Finding prime pairs with particular gaps

By a prime gap of size , we mean that there are primes and such that the numbers between and are all composite. It is widely believed that infinitely many prime gaps of size exist for all even integers . However, it had not previously been known whether a prime gap of size existed. The objective of this article was to be the first to find a prime gap of size , by using a systematic method that would also apply to finding prime gaps of any size. By this method, we find prime gaps for all even integers from to , and some beyond. What we find are not necessarily the first occurrences of these gaps, but, being examples, they give an upper bound on the first such occurrences. The prime gaps of size listed in this article were first announced on the Number Theory Listing to the World Wide Web on Tuesday, April 8, 1997. Since then, others, including Sol Weintraub and A.O.L. Atkin, have found prime gaps of size with smaller integers, using more ad hoc methods. At the end of the article, related computations to find prime triples of the form , , and their application to divisibility of binomial coefficients by a square will also be discussed.

     

Minimal prime ideals in enveloping algebras of Lie superalgebras

Let be a finite dimensional Lie superalgebra over a field of characteristic zero. Let be the enveloping algebra of . We show that when , then is not semiprime, but it has a unique minimal prime ideal; it follows then that when is classically simple, has a unique minimal prime ideal. We further show that when is a finite dimensional nilpotent Lie superalgebra, then has a unique minimal prime ideal.

     

A search for Fibonacci-Wieferich and Wolstenholme primes

A prime is called a Fibonacci-Wieferich prime if , where is the th Fibonacci number. We report that there exist no such primes . A prime is called a Wolstenholme prime if . To date the only known Wolstenholme primes are 16843 and 2124679. We report that there exist no new Wolstenholme primes . Wolstenholme, in 1862, proved that for all primes . It is estimated by a heuristic argument that the ``probability' that is Fibonacci-Wieferich (independently: that is Wolstenholme) is about . We provide some statistical data relevant to occurrences of small values of the Fibonacci-Wieferich quotient modulo .

     

The primality of subfactors of finite index in the interpolated free group factors

In this paper we prove that any II-subfactor of finite index in the interpolated free group factor is prime for any i.e., it is not isomorphic to tensor products of II-factors.

     

A note on the weighted norm inequality for the one-sided maximal operator

Let be the one-sided maximal function. In this note we obtain some necessary and sufficient conditions in order that the weighted weak type inequality holds for . Meanwhile, some necessary or sufficient conditions for the weighted inequality for are given.

     

Spherical maximal operator on symmetric spaces of constant curvature

We prove an endpoint weak-type maximal inequality for the spherical maximal operator applied to radial funcions on symmetric spaces of constant curvature and dimension . More explicitly, in the Lorentz space associated with the natural isometry-invariant measure, we show that, for every radial function ,

The proof uses only geometric arguments and volume estimates, and applies uniformly in every dimension.

     

Invariant subspaces of the maximal domain of the Fourier transform

Translation invariant subspaces of the maximal domain of the Fourier transform (the amalgam of with ) are characterised: it turns out that in this case all measurable subsets of the dual space are sets of spectral synthesis.

     

Some Diophantine equations of the form

Let be a prime. It is shown that each of the two Diophantine equations or has integral solutions.

     

A joint spectral characterization of primeness for C-algebras

We prove that a C-algebra is prime iff for every where denotes Taylor spectrum and are the left and right multiplication operators acting on

     

New Fibonacci and Lucas primes

Extending previous searches for prime Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, all probable prime Fibonacci numbers have been determined for and all probable prime Lucas numbers have been determined for . A rigorous proof of primality is given for and for numbers with , , , , , , , , the prime having 3020 digits. Primitive parts and of composite numbers and have also been tested for probable primality. Actual primality has been established for many of them, including 22 with more than 1000 digits. In a Supplement to the paper, factorizations of numbers and are given for as far as they have been completed, adding information to existing factor tables covering .

