Excess molar volumes,viscosity, refractive index,and Gibbs energy of activation of binary biodiesel + benzene,and biodiesel + toluene mixtures at 298.15 and 303.15 K

Excess molar volumes (V ^E), viscosities, refractive index, and Gibbs energies were evaluated for binary biodiesel + benzene and toluene mixtures at 298.15 and 303.15 K. The excess molar volumes V ^E were determined from density, while the excess Gibbs free energy of activation G*^E was calculated from viscosity deviation Δη. The excess molar volume (V ^E), viscosity deviation (Δη), and excess Gibbs energy of activation (G*^E) were fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and estimate the standard deviations between the experimental data and calculation results. All mixtures showed positive V ^E values obviously caused by increased physical interactions between biodiesel and the organic solvents.     

Volumetric and Transport Properties of Ternary Mixtures Containing 1-Butanol or 1-Pentanol,Triethylamine and Cyclohexane at 303.15 K: Experimental Data,Correlation and Prediction by the ERAS Model

The excess molar volumes, V _m^E, viscosity deviations, Δη, and excess Gibbs energies of activation, ΔG ^*E, of viscous flow have been investigated from density and viscosity measurements for two ternary mixtures, 1-butanol + triethylamine + cyclohexane and 1-pentanol + triethylamine + cyclohexane, and corresponding binaries at 303.15 K and atmospheric pressure over the entire range of composition. The empirical equations due to Redlich-Kister, Kohler, Rastogi et al., Jacob-Fitzner, Tsao-Smith, Lark et al., Heric-Brewer, and Singh et al. have been employed to correlate V _m^E, Δη and ΔG ^*E of the ternary mixtures with their corresponding binary parameters. The results are discussed in terms of the molecular interactions between the components of the mixture. Further, the Extended Real Associated Solution, ERAS, model has been applied to V _m^E for the present binary and ternary mixtures, and the results are compared with experimental data.     

Excess Molar Volumes,Viscosity Deviations and Isentropic Compressibility of Binary Mixtures Containing 1,3-Dioxolane and Monoalcohols at 303.15 K

The excess molar volume (V ^E), viscosity deviations (Δη) and Gibbs excess energy of activation for viscous flow (G^∗E) have been investigated from density (ρ) and viscosity (η) measurements of eight binary mixtures of 1,3-dioxolane with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, t-butanol, and i-amyl alcohol over the entire range of mole fractions at 303.15 K. The viscosity data have been correlated with the Grunberg and Nissan equation. Furthermore, excess isentropic compressibilities (K_S^E) have been calculated from ultrasonic speed measurements of these binary mixtures at 303.15 K. The deviations have been fitted by a Redlich–Kister equation and the results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions and structural effects. The excess properties are found to be either negative or positive depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of the liquid mixtures. The systems studied exhibit very strong cross association through hydrogen bonding.     

Excess Molar Volume and Viscosity of Isobutyric Acid + Water Binary Mixtures Near and Far Away from the Critical Temperature

The excess molar volume V^E, shear viscosity deviation Δη and excess Gibbs energy of activation ΔG^∗E of viscous flow have been investigated by using density (ρ) and shear viscosity (η) measurements for isobutyric acid + water (IBA+W) mixtures over the entire range of mole fractions at five different temperatures, both near and close to the critical temperature (2.055K ≤ (T−T_c)≤ 13.055K). The results were also fitted with the Redlich–Kister equation. This system exhibited very large negative values of V^E and very large positive values of Δη due to increased hydrogen bonding interactions and correlation length between unlike molecules in the critical region and to very large differences between the molar volumes of the pure components at low temperatures. The activation parameters ΔH^∗ and ΔS^∗ have been also calculated and show that the critical region has an important effect on the volumetric properties.     

Densities, Viscosities, and Excess Gibbs Energy of Activation for Viscous Flow, for Binary Mixtures of Dimethyl Phthalate (DMP) with 1-Pentanol, 1-Butanol, and 1-Propanol at Two Temperatures

Summary. Density (ρ) and viscosity (η) values of the binary mixtures of DMP + 1-pentanol, 1-butanol, and 1-propanol over the entire range of mole fraction at 298.15 and 303.15 K were measured in atmospheric pressure. The excess molar volume (V ^E), viscosity deviations (Δη), and excess Gibbs energy of activation for viscous flow (G^*E) were calculated from the experimental measurements. These results were fitted to Redlich–Kister polynomial equation to estimate the binary interaction parameters. The viscosity data were correlated with equations of McAllister. The calculated functions have been used to explain the intermolecular interaction between the mixing components.     

