热分析法研究离子液体催化体系中氨基甲酸酯热裂解合成异氰酸酯

采用热分析方法对离子液体催化体系中非光气法合成异氰酸酯过程,即氨基甲酸酯热裂解过程进行了系统评价.利用热重分析(TGA)快速简单的特点,对1,6-己二氨基甲酸甲酯(MHDC)热裂解过程的条件进行了优化,包括离子液体及催化剂类型筛选,催化剂用量,反应温度,反应时间等.同时,发展了Bi_2O_3/Fe_2O_3和HTi_xO_y两种高活性催化剂,并对其进行了详细的表征.此外,合成的HTi_xO_y催化剂不仅具有催化热裂解的作用,而且具有抑制副反应的作用.     

水溶性配合物催化的稠油低温热裂解研究

在一种新型稠油低温裂解催化体系中合成了两个系列10个过渡金属配合物催化剂。该反应体系中水对原油热降解反应有一定的影响,合适的用量水/油(质量比)为0.3。部分合成水溶性催化剂180℃下对稠油热裂解具有明显的催化作用,催化剂N5的降凝作用效果最好,经催化水热降解改质反应后原油的凝点降低11.4℃;催化剂N2和N5的催化降黏效果较好,降黏率可达70%以上,催化剂N5的最佳用量为0.5%;热重分析和气相色谱分析显示原油热催化降解反应后轻质组分明显增加。     

PP/PP-g-MAH/PA6共混物结构与可纺性研究

运用DSC、SEM、纺丝成形等手段研究了增容剂聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐 (PP g MAH)对聚丙烯 聚酰胺 6(PP PA6 )共混物结构和性能的影响 .结果表明 ,共混物呈典型海岛型两相结构 ;增容剂PP g MAH与PA6之间的在位反应改善了PP PA6共混体系的相容性 ,使共混物中PA6的热结晶峰消失 ,PP的结晶生长速率和成核速率降低 ,可纺性提高     

高温裂解蓖麻油合成10-羟基癸酸研究

以碱和蓖麻油为原料,在高温下碱催化裂解合成10-羟基癸酸,通过对裂解反应的溶剂体系、反应时间、碱类型和碱用量研究,确立了合成10-羟基癸酸的最佳反应条件:邻甲酚与仲辛醇(2.8/1,v/v)为反应溶剂,氢氧化钠为裂解催化剂(60g),反应温度180-200℃,反应时间5小时。在最佳条件下,10-羟基癸酸产率可高达71%,目标产物经HRMS和NMR证实,与文献一致。     

新型甲酰基吡咯衍生物的合成及其热裂解-气相色谱/质谱分析

本文以D-(+)-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐为原料,通过环合、氧化和烷基化等系列反应,合成了新型化合物N-戊基-2-甲基-3-乙酰基-5-吡咯甲醛,并利用红外(IR)光谱、核磁共振(~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR)和高分辨质谱(HR-MS)等波谱技术对其结构进行了确证。采用正交试验优化了合成条件,通过热重-微分热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DTG-DSC)研究了该化合物热失重变化,采用热裂解-气相色谱/质谱(Py-GC/MS)联用技术分析了该化合物的热裂解产物。结果表明化合物Ⅳ为目标化合物N-戊基-2-甲基-3-乙酰基-5-吡咯甲醛。目标化合物的最优合成条件为:反应温度60℃、反应时间24h、摩尔比1.0∶1.1,产率可达81%;目标化合物在136.3~290.0℃间有一个剧烈的失重过程,失重率达到98.58%;目标化合物在300、600、900℃裂解条件下共裂解出41种化合物,其中有吡嗪、2,5-二甲基吡嗪、戊醛等多种香味成分。初步探讨了目标化合物可能的热裂解机理。     

加拿大合成原油瓦斯油裂解反应规律与产物生成机理

利用小型固定流化床实验装置研究了加拿大合成原油重瓦斯油(HGO)和轻瓦斯油(LGO)的催化裂解性能和热裂解性能。HGO和LGO催化裂解总低碳烯烃(乙烯+丙烯+丁烯)产率在660℃附近达到最大值,分别为33.8%和35.6%。HGO和LGO热裂解反应程度很大,700℃的转化率分别为66.7%和76.3%。HGO热裂解总低碳烯烃的产率在680℃达到最大值27.9%。通过对比分析催化裂解与热裂解气体产物产率的比值发现,催化剂的加入促进了乙烯和液化气的生成,同时抑制了甲烷和乙烷的生成。研究结果揭示了小分子烃类的生成机理,甲烷和乙烷主要是自由基反应的产物,乙烯和液化气是自由基反应和正碳离子反应的共同产物。     

环己烷的热裂解机理

用Gaussian 98程序包中AM1法和DFT方法,对液相沉积法制碳/碳（C/C）复合材料的碳源化合物环己烷的热解机理做了量子化学理论研究.通过对化合物6种可能的热裂解路径的热力学和动力学计算,找到了环己烷热裂解的主反应路径.结果表明：(1) AM1与DFT计算均显示,断裂C－C键,最终生成乙烯和2 丁烯的反应通道是环己烷的主要裂解通道,与质谱数据吻合; (2) 除主反应路径外,余下的由易到难生成化合物的顺序为甲基环戊烷 >环己烯 >4 甲基环戊烯 >1,3 丁二烯; (3) AM1方法可以很好地推测较大分子体系的热裂解机理,而DFT方法计算的热力学量更接近实验数据.     

