基于主应变场的混凝土全表面开裂特征实时测量与分析

测量裂纹的扩展过程对于揭示混凝土结构的破坏机理和评价其力学性能十分重要. 本文提出了一种基于混凝土表面变形场的裂纹定位和宽度测量方法, 首先基于多相机数字图像相关方法得到混凝土试件表面的高分辨变形场, 发现开裂引起的位移梯度使裂纹附近的虚主应变场明显区别于未开裂处, 且主应变场在裂纹法线方向近似高斯分布. 借鉴在激光条纹中心线定位中广泛采用的Steger算法思想, 提出了基于主应变场的裂纹定位方法, 并将裂纹两侧位于法线上的面内位移向量做差沿裂纹法线方向上的投影为Ⅰ型裂纹宽度, 沿裂纹切线方向上的投影为Ⅱ型裂纹宽度, 最终得到了裂纹每一点的位置和宽度. 利用高精度平移台设计了模拟裂纹扩展的实验, 以验证Ⅰ型裂纹宽度的测量精度. 实验结果表明: 裂纹宽度的测量误差在0.010 ~ 0.017像素之间, 与理论预测相符; 测量误差的标准差在0.006 ~ 0.008像素之间, 测量结果比较稳定. 在同等分辨率下, 本文方法的测量精度优于基于图像的裂纹测量方法. 本文提出的方法可以全自动、实时地测量裂纹扩展, 为混凝土实验提供了一种可靠、精确的全场裂纹测量手段.      

增量数字图像相关方法的误差分析及应用考量

增量数字图像相关方法（digital image correlation, DIC）常应用于变形后图像中被测物体出现大变形、环境光变化剧烈以及采用激光散斑追踪变形等容易发生图像退相关的场景。增量DIC充分利用局部图像序列的相关性,通过更新参考图像计算增量变形,再进行累加以获得整体变形,可解决采用固定参考图像的传统DIC方法在出现图像退相关时计算失效的问题。但是,由于DIC计算变形时存在系统误差,在增量计算以累加增量位移的过程中会导致误差累积。为实现更准确高效的增量DIC分析,需明确这一误差的累积规律并提出抑制误差的方法。本文通过模拟和真实实验研究了采用不同增量策略的增量DIC方法在不同场景下的误差累积规律。结果显示：为减少参考图像更新带来的累积误差,应采用条件增量计算策略以尽量减少参考图像的更新次数;同时,自适应参考图像子区平移策略和图像高斯低通预滤波方法可以显著降低插值带来的系统误差,应与增量DIC方法配合使用。

     

基于数字图像相关方法的材料力学实验教学探索

实验教学是培养学生实践和创新能力的重要手段,如何在有限的实验学时条件下,开展丰富高效的力学实验、关联更多的理论知识点是材料力学教学改革亟需解决的问题。本文引入数字图像相关（digital image correlation, DIC）方法,以带孔低碳钢拉伸和高温镍基合金热变形测量等试验为例,对材料力学实验教学进行改革探索。实践表明,基于DIC方法的实验教学可充分发挥出DIC全场变形可视化、测量过程简单、快速精确等优势,显著调动了学生的学习兴趣,加深了学生对多个关联知识点的理解,同时启迪了学生的科学创新意识。

     

数字图像相关方法若干关键问题研究进展

本文报道了作者及其所在课题组近期在数字图像相关(DIC)测量方法上取得的重要研究进展。主要包括:(1)通过对DIC方法中反向组合高斯-牛顿算法的理论误差分析,提出了新的理论误差公式,进一步证明了反向组合高斯-牛顿算法在提高计算速度和测量精度方面的综合优势;(2)采用提出的理论误差公式,发展了数字散斑场的优化及制作方法,保证了测量结果的一致性和正确性;(3)基于相机阵列和图像拼接技术,发展了超分辨率数字图像相关方法,大大提高了DIC测量方法的应变测量分辨率;(4)提出了大视场条件下的三维系统标定方法,实现了三维测量系统的外参实时标定和多相机测量系统中相机位姿的自动矫正;(5)研制了便携式原位三维测量仪和多尺度DIC测量系统,实现了三维实时数字图像相关测量,进一步满足了DIC方法在工业在线检测和医学领域中的应用需求。     