Densities and viscosities for binary mixtures of phenetole with 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol,and 1-decanol at different temperatures

Density (ρ) and viscosity (η) values of the binary mixtures of phenetole+1-pentanol, + 1-hexanol, + 1-heptanol, + 1-octanol, + 1-nonanol, and + 1-decanol over the entire range of mole fraction at 293.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K have been measured at atmospheric pressure. The excess molar volume (V^E), viscosity deviations (Δη), and excess Gibbs energy of activation (G*^E) have been calculated from the experimental measurements. These results were fitted to Redlich and Kister polynomial equation to estimate the binary interaction parameters. The viscosity data were correlated with equations of Grunberg and Nissan, Hind et al., Frenkel, and McAllister. While the excess molar volumes of phenetole+1-pentanol, + 1-hexanol are positive, the remaining binary mixtures are negative. The viscosity deviations and excess Gibbs energy of activation are negative for all investigated systems. As the chain length of 1-alkanols increases, both viscosity deviations and excess molar volume values decrease while excess Gibbs energy of activation value increase. The temperature has no effect on excess molar volume, slight effect on excess Gibbs energy of activation, and significant effect on viscosity deviations. The calculated functions have been used to explain the intermolecular interaction between the mixing components.     

Excess Molar Volumes,Viscosities and Speeds of Sound of the Ternary Mixture 1-Heptanol (1) + Tetrachloroethylene (2) + Methylcyclohexane (3) at 298.15 K

Densities (ρ), viscosities (η) and speeds of sound (u) of the ternary mixture (1-heptanol + tetrachloroethylene + methylcyclohexane) and the corresponding binary mixtures (1-heptanol + tetrachloroethylene), (1-heptanol + methylcyclohexane) and (tetrachloroethylene + methylcyclohexane) at 298.15 K were measured over the whole composition range. The data obtained are used to calculate the excess molar volumes (V ^E), excess isobaric thermal expansivities (α ^E), viscosity deviations (Δη), excess Gibbs energies of activation of viscous flow (ΔG ^*E) and excess isentropic compressibilities (κ _S ^E) of the binary and ternary mixtures. The data from the binary systems were fitted by the Redlich–Kister equation whereas the best correlation method for the ternary system was found using the Nagata equation. Viscosities, speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of the binary and ternary mixtures have been correlated by means of several empirical and semi-empirical equations. The best correlation method for viscosities of binary systems is found using the Iulan et al. equation and for the ternary system using the Heric and McAllister equations. The best correlation method for the speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of the binary system (1-heptanol + methylcyclohexane) is found using IMR (Van Deal ideal mixing relation) and for the binary system (tetrachloroethylene + methylcyclohexane) it is found using the NR (Nomoto relation) and for the binary system (1-heptanol + tetrachloroethylene) and the ternary system (1-heptanol + trichloroethylene + methylcyclohexane) it is obtained from the FLT (Jacobson free length theory).     

Thermophysical and thermoacoustical properties of benzaldehyde mixtures with ethylbenzene at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and a pressure of 0.1 MPa

Ultrasound velocity (u), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) measurements of benzaldehyde + ethylbenzene mixtures have been carried out at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K. These values have been used to calculate the excess molar volume (V ^E), deviation in viscosity (δη), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (δβ_s), deviations in ultrasound velocity (δu), excess free volume (δV _f), excess intermolecular free length (δL _f) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (δG ^E). McAllister’s three body interaction model is used for correlating kinematic viscosity of binary mixtures. The excess values were correlated using the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to obtain their coefficients and standard deviations. The thermophysical properties under the study were fit to the Jouyban-Acree model. The observed variation of these parameters helps in understanding the nature of interactions in these mixtures. Further, theoretical values of the ultrasound speed were evaluated using theories and empirical relations.     

Study of Densities, Viscosities and Ultrasonic Speeds of Binary Mixtures Containing 1,2-Dimethoxyethane and an Alkan-l-ol at 298.15 K

The viscosity deviation (Δη), the excess molar volume (V ^E) and the ultrasonic speed (u) have been investigated from viscosity (η) and density (ρ ) measurements of binary liquid mixtures of 1,2-dimethyoxyethane with methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol, hexan-1-ol or octan-1-ol over the entire range of composition at 298.15 K. The excess volumes are negative over the entire range of composition for all of the mixtures with the exception of hexan-1-ol and octan-1-ol. The excess isentropic compressibilities (K _S ^E) and viscosity deviations are negative for all of the mixtures. The magnitudes of the negative values of V ^E decrease with the number of carbon atoms of the alkan-1-ol. The trend of increasing K _S ^E values with the chain length of the alkanol is similar to that observed in the case of V ^E. Graphs of V ^E, Δ η, K _S ^E, Δ u, L _f ^E and Z ^E against composition are presented as a basis for a qualitative discussion of the results.     