     

Graded Lie Algebras of Maximal Class

We study graded Lie algebras of maximal class over a field of positive characteristic . A. Shalev has constructed infinitely many pairwise non-isomorphic insoluble algebras of this kind, thus showing that these algebras are more complicated than might be suggested by considering only associated Lie algebras of p-groups of maximal class. Here we construct pairwise non-isomorphic such algebras, and soluble ones. Both numbers are shown to be best possible. We also exhibit classes of examples with a non-periodic structure. As in the case of groups, two-step centralizers play an important role.

     

Weak type bounds for a class of rough operators with power weights

In this note we show that and the fractional integral and maximal operators with rough kernel respectively, are bounded operators from to where and

     

On maximal functions in Orlicz spaces

Let and be the functions having the representations and , where is a positive continuous function such that and is quasi-increasing. Then the maximal function is a function in Orlicz space for all if and only if there exists a positive constant such that for all .

     

The best constant in the Davis inequality for the expectation of the martingale square function

A method is introduced for the simultaneous study of the square function and the maximal function of a martingale that can yield sharp norm inequalities between the two. One application is that the expectation of the square function of a martingale is not greater than times the expectation of the maximal function. This gives the best constant for one side of the Davis two-sided inequality. The martingale may take its values in any real or complex Hilbert space. The elementary discrete-time case leads quickly to the analogous results for local martingales indexed by . Some earlier inequalities are also improved and, closely related, the Lévy martingale is embedded in a large family of submartingales.

     

A Dual Criterion for Maximal Monotonicity of Composition Operators

In this paper we present a dual criterion for the maximal monotonicity of the composition operator , where is a maximal monotone (set-valued) operator and is a continuous linear map with the adjoint , and are reflexive Banach spaces, and the product notation indicates composition. The dual criterion is expressed in terms of the closure condition involving the epigraph of the conjugate of Fitzpatrick function associated with , and the operator As an easy application, a dual criterion for the maximality of the sum of two maximal monotone operators is also given. The work of this author was completed while at the School of Mathematics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.     

Pointwise Hardy inequalities

If is an open set with the sufficiently regular boundary, then the Hardy inequality holds for and , where . The main result of the paper is a pointwise inequality , where on the right hand side there is a kind of maximal function. The pointwise inequality combined with the Hardy-Littlewood maximal theorem implies the Hardy inequality. This generalizes some recent results of Lewis and Wannebo.

     

New techniques for bounds on the total number of prime factors of an odd perfect number

Let denote the sum of the positive divisors of . We say that is perfect if . Currently there are no known odd perfect numbers. It is known that if an odd perfect number exists, then it must be of the form , where are distinct primes and . Define the total number of prime factors of as . Sayers showed that . This was later extended by Iannucci and Sorli to show that . This was extended by the author to show that . Using an idea of Carl Pomerance this paper extends these results. The current new bound is .

     

On Riesz transforms and maximal functions in the context of Gaussian Harmonic Analysis

The purpose of this paper is twofold. We introduce a general maximal function on the Gaussian setting which dominates the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck maximal operator and prove its weak type by using a covering lemma which is halfway between Besicovitch and Wiener. On the other hand, by taking as a starting point the generalized Cauchy-Riemann equations, we introduce a new class of Gaussian Riesz Transforms. We prove, using the maximal function defined in the first part of the paper, that unlike the ones already studied, these new Riesz Transforms are weak type independently of their orders.

     

More on the total number of prime factors of an odd perfect number

Let denote the sum of the positive divisors of . We say that is perfect if . Currently there are no known odd perfect numbers. It is known that if an odd perfect number exists, then it must be of the form , where are distinct primes and . Define the total number of prime factors of as . Sayers showed that . This was later extended by Iannucci and Sorli to show that . This paper extends these results to show that .

     

On the boundedness of the non-centered Gaussian Hardy-Littlewood maximal function

The purpose of this paper is to prove the boundedness, for 1$">, of the non-centered Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator associated with the Gaussian measure .