多组分单体接枝聚丙烯/尼龙6反应共混物结晶行为研究

用多组分熔融接枝的方法将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯 (GMA)和苯乙烯 (St)共同接枝到聚丙烯 (PP)上 ,制得具有较高GMA接枝率的多单体接枝聚丙烯 ,PP g (GMA co St) .将PP g (GMA co St)与尼龙 6 (PA6 )进行共混 ,利用扫描电镜 (SEM) ,差示扫描量热计 (DSC)和广角X射线衍射 (WAXD)对共混物的形态和结晶进行了研究 .在共混过程中 ,PP g (GMA co St)与PA6反应原位生成了PP g PA6 ,有效改善了共混物的相容性 ,分散相尺寸明显减小 .在PP g (GMA co St) PA6为 3 7的体系中 ,PP g (GMA co St)出现分级结晶现象 ,其在较低温度下的结晶属于均相成核结晶 .在PP g (GMA co St) PA6为 7 3的体系中 ,由于PA6相分散细微 ,在通常结晶温度下不结晶 ,而是在低温下均相成核与PP g (GMA co St)同时结晶 .WAXD证实体系中接枝PP ,PA6为分别结晶 ,无共晶或新的晶型产生     

半芳香共聚酰胺的合成及热稳定性的研究

采用熔融缩聚法, 合成了长碳链聚酰胺(PA1212)与聚对苯二甲酰十二碳二胺(PA12T)的新型半芳香共聚酰胺, 用FTIR, 1H NMR和DSC对产物结构进行了表征. 通过热重分析研究了共聚酰胺在N2气氛中以不同升温速率β升温时的热降解过程与机理. 结果表明PA1212/12T的降解为一步过程, 随着β的增大, 平衡降解温度线性升高. 用Kissinger和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa两种方法求得PA1212/12T的热降解表观活化能分别为126.9和127.9 kJ/mol. 用Coats-Redfern法证明了PA1212/12T的热降解机理为Deceleration类型中的R1或F3降解机理.     

高密度烃燃料四环[9.2.1.02,10.13,8]十四烷的合成及热裂解

以双环戊二烯和茚为原料,经D-A反应及催化加氢合成高密度烃燃料四环[9.2.1.02,10.13.8]十四烷(TDTD).采用裂解器及色质联用进行了四环[9.2.1.02.10.1 3.8]十四烷的热裂解研究,考察了不同温度及时间对热裂解转化率的影响,结果显示,温度对转化率影响较大.分析裂解产物,推测了裂解机理,以裂解...     

不同催化体系制得的聚乙炔的空气稳定性

众所周知,聚乙炔(PA)用电子给体或受体掺杂可成为P-或n-型半导体,甚至变为金属,因而引起人们的巨大兴趣。然而由于PA含有大量共扼双键,所以不管是掺杂前还是掺杂后,都不甚稳定,从而使其在实际应用中带来一定的困难。     

A COMPARISON OF POLYACETYLENES PREPARED WITH VARIOUS CATALYST SYSTEMS

A comparison of polyacetylenes (PA) prepared with rare earth(Ln) and titanium(Ti) basedcatalyst systems in regard to the isomerization rate, conductivity and doping behaviour is presented.It is found that PA synthesized with Ln-catalyst showed the lower isomerization rate than Ti-PA.Room temperature conductivity of I_2-doped Ln-PA is higher than that of Ti-PA under the sameconditions, this might related to the uniform conjugation length of Ln-PA. The difference in thedoping behaviors was observed for cis and trans PA films. and the complicated doping behavioursof cis-PA could be attributed to the simultaneously occurring isomerization reaction during doping.     

Gas sensing using edge-plane pyrolytic-graphite electrodes: electrochemical reduction of chlorine

The voltammetric responses of chlorine in aqueous acid solutions have been explored using different carbon-based electrodes. Edge-plane pyrolytic graphite has more electrochemical reversibility than glassy carbon, basal-plane pyrolytic graphite, or boron-doped diamond electrodes. A significant reduction in the overpotential is observed on the edge-plane pyrolytic-graphite electrode in contrast with the other carbon-based electrode substrates. These results suggest that edge-plane pyrolytic graphite can be optimally used as the working electrodes in Clark-cell devices for low-potential amperometric gas sensing of Cl₂.     