Volumetric,viscometric and acoustic properties of binary mixtures of 2-propanol with n -alkanes (C6, C8, C10) at 298.15 and 308.15 K

Densities (ρ), viscosities (η), and speeds of sound, (u) of the binary mixtures of 2-propanol with n-alkanes (n-hexane, n-octane, and n-decane) were measured over the entire composition range at 298.15 and 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Using the experimental values of density, viscosity and speed of sound, the excess molar volumes (V ^E), viscosity deviations (Δη), deviations in speed of sound (Δu), isentropic compressibility (κ _s), deviations in isentropic compressibility (Δκ _s), and excess Gibbs energies of activation of viscous flow (ΔG* ^E) were calculated. These results were fitted to the Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation. The variations of these excess parameters with composition were discussed from the viewpoint of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures. The excess properties are found to be either positive or negative depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of liquid mixtures.     

Thermodynamic and transport properties of binary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide with t-butyl alcohol,butyl acetate, 2-butanone and butyl amine at different temperatures

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with tert-butyl alcohol, butyl acetate, butanone, and butyl amine were determined over the entire range of mole fractions at temperatures of 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. At each temperature, the excess molar volume (V ^E), viscosity deviations (Δη), and Gibbs excess free energy of activation for viscous flow (ΔG ^*E) have been investigated from these measured density (ρ) and viscosity (η) values. The experimental viscosity data were correlated by means of the equations of Grunberg-Nissan, Tamura and Kurata, and Hind et al. The deviations have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister equation, and the results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions and structural effects.

     

Excess properties and spectroscopic studies of binary system 1,4-butanediol + water at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K

Density and dynamic viscosity data were measured over the whole concentration range for the binary system 1,4-butanediol (1) + water (2) at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K as a function of composition under atmospheric pressure. Based on density and dynamic viscosity data, excess molar density (ρ^E), dynamic viscosity deviation (Δν) and excess molar volume (V_m^E) were calculated. From the dynamic viscosity data, excess Gibbs energies (ΔG*^E), Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (ΔG*), enthalpy of activation for viscous flow (ΔH*) and entropy of activation for viscous flow (ΔS*) were also calculated. The ρ^E, V_m^E, Δν and ΔG*^E values were correlated by a Redlich?Kister-type function to obtain the coefficients and to estimate the standard deviations between the experimental and calculated quantities. Based on FTIR and UV spectral results, the intermolecular interaction of 1,4-butanediol with H₂O was discussed.     

Densities and Viscosities of the Ternary Mixture (Benzene + 1-Propanol + Ethyl Acetate) at 298.15 K

Abstract

Densities and viscosities of the ternary mixture (benzene + 1-propanol + ethyl acetate) and the corresponding binary mixtures (benzene + 1-propanol, benzene + ethyl acetate and 1-propanol + ethyl acetate) have been measured at the temperature 298.15 K. From these measurements excess volumes, V^E , excess viscosities, η^E, and excess Gibbs energies of activation for viscous flow, G*^E , have been determined. The equation of Redlich-Kister has been used for fitting the excess properties of binary mixtures. The excess properties of the ternary system were fitted to Cibulka's equation.     

Acoustic,Viscometric, and Spectroscopic Studies of Dipropylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether with <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Alkanols at Temperatures of 288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K

Speeds of sound have been measured in dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether mixtures with methanol, 1-propanol, 1-pentanol, and 1-heptanol as a function of composition at 288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Measurements of viscosity at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure have also been made for the same mixtures over the whole composition range. The speeds of sound were combined with our previous densitity results to obtain the isentropic compressibility κ _S . The molar volumes were multiplied by the isentropic compressibilities to obtain estimates of K _S,m and its excess counterparts K_S,m^EK_{S,m}^{\mathrm{E}}. The K_S,m^EK_{S,m}^{\mathrm{E}} values are negative over the entire range of composition for all mixtures. Deviations in viscosity η from the mixing relation ∑x _i ln η _i and excess Gibbs energies of activation for viscous flow ΔG ^∗E have been derived for all of these systems. Also, from the speed of sound results, the apparent molar compressibilities [`(K)]_f,i⁰\overline{K}_{\phi ,i}^{0} of the components have been calculated at infinite dilution. The variations of these properties with the composition, temperature and the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol molecule are discussed in terms of molecular interactions. The experimental results have also been discussed on the basis of IR measurements.     