非连续数字图像相关方法在裂纹重构中的应用

数字图像相关方法作为一种新的非接触式位移测量方法,在力学工程中有广泛的应用前景,然而受限于标准方法对图像变形的连续性要求,这种高效的测量方法在断裂力学领域的推广受到了限制. 为解决这一问题,提出采用引入子区分离数学模型,代替标准方法的连续模型,来对非连续区域进行精确识别和匹配的非连续数字图像相关方法. 研究子区被裂纹等非连续分割后原始像素点的位移情况,并引入裂纹张开向量用以表征被分割子区的主区和副区的位移关系;从而建立子区分离模型的数学表达式,并且为所提出的模型设计相应的图像相关算法;然后将所提出的非连续数字图像相关方法应用于重构平板拉伸试验开裂过程中图像的位移. 研究结果表明,相比于标准的数字图像相关方法,所提出的非连续数字图像相关方法解决了图像相关法在非连续区域失效的问题,提高了数字图像相关方法对位移测量的正确率,特别是能够准确重构裂纹面及附近的位移场,其测量精度能够达到亚像素级别.      

应用数字图像相关方法测量含缺陷试样的全场变形

利用数字图像相关方法测量表面带孔洞、裂纹、缺口等缺陷试样的全场变形是许多实际测量任务中经常遇到的问题.就此问题,本文阐述了一种先对要避免计算的缺陷区域进行标记,在随后进行的相关计算中直接避免这些标记区域的方法.在已计算得到全场位移的情况下,文中提出了基于局部位移场最小二乘拟合的方法来计算区域边界、孔洞、裂纹或缺口附近等区域应变.最后对单侧边带半圆缺口试样的单向疲劳拉伸实验的计算结果充分显示本文方法的有效性和可靠性.     

基于光斑投影3D-DIC的动态液面波高场测量方法研究

动态液面波高场测量与面型三维重建是流体力学、晃荡动力学等研究领域中的重要问题,但目前仍缺乏一种简易且高效的高精度全场测量手段.基于光斑投影和三维数字图像相关(3D digital image correlation, 3D-DIC)原理,提出了一种动态液面波高场的测量方法.通过液体染色和光斑投影,在液体表面形成光斑纹理,设置双目相机拍摄动态液面的散斑图像.运用交比不变性标定板及张正友标定法获得双目相机内外参矩阵,并基于反向组合高斯牛顿(inverse-compositional Guass-Newton, IC-GN)的3D-DIC算法实现动态液面波高场的高精度三维重构.进一步建立光斑投影的几何光学模型,模拟规则波液面的双目图像,开展数值模拟测量以验证本方法的理论精度,同时开展真实液面波高场的测量验证.结果表明,本方法可实现动态液面波高场的高精度全场测量,模拟液面测量的均方差为0.004 mm,真实静态液面抬升测量的均方差为0.022 mm,真实动态液面测量的均方差小于0.037 mm.本文方法具有高精度、非接触和全场测量等优势,可在实验室流体测量和相关工程场景中推广应用.     

数字图像相关中的亚像素位移定位算法进展

数字图像相关方法 (DIC) 已经作为一种常用的光学计量有效手段应用于实验力学及其它科学研究和工程应用领域中. 经过 20 多年的发展, 该方法日渐成熟和完善. 作为提高测量精度的亚像素位移定位算法被认为是该方法的关键技术之一. 本文对二维数字图像相关的基本原理及其中为提高测量精度而提出的各种亚像素位移定位算法做了概括性的介绍. 在总结已有研究成果的基础上, 分析了各种方法优缺点. 并对数字图像相关方法的最新进展作了简要介绍, 随着算法精度、效率以及硬件设备性能的提高, 该方法必将会获得更广泛的应用.      

基于三维数字图像相关的低周疲劳试验研究

为研究三点弯曲试件在低周疲劳载荷作用下,裂纹萌生、扩展与循环周期间的关系以及裂纹区域位移与应变场的变化规律,由万能试验机及数字循环加载控制系统对三点弯曲试件施加循环周期载荷。两组CCD和试验机同步采集记录系列交变载荷作用下试件裂纹周边区域的数字散斑图像及载荷,应用三维数字图像相关(Digital image correlation,DIC)技术计算裂纹尖端区域的位移及应变场。通过对裂尖区域位移、主应变等的分析,获得裂纹扩展长度与扩展率等的变化规律。     

基于DIC的超高频振动疲劳试样动态全场应变测量方法

以某型发动机用TC17钛合金超高频振动疲劳试样为研究对象,针对振动疲劳对应力标定的需求,在超高频振动条件下采用三维数字图像相关(DIC)方法对超高频试样的动态全场应变进行了测量,实际加载频率达到1756Hz.通过三维DIC方法有效获取了超高频振动条件下动态全场应变,确定了试样振动条件下的最大应变位置,以及不同振幅条件下...     

