我国炼丹术与化学发展(座谈纪要)

炼丹术是一种炼制长生不老之药的方术。它伴随着我国封建社会的萌芽而兴起,几乎延及我国整个封建社会时期,经历了近两千年的复杂、漫长的发展过程。我国炼丹术传入阿拉伯及欧洲,又发展为炼金术。长期以来,炼丹术是研究我国和世界化学史的一项众所瞩目的课题。在批林批孔运动推动下,我国广大工农兵和科技工作者遵照毛主席关于“古为今用”的教导,积极开展了儒法斗争和我国古代科学技术发展的研究工作,其中也涉及到了炼丹术的问题。本刊1974年第6期发表的“炼丹术的教训”一文,对炼丹术与我国古代化学发展问题,提出了一些看法。最近,本刊编辑部约请北京市部分高等院校和科学研究单位的十余位同志,进行了座谈,对炼丹术的发生、发展和消亡的历史过程与儒法斗争的关系,以及炼丹术对我国古代化学发展所起的作用等问题展开了热烈讨论。下面简要介绍讨论中几个主要发言的基本论点和主要内容,以及对某些论点的不同意见的讨论。     

炼丹家为何不研究气体

作为近代实验化学的先驱——中国古代的炼丹术,对化学的发展做出了不少贡献。与西方炼金术相比,中国的炼丹术发源更早,并且对阿拉伯炼金术和西欧炼金术产生了很大的影响,成为近代化学的源头之一。西方炼金术后来进化成近代化学,而中国炼丹术却在近代化学诞生之际走向了消亡,这使得许多研究     

儒法斗争与我国古代火药的发展

火药是我国古代劳动人民在长期的生产斗争中的一项伟大发明。现在已知的最早关于火药配方的记载见于隋末唐初著名医学家孙思邈的《丹经》。这说明,火药与炼丹术和医药学有一定的联系。在火药发展的漫长历史中,儒法两条路线起到了截然相反的作用。炼丹术起于战国时期,主要目的是企图通过某种神奇的超自然力使某些物质变成可以使人“长生不老”的“仙丹”,这是唯心主义在人们社会生活中的一种表现,带有浓厚的神秘主义色彩。但是,随着生产的发展和人们对于自然界的认识的不断深化,有些人在炼丹实践中,借助于对物质性质变化的探索,自觉或不自觉     

分析化学的发展及教学改革

分析化学的发展及教学改革李克安赵凤林江子伟（北京大学化学与分子工程学院１００８７１）分析化学是一个经典学科，又是一门正在蓬勃发展变革的学科。分析化学发生和发展的历史很长。从炼金术、炼丹术的经验鉴定方法，到１７世纪波义耳奠定了定性分析的基础；再到１８世...     

周易参同契——世界炼丹史上最古的著作

研究化学发展史的人都一致承认,炼丹术是近代化学工作的前驱,它为化学实验打下一些基础,因此,考证炼丹的历史对于了解近代化学的起源有很大的帮助。世界现存的古代著作之中,讨论到炼丹术的,要算我国的“周易参同契”一书为时代最早了。苏联学者湼克拉索夫的普通化学教程里,就这样说:“中国学者魏伯阳(汉代,二世纪人)的参同契,则是特别有关炼金术的名著中最古     

“周易参同契”及其中的化学知识

化学是以炼丹术的原始形态出现的。公元前二世纪炼丹术就在我国产生了,从汉朝到唐、宋各代一直盛行着。我国炼丹家留下很多出色著作,其中公元二世纪时魏伯阳所写的“周易参同契”是世界上现存的最古的炼丹著作。所以,从近代科学来看“周易参同契”,无论对于我国化学史或世界化学史,都有很大意义。在欧洲,古老的炼金术书籍或手稿早已送进了博物馆,或是被图书馆珍藏起来。但是“周易参同契”却有所不同,它在中国有着极广泛的流传,“周易参同契”的各种版本和注解本相当多,它是受到正统的儒家的推     

中国化学史的新篇章

已故的傅鹰教授有一句名言：“科学给人以知识,科学史给人以智慧。”化学是一门具有悠久历史的自然科学,自16世纪的炼丹术,到18世纪的原子学说,直到20世纪的量子力学,化学科学经历了一个辉煌的发展历程。     

略谈中国古代炼丹术对金属性质的探索

通过对我国炼丹著作的分析研究,简要地介绍了我国古代炼丹术在我们认识金属性质、促进冶金业与合金学发展等方面上作出的重要贡献。     

明清时期油脂炼硫法在医药与火药制造中的应用

硫磺自从汉代以来就是我国中医制药和炼丹术中所用的主要药物。唐代医家已用油煎法提纯雄黄,在宋代的医药界,油煎法已经应用于硫磺的提纯。明代医书中记载用油脂精炼硫磺的方法已经比较成熟。清代医家针对去除硫磺内的残留油脂,提出了精细的方案。宋代制造火药将硫磺与油脂混合,明代兵书中详细记载了利用油脂提炼硫磺的技术。明末清初西方人传入了独特的硫磺精炼法,西方人更加注重杂质的过滤以及硫磺中油分的去除。硫磺提纯是保障火药质量的关键步骤。     

2,10,18,26-四磺酸基酞菁锌的合成及其与牛血清白蛋白的作用

先合成了“分子碎片”4-磺酸邻苯二甲酸,然后以该“分子碎片”为原料,钼酸铵为催化剂,无水氯化锌为模板剂合成并分离得到了具有C4h结构的四磺酸基酞菁锌（ZnPCS4）单异构体.同时用紫外光谱法和荧光猝灭法研究了ZnPcS4与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的相互作用.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。