Effect of Catalyst Properties on Hydrocracking of Pyrolytic Lignin to Liquid Fuel in Supercritical Ethanol

The metal-acid bifunctional catalysts have been used for bio-oil upgrading and pyrolytic lignin hydrocracking. In this work, the effects of the metal-acid bifunctional catalyst properties, including acidity, pore size and supported metal on hydrocracking of pyrolytic lignin in supercritical ethanol and hydrogen were investigated at 260 ^oC. A series of catalysts were prepared and characterized by BET, XRD, and NH₃-TPD techniques. The results showed that enhancing the acidity of the catalyst without metal can promote pyrolytic lignin polymerization to form more solid and condensation to produce more water. The pore size of microporous catalyst was smaller than mesoporous catalyst. Together with strong acidity, it caused pyrolytic lignin further hydrocrack to numerous gas. Introducing Ru into acidic catalysts promoted pyrolytic lignin hydrocracking and inhibited the polymerization and condensation, which caused the yield of pyrolytic lignin liquefaction product to increase significantly. Therefore, bifunctional catalyst with high hydrocracking activity metal Ru supported on materials with acidic sites and mesopores was imperative to get satisfactory results for the conversion of pyrolytic lignin to liquid products under supercritical conditions and hydrogen atmosphere.     

A new pyrolyzer with improved control of pyrolysis conditions

Summary A pyrolyzer of improved design for control of pyrolytic conditions and incorporating facilities for varying different parameters has been constructed to permit examination of the variability of pyrolysis under different pyrolytic conditions. Very good absolute reproducibility has been achieved, which now makes it possible to assess such factors as sample size, surface area and thickness.     

Edge Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes for Halide Detection in Aqueous Solutions

The behavior of chloride, bromide and iodide at edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes has been explored in aqueous acid solutions. The voltammetric response in each case has been compared with that of basal plane pyrolytic graphite, glassy carbon and boron‐doped diamond. The electrochemical oxidation of chloride is found to only occur on boron‐doped diamond while the electrochemical reversibility for the oxidation of bromide on edge plane pyrolytic graphite is similar to that seen at glassy carbon whilst being superior to basal plane pyrolytic graphite and boron‐doped diamond. In the case of iodide oxidation, edge plane and basal plane pyrolytic graphite and glassy carbon display similar electrode kinetics but are all superior to boron‐doped diamond. The analytical possibilities were examined using the edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode for both iodide and bromine where is was found that, based on cyclic voltammetry, detection limits in the order of 10^?6 M are possible.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定钒的研究

本文比较了在标准石墨管,热解涂层和全热解石墨管中钒的吸收信号形状。用全热解石墨管和EDTA铵盐作基体改进剂,直接测定水系沉积物中痕量钒。方法的特征量为61pg/0.0044A。     

The structure of pyrolytic carbon of different types

Summary The structure of pyrolytic carbon of various types has been investigated by the following methods: microstructural, electron-microscopic, X-ray structural, and microdiffractional analysis. Inter-particle regions have been discovered in pyrolytic carbon, which determine its anisotropic structure. It has been shown that thermal treatment of pyrolytic carbon at temperatures above 3000° results in the formation of blocks having a mosaic sub-structure, which cause a reduction in the azimuthal disorientation of carbon produced at a temperature higher than 2000° in a vacuum, corresponding to the structure of amorphized natural carbon.Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 66–69, January–February, 1965 Original     

Spectral and thermal studies of some 4-(O-acetyl)glycopyranosylaminopyrimidine derivatives

A spectral study (IR and UV spectroscopies) of seven 4-(O-acetyl)glycopyranosylaminopyrimidine derivatives has been carried out. The thermal study of the compounds allowed us to characterize the following processes: (i) desolvations, (ii) solid-solid transitions, (iii) melting, (iv) pyrolytic decompositions. Through the IR spectral study it was established that pyrolytic decompositions of all the compounds start with the acetyl groups. The reaction orders and activation energies of the deacetylation processes have been calculated.     

Optimization of preparing LiFePO<Subscript>4</Subscript> for lithium-ion batteries via carbothermal reduction route

Lithium iron phosphate olivines (LiFePO₄) have been considered as very promising cathode for lithium-ion batteries due to their energy storage capacity combined with electrochemical and thermal stability. A key issue in synthesizing this materials is to optimize the synthetic conditions for obtain materials with excellent electrochemical properties. Here, we report full studies that investigate the synthesis of the LiFePO₄ by promising carbothermal reduction methods to prepare LiFePO₄ coated with pyrolytic carbon. Variation of the synthesis parameters showed that the materials synthesized at 700°C for 12 h have appropriate particles size and electronically conductive carbon. This makes it have better performances than others prepared at different temperature.