数字图像相关方法在桥梁裂缝变形监测中的应用

本文结合工程实际背景分析了数字图像相关方法应用在桥梁裂缝变形监测中的可行性及优越性。根据桥梁裂缝变形的特点采用数字图像处理技术中的位移梯度法进行所选区域的相关匹配搜索并对相关系数的计算公式加以改进。使实验过程得以简化。计算结果全场化、直观化。本文对数字图像处理软件的测量精度和在实际测量中的测试误差进行了分析和研究。证明该软件能够更加精确地测定裂缝在各种荷载作用下的变形量值．实际的桥梁测试也验证了该方法的可行性和优越性。若图像记录设备的分辨率是12．47pixel／mm(0．0802ram／pixel)。本文所涉及到的桥梁裂缝边缘的位移测试精度为0．000802mm。     

UHPFRC圆盘动态劈裂试验及基于μXCT图像的破坏机理研究

采用分离式霍普金森压杆对钢纤维体积分数为0～3%的超高性能纤维增强混凝土（ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete, UHPFRC）圆盘试件进行应变率为1.72～7.42 s-1的动态劈裂试验,使用高速摄像机结合数字图像相关（digital image correlation, DIC）法获得试件表面裂缝扩展全过程图像和应变演化过程,并对冲击前后试件进行微观X射线计算断层扫描（micro X-ray computed tomography,μXCT）,获得分辨率为56.7μm的三维内部图像,并进行统计和破坏机理分析。结果表明：(1)相比无纤维试件,掺入1%～3%的钢纤维,静、动劈裂强度分别提高84%～131%和47%～87%,动劈裂强度增强因子（即动静强度比值）为1.07～1.72;(2) DIC应变图像分析表明,无纤维试件裂缝集中、破坏快、能耗低;含纤维试件裂缝弥散程度大、能耗高、延性好,且随着纤维含量的提高而提升;(3)μXCT图像分析表明,试件中钢纤维体积分数为1.04%～2.47%,与设计基本一致,孔洞体积分数为0.98%...     

INTERACTION OF THREE PARALLEL CRACKS IN RECTANGULAR PLATE UNDER CYCLIC LOADS

This paper presents a numerical approach for modeling the interaction between multiple cracks in a rectangular plate under cyclic loads. It involves the formulation of fatigue growth of multiple crack tips under ruixed-mode loading and an extension of a hybrid displacement discontinuity method （a boundary element method） to fatigue crack growth analyses. Because of an intrinsic feature of the boundary element method, a general growth problem of multiple cracks can be solved in a single-region formulation. In the numerical simulation, remeshing of existing boundaries is not necessary for each increment of crack extension. Crack extension is conveniently modeled by adding new boundary elements on the incremental crack extension to the previous crack boundaries. As an example, the numerical approach is used to analyze the fatigue growth of three parallel cracks in a rectangular plate. The numerical results illustrate the validation of the numerical approach and can reveal the effect of the geometry of the cracked plate on the fatigue growth.     

Fatigue growth modeling of cracks emanating from a circular hole in infinite plate

This paper presents a numerical approach of fatigue growth analysis of cracks emanating from a hole in infinite elastic plate subjected to remote loads. It involves a generation of Bueckner’s principle and a hybrid displacement discontinuity method (a boundary element method) proposed recently by the senior author of the paper. Because of an intrinsic feature of the boundary element method, a general crack growth problem can be solved in a single region formulation. In the numerical simulation, for each increment of crack extension, remeshing of existing boundaries is not necessary. Crack extension is modeled conveniently by adding new boundary elements on the incremental crack extension to the previous crack boundaries. As an example, fatigue growth process of an inclined crack in an infinite plate under uniaxial cycle load is modeled to illustrate the effectiveness of the numerical approach. In addition, fatigue growth of cracks emanating from a circular hole in infinite elastic plate subjected to remote loads is investigated by using the numerical approach. Many numerical results are given     

Fast, Robust and Accurate Digital Image Correlation Calculation Without Redundant Computations

