A traffic flow cellular automaton model to considering drivers’ learning and forgetting behaviour

It is known that the commonly used NaSch cellular automaton (CA) model and its modifications can help explain the internal causes of the macro phenomena of traffic flow.However,the randomization probability of vehicle velocity used in these models is assumed to be an exogenous constant or a conditional constant,which cannot reflect the learning and forgetting behaviour of drivers with historical experiences.This paper further modifies the NaSch model by enabling the randomization probability to be adjusted on the bases of drivers’ memory.The Markov properties of this modified model are discussed.Analytical and simulation results show that the traffic fundamental diagrams can be indeed improved when considering drivers’ intelligent behaviour.Some new features of traffic are revealed by differently combining the model parameters representing learning and forgetting behaviour.     

A molecular level study of liquid water with a flexible water model

The structural properties of water at different temperatures and pressures have been investigated by using a flexible water model and the inherent structure mechanism. The presence of 60$^\circ$ peak in the O--O--O angle distribution function and the behaviours of the hydrogen bonds in the first shell indicate that some water molecules in the second shell move toward the central molecules through the bending (not breaking) of hydrogen bonds and even become first-shell molecules of the central molecule on the basis of the O--O cutoff distance but not first-shell molecules by means of the hydrogen-bond criterion. The inherent-structure analysis of the O--O radial distribution functions at different pressures shows that the first peak is almost independent of the pressure; the position of second peak moves from 0.45 to 0.32nm as the pressure increases from $1\times 10^5$Pa to $1\times 10^9$Pa. This particularly evident pressure effect, i.e. the constant nearest-neighbours and the transformation of outer-neighbours on the basis of O--O distance, together with the results at different temperatures, gives a positive evidence for the two-state outer-neighbour mixture model: liquid water is a mixture of Ice-Ih-type-bonding and Ice-II-type bonding structures.     

A new lattice model of traffic flow with the consideration of the driver?s forecast effects

In this Letter, a new lattice model is presented with the consideration of the driver?s forecast effects (DFE). The linear stability condition of the extended model is obtained by using the linear stability theory. The analytical results show that the new model can improve the stability of traffic flow by considering DFE. The modified KdV equation near the critical point is derived to describe the traffic jam by nonlinear analysis. Numerical simulation also shows that the new model can improve the stability of traffic flow by adjusting the driver?s forecast intensity parameter, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis.     

Lattice—BGK simulation of a two—dimensional channel flow around a square cylinder

The confined flow around a square cylinder mounted inside a two-dimensional channel (blockage ratio $\be=1/8$) was investigated in detail by a newly developed incompressible nonuniform lattice-BGK model. It is found that the vortex shedding behind the cylinder induces periodicity in the flow field, and the periodicity of the flow will lose for $Re>$300. A detailed analysis for a range of Reynolds numbers between 1 and 500 was presented. Quantitative comparisons with other methods show that the model gives accurate results for complex flows.     

Analytical study of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for a boundary layer flow of Oldroyd-B fluid

We investigate the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for a two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow of an incompressible Oldroyd-B fluid over a linearly stretching sheet. Mathematical formulation of the boundary layer problems is given. The nonlinear partial differential equations are converted into the ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles are obtained through optimal homotopy analysis method(OHAM). The influences of the physical parameters on the velocity and the temperature are pointed out. The results show that the temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness are smaller in the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model than those in the Fourier's law of heat conduction.     

A numerical study of sound field radiated by the flow around a circular cylinder

The Von-Karman vortex street flow behind a circular cylinder issuccessfully solved at R_e=100 for incompressible N-S equations in theform of stream function and vorticity.The method adopted here involvesADI-BGE schemes,a recent treatment of body boundary conditions anda new acceptable perturbation model.The solutions of the flow fieldobtained here are better than previous numerical ones and agree with theexperimental data closer.Therefore,it can be used to study sound fieldnumerically.The Curle equation is directly and numerically solved to ana-lyze the distribution of sound sources and the characteristics of their radi-ated sound field at R_e=100 and to compare with the solution fromthe theory of vortex sound.It is shown that this method is successful.     

