNOS阳性神经元。结果 :nNOS阳性神经元呈棕褐色 ,胞体的形态多样化 ,呈梭形、三角形、圆形等多种形状 ,突起有一个或多个 ;阳性纤维呈棕色串珠状 ,个别脑区阳性纤维相互交织成网。端脑nNOS免疫阳性神经元主要分布于嗅结节 (包括海马回 )、梨状区 (包括梨状皮质和梨状核 )、斜角带、隔区、杏仁复合体、海马结构、尾壳核和苍白球 ,以及大脑皮质等各个部位 ,其中以大脑皮质、梨状区和斜角带、尾壳核等部位最为丰富。结论 :大鼠端脑内分布有丰富的nNOS阳性神经元 ,它们可能通过调节神经递质的分泌 ,参与脑的高级整合功能。     

Effects of niacin on nitric oxide synthase expression in rat lungs exposed to silica

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of niacin in diet on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rat lungs of the animal model of silicosis established by direct tracheal instillation of silica particles into rat lungs surgically. The niacin concentration in serum was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein in paraffin-embedded lung sections was determined by streptavidin/peroxidase (SP) staining. Quantitative analysis by Image-Pro Plus was also performed on the expression of iNOS. The results showed that niacin concentration in serum of the niacin-treated rats was significantly higher than that in the control and silica-treated rats. After 7 days of silica instillation, iNOS integrated optical density (IOD) in rat lungs and total NOS and iNOS activities in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in silica-treated rats rose by 273420.75, 2.61 units/mL and 1.89 units/mL respectively, when compared with those in the control rats. Niacin treatment significantly reduced silica-induced iNOS IOD in rat lung tissues and total NOS and iNOS activities in BALF supernatant by 248292.35, 1.50 units/mL and 0.91 units/mL, respectively, as compared with those in silica-treated rats. Therefore, niacin can effectively attenuate the pathological expression of NOS in rat lung tissues induced by silica particles.     

Abnormal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in Duchenne muscular dystrophy muscles

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal genetic disease for the youth and children. 8 biopsies of DMD patients were determined and demonstrated that the membrane_binding nitric oxide synthase was enriched in normal skeletal muscles and was little in DMD muscles. The results from Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was overexpressed in DMD muscle fibers, while a small amount of highly localized iNOS can be found in normal fibers. Based on these findings, it is proposed that the mechanism of progressive injury in DMD muscle might be associated with the abnormal expression of iNOS.     

Regulation between nitric oxide and MAPK signal transduction in mammals

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important biological messenger in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. It exhibits a wide range of effects during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Typical beneficial properties of NO include the regulation of vascular tone,the protection of cells against apoptosis, the modulation of immune responses, and the killing of microbial pathogens. On the other hand,NO may cause severe vasodilation and myocardial depression during bacterial sepsis or act as a cytotoxic and tissue-damaging molecule in autoimmune diseases. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that are widely distributed in mammalian cells. MAPK cascade plays pivotal roles in gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, neuronal survival and programmed cell death under a variety of experimental conditions. MAPKs transduce the signal for the cellular response to extracellular stresses or stimuli. The relation between them, however, has never been reviewed. Based on our researches and other reports in the field, we review their reciprocal regulatory functions.     

Regulation of embryo implantation by nitric oxide in mouse

Intrauterine injection and zymography were used to investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on embryo implantation in mice. On day 3, one uterine horn of female pregnant mice was injected intraluminally with various doses of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), while the contralateral horn served as control. Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on day 7 of gestation, and the number of implanted embryos in each horn was calculated. The results showed that lower doses (0.05 mg L-NAME) did not inhibit implantation significantly (P > 0.05), but high doses (0.2 mg L- NAME) resulted in a significant reduction in the number of implanted embryos (P < 0.05). Co-administration of SNP, a generator of NO, with L-NAME would reverse the antiimplantation effect of L-NAME. To further understand the precise mechanism of NO in implantation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activities were detected by gelatin zymography. The reduction in the number of implanted embryos in 0.2 mg L-NAME treated group was associated with decreased MMP-9 activity but a stable MMP-2 activity. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were not changed in L-NAME and SNP treated group. These data suggest that NO acts as a mediator to regulate the activity of MMP-9, and facilitates embryo implantation.     