High-efficiency and high-accuracy deformation analysis using digital image correlation (DIC) has become increasingly important in recent years, considering the ongoing trend of using higher resolution digital cameras and common requirement of processing a large sequence of images recorded in a dynamic testing. In this work, to eliminate the redundant computations involved in conventional DIC method using forward additive matching strategy and classic Newton–Raphson (FA-NR) algorithm without sacrificing its sub-pixel registration accuracy, we proposed an equivalent but more efficient DIC method by combining inverse compositional matching strategy and Gauss-Newton (IC-GN) algorithm for fast, robust and accurate full-field displacement measurement. To this purpose, first, an efficient IC-GN algorithm, without the need of re-evaluating and inverting Hessian matrix in each iteration, is introduced to optimize the robust zero-mean normalized sum of squared difference (ZNSSD) criterion to determine the desired deformation parameters of each interrogated subset. Then, an improved reliability-guided displacement tracking strategy is employed to achieve further speed advantage by automatically providing accurate and complete initial guess of deformation for the IC-GN algorithm implemented on each calculation point. Finally, an easy-to-implement interpolation coefficient look-up table approach is employed to avoid the repeated calculation of bicubic interpolation at sub-pixel locations. With the above improvements, redundant calculations involved in various procedures (i.e. initial guess of deformation, sub-pixel displacement registration and sub-pixel intensity interpolation) of conventional DIC method are entirely eliminated. The registration accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed DIC method are carefully tested using numerical experiments and real experimental images. Experimental results verify that the proposed DIC method using IC-GN algorithm and the existing DIC method using classic FA-NR algorithm generate similar results, but the former is about three to five times faster. The proposed reliability-guided IC-GN algorithm is expected to be a new standard full-field displacement tracking algorithm in DIC.     

拉压循环载荷下正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝裂纹扩展分析

采用四步法计算了考虑循环载荷中压应力影响的正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹扩展。第一步是基于正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳分析模型,计算肋-面板焊缝处的应力,第二步是通过肋-面板焊缝的三维局部模型,用Schwartz-Neumann交替法计算焊缝表面裂纹的应力强度因子分布,第三步是用二维断裂力学模型和增量塑性损伤模型,计算循环载荷中的压应力对裂纹扩展的影响,第四步是用第二步中的三维裂纹分析结果和第三步中的二维断裂力学模型得到的裂纹扩展公式,计算钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹扩展。计算结果表明,对应于正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝处的循环应力,本文所用模型的裂纹尖端反向塑性区导致裂纹扩展率增加50%以上。研究结果为正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝裂纹的疲劳寿命分析提供了研究基础。     

A new photoelastic model for studying fatigue crack closure

The photoelastic analysis of crack tip stress intensity factors has been historically developed for use on sharp notches in brittle materials that idealize the cracked structure. This approach, while useful, is not applicable to cases where residual effects of fatigue crack development (e.g., plasticity, surface roughness) affect the applied stress intensity range. A photoelastic model of these fatigue processes has been developed using polycarbonate, which is sufficiently ductile to allow the growth of a fatigue crack. The resultant stress field has been modeled mathematically using the stress potential function approach of Muskhelishvili to predict the stresses near a loaded but closed crack in an elastic body. The model was fitted to full-field photoelastic data using a combination of a generic algorithm and the downhill simplex method. The technique offers a significant advance in the ability to characterize the behavior of fatigue cracks with plasticity-induced closure, and hence to gain new insights into the associated mechanisms.     

Spatial DIC Errors due to Pattern-Induced Bias and Grey Level Discretization

Digital image correlation (DIC) is an optical metrology method widely used in experimental mechanics for full-field shape, displacement and strain measurements. The required strain resolution for engineering applications of interest mandates DIC to have a high image displacement matching accuracy, on the order of 1/100th of a pixel, which necessitates an understanding of DIC errors. In this paper, we examine two spatial bias terms that have been almost completely overlooked. They cause a persistent offset in the matching of image intensities and thus corrupt DIC results. We name them pattern-induced bias (PIB), and intensity discretization bias (IDB). We show that the PIB error occurs in the presence of an undermatched shape function and is primarily dictated by the underlying intensity pattern for a fixed displacement field and DIC settings. The IDB error is due to the quantization of the gray level intensity values in the digital camera. In this paper we demonstrate these errors and quantify their magnitudes both experimentally and with synthetic images.