Shapes of growing droplets—A model of escape from a metastable phase

Nucleation from a metastable state is studied for an Ising ferromagnet with nearest and next nearest neighbor interaction and at very low temperatures. The typical escape path is shown to follow a sequence of configurations with a growing droplet of stable phase whose shape is determined by dynamical considerations and differs significantly from the equilibrium shape corresponding to the instantaneous volume.     

Properties of the ground state in a spin—2 transverse Ising model with the presence of a srystal field

The properties of the ground state in the spin-2 transverse Ising model with the presence of a crystal of a crystal field are studied by using the effective-field theory with correlations,The longitudinal and transverse magnetizations,the phase diagram and the internal energy in the ground state are given numerically for a honeycomb lattice(z=3).     

Lattice Bhatnagar—Gross—Krook Simulations of Turbulent Natural Convection in a Cavity

A thermal lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (LBGK) model with a robust boundary scheme is developed for Boussinesq incompressible fluids.In the model the velocity and temperature fields are solved by two independent LBGK equations which are combined into a coupled equation for the whole system.The two-dimensional natural convection flow of air in a differentially heated cavity of an aspect ratio of four is simulated for the Rayleigh number up to 10^10.The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with those of previous studies.     

交通灯控制下城市主干道双车道多速元胞自动机交通流模型研究

提出一个城市主干道双车道多速元胞自动机交通流模型，此模型采用开放性 边界条件，在考虑诸多实际因素影响情况下，研究了主干道中车站的设置、交通灯绿信比对 车流量和车流速度的影响.计算机模拟所得到的基本图（流量 速度图）能较好地反映在交 通灯控制下城市主干道交通流真实状况. 关键词： 元胞自动机模型 交通流 主干道     

多路段元胞自动机交通流模型

在经典单路段元胞自动机交通流模型的基础上,将多个路段视为一个道路系统,提出并研究了多路段条件下的交通流问题.针对多路段道路的特点,通过引入车辆流入规则、路口随机慢化规则和路口车辆流入规则,控制车辆从上一路段流入下一路段.首先提出了"汽车池"的概念,来控制每一路口车辆的流入;然后通过路口随机慢化,来模拟路口对交通的影响;最后,当车辆离开时,依直行率进入下一路段,实现车流的继续流动.同时,通过数值模拟,仿真了不同条件下的交通情况,对重要参数进行了研究.结果表明,出现了混合流这一新的现象,拥堵地段与非拥堵地段间存在明显的界限.拥堵往往最先从路口开始,然后蔓延到整个路段.多路段道路还存在临界突变的特性.随着车辆流入概率的增大,路口对平均速度和车流密度的影响愈加明显.当流入概率超过一定阈值时,车辆缓慢地增加也会引起整体道路通行能力的迅速下降.     

混合非机动车流的多值元胞机模型模拟研究

采用多值元胞机模型对混合非机动车流进行了建模模拟研究. 混合非机动车流在我国城市交通中主要表现为三轮车和自行车的混合. 针对三轮车和自行车实际尺寸的差异,设定自行车占据一个单位空间,三轮车占据两个单位空间. 模拟结果显示：在三轮车与慢速自行车混合的系统中,三轮车比例和三轮车先行概率不会对系统流量造成影响,而三轮车先行概率只会影响到车辆的平均速度;在三轮车与快速自行车混合的系统中,确定性条件下在自由流区域和堵塞流区域都会出现多分支现象,快速自行车具有慢化概率时多分支现象消失. 关键词： 混合非机动车流 元胞自动机 多分支     

A new cellular automata model of traffic flow with negative exponential weighted look-ahead potential

With the development of traffic systems, some issues such as traffic jams become more and more serious. Efficient traffic flow theory is needed to guide the overall controlling, organizing and management of traffic systems. On the basis of the cellular automata model and the traffic flow model with look-ahead potential, a new cellular automata traffic flow model with negative exponential weighted look-ahead potential is presented in this paper. By introducing the negative exponential weighting coefficient into the look-ahead potential and endowing the potential of vehicles closer to the driver with a greater coefficient, the modeling process is more suitable for the driver's random decision-making process which is based on the traffic environment that the driver is facing. The fundamental diagrams for different weighting parameters are obtained by using numerical simulations which show that the negative exponential weighting coefficient has an obvious effect on high density traffic flux. The complex high density non-linear traffic behavior is also reproduced by numerical simulations.     