高原鼢鼠肌肉脂溶性物质对大鼠一氧化氮合成酶活性的影响

为了探讨高原鼢鼠肌肉脂溶性物质（FSC）的抗缺氧机制，40只SD大鼠随机分为4组：10％FSC组、10％FSC缺氧组、空白对照组和空白缺氧组。FSC组和空白组分别用10％FSC和蒸馏水连续灌胃30d，剂量为每天20mL/kg。灌胃结束后，10％FSC缺氧组和空白缺氧组大鼠在5000m海拔高度下，连续缺氧15d，每天8h，测定各组大鼠血清一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）活性。结果发现，在5000m海拔高度条件下，10％FSC在缺氧条件下能显著提高大鼠血清NOS活性和NO含量（P＜0.05)。     

四种蝗虫脑一氧化氮合酶组织化学比较研究

运用NADPH黄递酶组织化学法对笨蝗、稻蝗、黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗脑一氧化氮合酶进行了比较研究．发现四种蝗虫视叶的神经板层、髓质和视小叶都里阳性反应，蕈形体球形细胞（Kenyon cells）都里阴性反应。蕈形体的蕈体冠和小叶部有外来阳性神经纤维支配．稻蝗、黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗中央复合体的扇形体表现出阳性反应，只有黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗的椭圆体有阳性反应，笨蝗中央复合体未发现阳性反应．四种蝗虫的中脑触角叶都有强的阳性反应．稻蝗、黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗前脑前内侧神经分泌细胞部的部分细胞呈现阳性反应．     

中国人群eNOS基因内含子13微卫星多态性的初步研究

目的：为研究ｅＮＯＳ基因内含子１３上的微卫星序列与妊高症的相关性。方法：采用ＰＣＲ－ＰＡＧＥ与银染相结合的方法，研究其多态性。结果：得到含有该微卫星序列的ＤＮＡ片段。结论：证实在中国人群中ｅＮＯＳ基因内含子１３上的确存在一个ＣＡ重复的多态性微卫星序列，从而为研究该位点与妊高病的相关性提供了技术支持和理论依据。     

维吾尔族内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因4a/b VNTR多态性分布特征

 应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)-琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术, 检测99 例(男性38 例, 女性61 例)无血缘关系的维吾尔族健康人群的内皮型-氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS)基因第4 内含子数目可变性串联重复序列(4a/b VNTR)多态性, 探讨eNOS 基因4a/b VNTR 多态性在中国维吾尔族健康人群中的分布特征。结果发现, 99 例健康维吾尔族人群中, aa 基因型频率为2.02%(4 例), ab 基因型频率为22.22%(22 例), bb 基因型频率为75.76%(75 例)。男女两组基因型和等位基因的分布差异不显著(P=0.194, P=0.382, P>0.05)。aa、ab、bb、ab+bb 基因型的各种生理生化指标用单因素方差分析进行比较, 不同基因型的生理生化指标之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。维吾尔族eNOS 基因4a/b VNTR 多态性与国内外各民族群体进行比较, 维吾尔族人群eNOS 基因aa+ab 基因型频率显著低于河南汉族、中国台湾汉族、北方汉族和巴西黑人(P<0.05, P< 0.01), 明显高于广东汉族(P=0.050)。a、b、c 3 种等位基因进行比较, 维吾尔族与河南汉族、中国台湾汉族、广东汉族、法国人和巴西黑人有显著性差异(P<0.05, P< 0.01)。结果显示, eNOS 基因4a/b VNTR 多态性符合Hardy-Weinbery 遗传平衡规律(χ²=0.017, P=0.991, P>0.05), 群体具有代表性。由此得出, 维吾尔族eNOS 基因4a/b VNTR 多态性与国内外的一些民族间存在显著性差异。