Excess molar volumes and viscosities of binary mixtures of 1,2-diethoxyethane with chloroalkanes at 298.15 K

Excess molar volumes (V _m ^E ) and viscosities (η) of the binary mixtures of 1,2-diethoxyethane with di-, tri- and tetrachloromethane have been measured at 298-15 K and atmospheric pressure over the entire mole fraction range. The deviations in viscosities (δlnη) and excess energies of activation (δG*^E) for viscous flow have been calculated from the experimental data. The Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) model has been used to calculateV _m ^E , and the results have been compared with experimental data. The Bloomfield and Dewan model has been used to calculate viscosity coefficients and these have also been compared with experimental data for the three mixtures. The results have been discussed in terms of dipole-dipole interactions between 1,2-diethoxyethane and chloroalkanes and their magnitudes decreasing with the dipole character of the molecules. A short comparative study with results for mixtures with polyethers and chloroalkanes is also described.     

Thermodynamic and transport properties for binary and ternary mixtures of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran?+?chlorobenzene?+?cyclopentanone at T?=?298.15?K

Abstract  

Experimental densities ρ, viscosities η, and refractive indices n _D of the ternary mixtures consisting of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran + chlorobenzene + cyclopentanone and constituted binary mixtures were measured at T = 298.15 K for the liquid region and at ambient pressure for the whole composition range. Excess molar volumes V_\textm^\textEV_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}, deviations in the viscosity Δη, and deviations in the refractive index Δn _D from the mole fraction average for the mixtures were derived from the experimental data. The excess partial molar volumes V_\textm,i^\textEV_{{\text{m}},i}^{\text{E}} were also calculated. The binary and ternary data of V_\textm^\textEV_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}}, Δη, and Δn _D were correlated as a function of the mole fraction by using the Redlich–Kister and the Cibulka equations, respectively. McAllister’s three-body interaction model is used for correlating the kinematic viscosity of binary mixtures with the mole fraction.     

Prediction of viscosities and COSMO-RS analyses in binary mixtures of N,N-dimethylformamide with acetone

Experimental viscosities, η, for pure N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone (ACT) and their binary mixtures are measured over the whole composition range as a function of temperature between 298.15 and 313.15 K. The deviations in viscosity, ?η, Gibbs free energy of activation ?G, entropies ?S*, enthalpies ?H of activation of viscous flow have been calculated. The determination of excess molar volumes, Vη^E, was calculated from the experimental viscosities for the binary mixtures. The conductor-like screening model is applied to interpret the intermolecular forces. The σ-profile is computed for the N,N-DMF and ACT with conductor-like screening model for real solvents. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. Moreover, viscosity data were calculated from the theoretical equations of Grunberg and Nissan, Hind et al. and Wilke for the entire systems. All results obtained were averaged experimentally and theoretically in terms of average deviations.     

Physico-chemical properties of binary mixtures of 1-butanol with chloroethanes or chloroethenes at 298.15 K

The densities ρ, speeds of sound u, and viscosities η, of pure 1-butanol, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene and those of their binary mixtures have been measured at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure over the entire range of compositions. Excess molar volumes V ^E, viscosity deviations Δη, deviation in compressibilities Δκ_s and excess Gibbs energy of activation G*^E, were obtained from the experimental results and those were fitted to Redlich–Kister's type function in terms of mole fractions. Viscosities, speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of the binary mixtures have been correlated by means of several empirical and semi-empirical equations. The experimental data are analysed to discuss the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures.     

Molar volumes,viscosity, and isentropic compressibility of some primary monoalkanols in aqueous N,N-dimethylformamide solutions

The densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) for the ternary liquid mixtures of water + N,N-dimethylformamide + monoalkanols, have been measured as a function of the composition at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. From the experimental measurements excess molar volumes (V ^E), Viscosity deviation (Δη), and synergy index (I _s) have been evaluated. The speeds of sound have been also measured and excess isentropic compressibilities (K _s^E) are calculated al 298.15 K. The results are discussed and interpreted in terms of molecular package and specific interaction predominated by hydrogen bonding, been investigated.