多速混合车辆单车道元胞自动机交通流模型的研究

在交通流NS模型的基础上，建立了多速混合车辆单车道元胞自动机交通流模型， 通过计算机数值模拟，得到了混合车辆在不同参数下交通流模型的基本图，并对混合交通的 特性进行了分析和讨论. 关键词： 元胞自动机 混合交通流模型 计算机模拟     

开放边界条件下二维可转向主干道交通流模型的研究

在开放性边界条件下，利用改进的Nagel-Schreckenberg交通流模型，引入过路口车辆的可 转向机理，建立二维n速主干道元胞自动机交通流模型，研究了转向概率和边界条件对 干道交通状况的影响而导致的不同相变特性以及这两个因素对实现改善干道交通的组织作用 . 关键词： 元胞自动机 交通流 转向概率 相变     

Cellular automata model for traffic flow with safe driving conditions

In this paper, a recently introduced cellular automata （CA） model is used for a statistical analysis of the inner micro-scopic structure of synchronized traffic flow. The analysis focuses on the formation and dissolution of clusters or platoons of vehicles, as the mechanism that causes the presence of this synchronized traffic state with a high flow. This platoon formation is one of the most interesting phenomena observed in traffic flows and plays an important role both in manual and automated highway systems （AHS）. Simulation results, obtained from a single-lane system under periodic boundary conditions indicate that in the density region where the synchronized state is observed, most vehicles travel together in pla- toons with approximately the same speed and small spatial distances. The examination of velocity variations and individual vehicle gaps shows that the flow corresponding to the synchronized state is stable, safe and highly correlated. Moreover, results indicate that the observed platoon formation in real traffic is reproduced in simulations by the relation between vehicle headway and velocity that is embedded in the dynamics definition of the CA model.     

A study on the effects of the transit parking time on traffic flow based on cellular automata theory

This paper mainly deals with the effects of transit stops on vehicle speeds and conversion lane numbers in a mixed traffic lane.Based on thorough research of traffic flow and cellular automata theory,it calibrates the cellular length and the running speed.Also,a cellular automata model for mixed traffic flow on a two-lane system under a periodic boundary condition is presented herewith,which also takes into consideration the harbour-shaped transit stop as well.By means of computer simulation,the article also studies the effects of bus parking time on the traffic volume,the transit speed and the fast lane speed at the same time.The results demonstrate that,with the increase of the bus parking time,the traffic volume of the transit stop and the transit speed decrease while the fast lane speed increases.This result could help calculate the transit delay correctly and make arrangements for transit routes reasonably and scientifically.     

双车道元胞自动机NS和WWH交通流混合模型的研究

考虑不同车辆的驾驶员有不同的驾驶方式和习惯，具体表现为不同的驾驶员采用适合自己行车特点的交通流模型在道路上驾车行驶，在一维元胞自动机交通流NS模型和WWH模型的基础上，建立了双车道元胞自动机NS和WWH交通流混合模型. 通过计算机模拟，给出了混合比例系数f_NS对混合交通流的速度-密度和流量-密度图以及车辆转道频率影响的结果. 关键词： 双车道 元胞自动机 混合交通流模型 计算机数值模拟     

双车道多速车辆混合交通流元胞自动机模型的研究

把NaSch模型的刹车概率分开为独立的加速和减速概率，引入转道规则，建立了双车道多速车辆的混合交通流模型.通过计算机数值模拟，得出了不同参数下混合交通的速度和流量与 密度关系的基本图.结果表明，转道概率、混合比例和加减速概率对混合交通都有重要的影 响，慢车的特性对混合交通起着决定性的作用. 关键词： 元胞自动机 混合交通流 NaSch模型